NIOSH SHO Module 11 (1) PDF

Historical Perspective Safety and Health Officer Certificate Course 1  Learning Objectives To describe the historical development of OSH management over the centuries To recall the background to the development of OSHA 1994 and its...

Historical Perspective Safety and Health Officer Certificate Course 1  Learning Objectives To describe the historical development of OSH management over the centuries To recall the background to the development of OSHA 1994 and its underlying philosophy To recall the development of occupational safety and health management system 2 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Scope OSH before and during the industrial revolution Development in OSH management between the 1930’s and 1970’s Development of self-regulation legislation Modern OSH management 3 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Early Recognition of Occupational Diseases In 1473 a German physician, Ellenborg, published the first known pamphlets on occupational disease from gold miners. In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola, described the diseases of miners. 4 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Early Recognition Of Occupational Diseases In 1713 Ramazzini, who is regarded as the father of occupational medicine, suggested that in diagnosis doctors should ask patients about their occupations. 5 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Emergence of Industrial Safety Legislation In 1833 English Factory Act was the first effective industrial safety law. It provide compensation for accidents rather than to control their causes. 7 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Emergence of Industrial Safety Legislation Insurance companies inspected work places and suggested prevention methods Problem: Safety became injury and insurance oriented 8 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Emergence of Safety Management Role of Herbert W. Heinrich (1930’s), – Developed Domino Theory and promoted control of workers behaviour. Problem: Focused on worker behaviour and not management Caused people to think that safety is about policing worker 9 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Emergence of Safety Management Frank Bird (1970) developed Loss Control Theory. Suggested that underlying cause of accidents are lack of management controls and poor management decisions. Problem: – Not so popular: blames management (responsibility and control). 10 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Emergence of Safety Management In 1980’s, Behavioural Based Safety (BBS) was introduced; Based on Heinrich’s findings. Work by recognizing safe work habits and offering rewards and punishment. Problem: – Focuses on workers and not on hazard or management – Reward and punishment system have flaws 11 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Emergence of Safety Management System Current development of Occupational Safety And Health management system was driven by two parallel forces: A. Self-regulatory legislation in the United Kingdom (1974), B. Quality management movement 12 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  A Self-Regulation Legislation Lord Robens, Chairman of a Royal Safety Commission Report noted that: – there was too many OSH legislation, – was fragmented, – limited in coverage (specific hazards & workplace), – out of date and difficult to update, – inflexible (prescriptive), – people thought that safety was what government inspectors enforced. 13 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  A Self-Regulation Legislation Lord Robens recommended – Self regulation Report resulted in the Health and Safety of Workers At Work Act in the UK in 1974 14 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  A Self-Regulation Legislation Similar legislation was enacted in Australia in 1984 Enacted in Malaysia in 1994 after the 1992 Bright Sparkler accident in Sungai Buloh 15 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  A Self-Regulation Legislation Features of “Robens style” legislation: – General duties of care by: Employer, employee, manufacturer, designer, supplier Duty of employer to make the workplace safe – Consultation with employees through Safety and Health Committees – Safety and Health Officer as advisor and coordinator – Improvement and prohibition notices 16 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  A Self-Regulation Legislation Legislation follow major accidents and reinforce need for management system ACCIDENT REGULATION/PROGRAMME Flixborough (1974) CIMAH regulations 1996 Bhopal (1984) “Responsible Care” / Process safety Piper Alpha (1988) Risk Assessment / Management system 17 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Quality Management Approach to Occupational Safety and Health Management There are similar issues in safety management as in quality management Example: – Productivity – Worker involvement – Proactive approach – Scientific approach – Customer and human rights 18 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Quality Management Approach to Occupational Safety and Health Management Management system standards: – ISO 9000 QMS was proven successful and ISO 14000 EMS was introduced in 1996 – UK published BS 8800 and Australia AS8401 OSH management systems in 1996 19 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Quality Management Approach to Occupational Safety and Health Management – International and auditable OHSAS 18001 OSH Management System published in 1999 – ILO approved an OSH management system for governments to adopt during 2000 20 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Summary – The industrial revolution cause of industrial accidents. – Laws were enacted to compensate and protect workers in 1833. – Safety management guidelines began with Heinrich and followed by Frank Bird and others. 21 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Summary – Lord Robens in 1972 recommended self- regulatory legislation. Adopted by Malaysia in 1994. – Outcome of accidents in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in OSH management system today. 22 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Summary - Health problems due to occupation has been known from ancient times - Industrial accidents became rampant after the industrial revolution - Accidents in the 70’s & 80’s resulted in OSH- MS today 23 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Incident Prevention Safety And Health Officer Certificate Course 1  Learning Objectives To define what is incident To explain the causes of incident & role of management control To explain 3 theory on accident causation To list the cost involved in an incident 2 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Scope Principles of loss prevention Causes of incidents Incidents and productivity Approach to loss prevention 3 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Principles of Incident Prevention 1. Incident prevention is an essential part of good management 2. Management and workers must fully cooperate 3. Top management must lead in organising safety 4 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Principles of Incident Prevention 4. There must be an OSH policy 5. Must have organisation and resources to implement the OSH policy 6. Best available knowledge and methods must be applied 5 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  What Is An Incident? An incident is: – An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events – That occurs through a combination of causes – Which result in: Physical harm (injury, ill-health or disease) to an individual, Damage to property, A near-miss, Any combination of these effects. 6 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Why Prevent Incidents? Legal Human Rights Business 7 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Causes of Incidents 8 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Types of Incidents Cause immediate injury or damage to equipment or property: – A forklift dropping a load – Someone falling off a ladder That occur over an extended period: – Hearing loss – Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals 9 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Early Theory of Accidents (Heinrich (1930's)) Ancestry/social environment Fault of a person Unsafe act/condition Accident Injury 10 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Heinrich’s Five Stage Sequence Ancestry/social environment Fault of a person Unsafe act/condition Accident Injury 11 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Accident Causation Model (1974) 12 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  The Three Basic Causes of Accidents Poor Management Safety Policy & Decisions  Personal Factors Environmental Factors Basic Causes  Unsafe Act Indirect causes Unsafe Condition  Unplanned Incident ACCIDENT Personal Injury, Direct Causes Property Damage 13 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Lack of Management Control Management responsible for: – Selection of workers – Machinery and equipment – System of work – Information, training and Instruction – Supervision, etc The accident prone worker is a false approach. It is like blaming the victim instead of the perpetrator 14 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Multiple Cause of Accidents Cause A (Poor lighting) Cause B Accident (Not look where going) (Trip) Cause C (Wood in walkway) Compatible with Loss Causation Theory 15 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Fall From a Defective Ladder – Why was the defective ladder not identified during normal inspection? – Why did the supervisor allow its usage? – Didn't the injured employee knew it should not be used? 16 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Fall From a Defective Ladder – Was the employee well trained? – Was the employee reminded not to use the ladder? – Did the superior examine the job first? 17 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Trip Although Warned in Dark Walkway – Was there a necessity for that person to walk in that area or was there a safer route – If the person was not in a hurry would they have been more aware of their surroundings and avoided the wood 18 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Trip Although Warned in Dark Walkway – If the area was better lit would the person have avoided the wood – Could the wood have been removed 19 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  The Accident Pyramid 1 Fatal / Serious injury 3 Lost days 50 First aid 80 Property 400 Near misses TYE/PEARSON/BIRD 1969-1975 20 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Accepted Accident Theory Multiple Causation Theory – A single unsafe act or condition may or may not cause an accident but both are caused by lack of management control Bird Loss Causation Model – In line with Schewhart(1930’s) theory of quality control 21 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Accepted Accident Theory Heinrich’s theory is weak and negative – Blaming victim and lack system thinking, continual improvements, upstream control and worker participation 22 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Productivity Aspect of OSH 23 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Direct Vs. Indirect Incident Cost Iceberg Direct It is estimated that for every $1 in direct Costs incident costs, there Indirect are anywhere from Costs $4 to $11 in indirect or “hidden” costs 24 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  The Hidden Costs Insured Costs -- covering injury, ill health, damage. Hidden Uninsured – 8-36 times as much as insured costs 1. Product and 7. Investigation time material damage 8. Supervisors time 2. Plant and building diverted damage 9. Clerical Effort 3. Tool and 10.Overtime working equipment 11.Temporary labour damage 12.Loss of expertise / 4. Expenditure on experience supplies emergency 13.Clearing site 5. Fines 14.Production delays 6. Legal costs 25 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Incident Prevention Costs DESIGN COSTS (e.g to install machine guards) OPERATIONAL COSTS (training costs, PPE, etc.) SAFE GUARDING THE FUTURE COSTS (health surveillance, audits etc) 26 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Cost- Benefit Analysis of Control Measures Compare specific incident costs with cost of specific improvement being suggested 27 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety Management All injuries and occupational illnesses are preventable Management is directly responsible for doing this Safety is a condition of employment Training is required 28 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety Management Safety audits and inspections must be carried out Deficiencies must be corrected promptly All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be investigated 29 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Du Pont Ten Principles of Safety Management Safety away from work is as important as safety at work Incident prevention is cost-effective; the highest cost is human suffering Employees must be actively involved 30 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Summary Incident in the workplace is largely caused by lack of management control “If you think safety is expensive, try accidents” Implement an appropriate company policy Control OSH risk Put a management system in place Promote Occupational Safety and Health 31 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  OSH Management System (OSH-MS) Safety and Health Officer Certificate Course 1  Learning Objectives To define what is a system To define what is an OSH management system To describe the purpose of a system To explain 5 components of typical OSH-MS 2 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Scope Introduction to concept of “system” Application of Management System to Occupational Safety And Health Review of existing Occupational Safety And Health Management Systems Typical occupational safety and health management systems elements 3 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  What is a system More than one elements SYSTEM Inter- Moving in related sequence 4 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  What is a System An orderly set of components that work together for a certain purpose E.g. the blood circulatory system – Components: Heart and blood vessels (artery, veins, capillaries) – Purpose: To transport blood which contains oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body To carry wastes away to be filtered out of the body 5 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  What is an OSH Management System An OSH management system – Components: Arrangements (policy, planning, implementation and operation, checking, management review) – Purpose: To ensure safety, health and welfare of workers To comply with regulation To manage and minimize OSH risk to acceptable level 6 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Why Do You Need a System A system is useful when there are: – Many activities have to be managed together – Complex information that are changing have to be taken into account at all times – Enables training needs to be identified and the adequacy of subsequent training assessed through measures of competency 7 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Why Do You Need a System A system organises and simplifies complexity A system provides order, structure, and focuses on the purpose and objective of activities 8 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Typical OSH-MS “Components” 1. Policy 2. Plan - System planning, OSH objectives, development and implementation 3. Do - Responsibility and accountability; Competence and training, Hazard control system 4. Check -Performance measurement; Accident / incident investigation; Auditing 5. Act - Preventive and corrective action, Continual improvement 9 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  An OSH-MS System Model OSH-MS such as MS1722:2011 & OHSAS 18001:2007 are based on the Quality Management System components of Plan, Do, Check and Act (PDCA) INPUTS PLAN DO POLICY OBJECTIVES VISION Identify Hazards Enforce Procedure HAZARDS Supervise Safe & healthy Make Arrangements Respond Emergency Workers LEGISLATION Assign Responsibility THIRD PARTY INPUTS Train Productivity Arrange resources Communicate Organisation Image ETC CHECK ACT Monitor Corrective Action Surveillance Review Inspect Improve Investigate Audit Record & Analyse 10 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Existing OSH Management System There are two occupational safety and health management system standards: – OHSAS 18001:2007 Occupational Health & Safety Management System standard This standard was established in 1999 Latest version 2007 Widely used and certifiable – MS1722:2011 management system standard This standard was published in 2003 This is a guidance standard Latest version 2011 11 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  MS1722:2011 Management System Model 12 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Continual improvement OH&S Management policy review Checking and Planning corrective action Implementation and operation OHSAS 18001:2007 Occupational Health & Safety Management System Model 13 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Policy Promoting health and preventing accidents, diseases and other work- related health effects Complying with OSH legal requirements and other requirements Recognizing OSH performance is an integral part of business performance 14 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Policy Workers and their representatives are consulted Ensuring that management and workers are competent and understand their rights Allocating the necessary resources Continual improvement 15 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Initial Review Compare what you have with: a) Requirements of relevant legislation dealing with OSH management issues b) Best practice and performance in your industry sector and other appropriate sections c) Efficiency and effectiveness of existing resources devoted to OSH management 16 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  OSH Objectives Based on the initial review and consistent with the OSH policy set measurable and quantifiable objectives to implement the policy Communicate objectives to all relevant functions and levels of the organization 17 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Organising Responsibility and accountability for OSH performance for managers & supervisors Competence and training of employees Management System documentation should be established and maintained 18 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Organising Procedures should be established and maintained for communications externally, internally and how to receive, document and respond comments from third party Participation and Consultation Cooperation on OSH aspects between the employer, management and workers 19 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Organising Control of documents procedure should be established for standardization and safe use of documents Operational control associated with the identified hazards where the implementation of controls is necessary to manage the OSH risk Emergency preparedness and response to identified potential emergency situation 20 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Implementing Ongoing hazards identification and assessment Preventive, protective measures implemented in order of priority Procedures must be relevant to identified risk 21 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Implementing Before any changes Assess risk, take steps and inform, train employees before implementing Have an emergency preparedness and response arrangements Procedures for purchasing and contracting 22 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Monitoring and Measurement Performance measurement Evaluation of compliance Accident, disease and incident investigation Control of record Auditing Management review 23 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Action Elements Preventive and corrective action Continual improvement 24 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  MS1722:2011 Standard Requirements The MS 1722:2011 standard contains the following components: 1. Policy 2. Organizing 3. Planning and Implementation 4. Evaluation 5. Action for Improvement Management Review 25 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Policy Management must have a written OSH policy Management must commit themselves to: 1. Promoting health and preventing accidents, diseases and other work- related health effects in the workplace 2. Complying with OSH legal requirements and other requirements 26 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Policy 3. Workers and their representatives are consulted when making workplace rules and regulations 4. Providing the necessary resources to ensure that work and the workplace is safe 27 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Organizing Management as a whole is responsible for OSH Ensuring that management and workers are competent to carry out their tasks, especially the hazardous ones 28 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Organizing Employees are informed of hazards they are working in and procedures are established to ensure their safety and health Management must promote safety and health 29 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Planning and Implementation Hazards identification and assessment is made the basis of OSH management Preventive, protective measures must be implemented Have an emergency preparedness and response arrangements 30 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Planning and Implementation There must be procedures for purchasing and contracting to ensure safety and health requirements are incorporated in purchased materials and equipment as well as in contracting activities OSH management activities must be planned and performance targets set 31 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Evaluation OSH management programmes must be monitored Investigate work-related injuries, ill health, diseases and incidents, and their impact of OSH performance 32 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Evaluation Carry out regular audits Management must review its activities to ensure OSH risks in the workplace are ALARP, that the OSH programme is efficient and that its OSH performance targets are met and improved upon 33 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Summary A system is a set of components that work together for a certain purpose In an OSH Management System the input for the system is workplace hazards, legislation and expectations of others 34 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Summary The components of OSHMS are Policy, Plan, Do, Check, Act The objective or purpose of an OSHMS such as MS1722:2011 or OHSAS 18001:2007 is to ensure the welfare safety and health of workers and compliance with regulations. 35 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Policy - Organisation & Arrangements Safety and Health Officer Certificate Course 1  Learning Objectives To define what is an OSH policy statement To describe the importance of OSH policy To explain four steps in implementing OSH policy Mind map OSHMS 2 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Scope What is an OSH Policy and Why do we need it Legal requirements of an OSH Policy Formulating the policy Implementing the policy – Responsibility assignments – Arrangements required to implement the policy – Monitoring the policy – Reviewing and revising the policy 3 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  What is an OSH Policy Statement? Overall intentions and direction of an organization related to its OSH performance as formally expressed by top management The OSH policy statement is a document that sets out how the organisation will manage safety and health in the workplace. 4 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Why are OSH Policy Statement Important? Demonstrate top management accountable to their employees health and safety A statement of commitment from top management Shows employees that management cares A guide for all levels of employees to base their actions and decisions The starting point for planning and organising OSH programmes Framework for setting and reviewing OSH objective Required by law 5 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Legal Requirements – OSHA 1994 To have a written OSH policy statement Employees must be aware of the requirements of the policy OSH Policy is to be implemented – Organisation (responsibilities) – Arrangements (plans, resources, procedures, system of work, etc.) To revise the policy when necessary Exemption to organization with less than 5 employees 6 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  4 Steps in Implementing OSH Policy 1. Formulate and write the policy – Include statements of vision and goals, – Provide framework objectives and target related to risk 2. Implement policy by making arrangements – Organisation, OSH programmes, appointments 7 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  4 Steps in Implementing OSH Policy 3. Communicate the policy – Announce and display statement, communicate responsibilities and OSH programmes 4. Monitor and revise as necessary 8 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Formulating the OSH Policy The policy has to be read, understood and acted upon by employees, supervisors and managers. Therefore it must be SMART: Simple (Use layman’s language, to the point) Measurable (Performance can be monitored) Achievable (Realistic and based on own needs) Reasonable (Always aim high but must be Practical) Tractable (Able to be analysed and tracked over period of time) 9 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Formulating the OSH Policy Make statements that take into account: – Vision and goals (“zero accident”, continual improvement) – Legislation (compliance, competency of employees) – Clients (compliance to clients’ safety procedures) – Associations (“Responsible Care”) Requirements Of OSHA1994 (Section 16) 10 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Formulating the OSH Policy Generally Address nature of hazards in the workplace – Information from: Hazard identification and Risk assessment Consultation with workers especially recommendations from the Safety Committee Good practice – General nature of hazards in industry E.g. changing nature of hazards in various phase of construction industry 11 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Formulating the OSH Policy Policy statement should clearly state general role and responsibilities of employees For example: – Managers and supervisors at all levels to enforce OSH rules in their respective area or function – Employee to report near-misses – Supervisors to investigate accidents – Managers to supervise contractors 12 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Implementing the OSH Policy 1. Begin with goals, statement of intent, objectives, identified risks as stated in the policy 2. Establish OSH programme(s). Example of programme Maintenance of safety critical equipment and plant, safe working environment, means of access to and egress and requirement of Job Safety Analysis 3. Provide resources and assign responsibilities 13 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Monitoring the OSH Policy Record Keeping Accident/ill health record Compliance with legislation – Appointments (Safety and Health Officer, Safety Committee established, etc.) Targets set and achieved Compliance with organisation / arrangements (systems of work etc.) 14 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Monitoring the OSH Policy Monitoring and Surveillance of workplace environments Workplace inspections Auditing Incident / accident investigation 15 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Reviewing and Revising the OSH Policy (By Safety Committee) Performance statistics Review policy – Experience – Operational or organisational changes – Alterations of plant or processes – New legislation – New hazards identified – Change of business 16 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Summary 1. A written OSH Policy is required by law 2. Formulate the policy to reflect OSH arrangements and organisational goals 3. Write a simple policy so that it is easily communicated and understood 4. Implement the policy by having a policy implementation programme Assign responsibilities to all Provide arrangements Monitor the policy implementation Review the policy as necessary 17 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  OSH Promotion, Training & Communication Safety and Health Officer Certificate Course 1  Learning Objectives To identify 6 promotional techniques To describe the process of communication To demonstrate interpersonal communication To identify OSH training 2 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Scope OSH promotion and techniques Processes of communications Application of communications in the workplace Training methods and strategy 3 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Promotional Technique Use combinations of the following techniques to reinforce health and safety message: Leading by example Employee involvement Use of reward, incentives and disincentives Best practice Communication Training 4 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Leading By Example Management at all levels and on all occasions must never ignore safety rules Use of non-verbal communications: – Top management seen to be committed – Safety is enforced by management at all levels and not by the safety officer alone – Suggestion implemented if appropriate – Management are aware of their non-verbal communication styles and is a good listener 5 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Employee Involvement Joint management-employee programmes: – OSH safety day, week, month – Competitions – Management reporting of Incidents on notice boards, bulletins and newsletters – On-going hazard spotting and near-miss reporting, inspections, house-keeping, etc. Management interactions through meetings, committees and gatherings 6 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Use of Rewards Recognition Incentives and Disincentives Rewards Recognition Incentives are well- known techniques used for motivations. – In some organisations good performance in OSH is employee’s term of employment – Annual bonus penalty against non-performing departments Need to be careful. It might resulted in less or none reporting of incidents – Disincentives through penalties and contract award used on contractors 7 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Best Practice Top management provides leadership Safety controls must be designed into every aspect of the organisation Managers at all levels are responsible for safety and health – safety first and no shortcuts 8 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Best Practice Objectives and Targets setting Enforcement of high quality standards Adoption of occupational safety and health management systems standards 9 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Employee Attitude Survey Measures employees' perceptions; perception is reality Productivity and morale is closely linked to perceptions of their work environment Questions e.g. – Quality of management communications – Satisfaction with employee training – Safety and health concerns – Cooperation among peers and workgroups – Understanding a corporate goals and mission 10 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Communications 11  Importance of Communication Most of our working life is spent communicating: to get things done, to report or to receive instructions Job of SHO to communicate to workers, colleagues, managers and the authorities SHO must be aware of his verbal and non- verbal impact on the job 12 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Communication Process Communication is a two-way process A message maybe misunderstood by a recipient because of the following: – The education, experience and culture of the recipient – Background noise and the hearing of the recipient – The perceived non-verbal message coming from the sender 13 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Result of Poor Communications Poor communications or failures in communications can introduce hazards Hazards can be introduced when changes in design, operations and procedures are not communicated adequately to those who are affected by them 14 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  When Coaching or Instructing Instructions should be: – Simple, clear, accurate and complete – In proper sequence A supervisor needs feedback to ensure that the message is understood and as intended 15 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Meetings and Committees A meeting is where employers can meet with employees to discuss common problems and to get employee feedback Employer-employee consultation is one of the distinguishing features of quality management Mandated by regulations and OSH-MS – For example Safety and Health Committee 16 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Toolbox Meeting Toolbox meetings are carried out regularly: – Every morning by the supervisor before the workers start their work – To remind workers of the danger or hazards in the workplace during the activities for the day Brief (10 -15 minutes) and on one topic Attention is given to requirement for attendants and participation at the meeting 17 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Non-Verbal Communications Notice boards - incident/near-miss on Bulletins – alerts on specific accidents or lessons learned Newsletters - news, messages, articles Warning signs – at places of hazards In law workers need to know hazards they are exposed to: – Labels – on containers of chemicals – Data sheets – MSDS – Instruction manuals 18 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Information Sources NIOSH - Training programmes - Information & consulting service - Newsletter SOCSO - Statistical information on accidents - Rehabilitation information DOSH - Legislation information 19 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Information Sources Trade Associations - Industry information Manufacturer / Supplier - CSDS's Consultants Libraries Internet 20 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Hazards Communications Employees and the public has to be protected against harm Have a need and a right to know of: – Explosion, fire, exposure to hazardous chemicals risks – Identity of exposure – chemicals name, etc. – Protective measures to prevent occurrence – Actions to be taken during such occurrence Management has to carry out risk assessment 21 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Importance of Listening Suggestions and reports of incidences or near misses from workers are important Workers will not communicate if they perceive that supervisors: – do not respect his person – are not listening – do not care 22 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Importance of Listening Supervisors and safety officer must be aware and must practise active listening 23 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Active Listening Non-verbals techniques include: good eye contact, facial expressions, body language, silence, touching Verbal techniques include: "I'm listening" cues, disclosures, validating statements, statements of support, reflection / mirroring statements 24 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Active Listening Avoid these common mistakes: – Interject with your own opinions and ideas – Ask questions too early in the conversation – Make value judgements – Attempt to solve the problem – Use Active Listening when you don't have the time to really listen 25 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Dealing with Conflicts AVOIDANCE - see others point of view and agree course of action. RESOLUTION - identify underlying problems and “develop” workable solutions. 26 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Dealing with Conflicts SETTLEMENT - compromise without dealing with underlying cause, a short lived solution. MANAGEMENT - live with the conflict (how much can be tolerated and for how long?) 27 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Reason Why Employees Do Not Perform As Expected - Ferdinand F. Fournies They don't know why they should do them. They do not know how to do the task correctly. Education and training will eliminate the causes for substandard performance. Education and training will give them knowledge. With knowledge their attitude towards work will change. 28 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Why Train and Retrain? Instructions and procedures alone is not sufficient. Shortcut for learning from experience. Employees need to know what they are looking at or what to do and what to look for. Cannot assume experience from previous employer is similar. Materials, processes and technology may have changed. 29 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Common Sense? A Mistaken Assumption! Training and common sense – Sound judgements could only be developed over time through experience and specific workplace settings and specific tasks. 30 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Legal Requirements Regulation require training and competency of workers. 31 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Legal Requirements For example: – Factory And Machinery Act 1967 – Lead Regulations 1984, Asbestos Process Regulations 1986, etc. – Occupational Safety And Health Act 1994 – USECHH Regulations 2000, CIMAH Regulations 1996, Safety and Health Committee Regulations 1996, SHO Regulations 1997 – Operator competency requirements – Crane, scaffold, forklift, engine driver, charge man, confined space, etc. 32 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Assessing Training Needs Begin the assessment by establishing: Aims and objectives of training Time scale Level at which training is required Conduct a training needs analysis: Identify job to be done and skill required Analyse skill which individuals already have Identify skills gaps Train to cover the shortfall 33 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Levels of Training Awareness General Specific Skills Competencies (knowledge, qualification, practice and experience) 34 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Training Documentation Should be kept for all employees and contractor training: – Type – Names of trainees – Checks on learning – Date – Date / type of next training 35 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Summary OSH has to be vigorously promoted. Top management and managers at all levels have to be responsible for OSH promotion. Workers have to participate. Good Communications are essential. Training is required and has to be planned to be effective. 36 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Documentation Safety and Health Officer Certificate Course 1  Learning Objectives To describe 4 levels of documentation To describe writing procedure To describe how records are control 2 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Scope Levels Of Documentation Documentation Requirements Procedure Writing Document Control 3 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Levels of Documentation What is a document? – Information and its supporting medium – Paper or booklet providing information – Record or report in detail There are four levels of documentation – Manual – Procedures – Work Instructions – Forms and records 4 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  The Documentation Pyramid Safety Manual Procedures Work Instructions Records, Forms, Reports Hierarchy of Documentation 5 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Level 1 - Manuals 6  What are OSH Manuals For? Description of the main element of the OSHMS and their interaction, and reference to related documents Provide information for effective control of hazards in the workplace To control OSH management activities in accordance with requirements Provide overview information of OSH management system 7 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Contents of OSH Manual Scope of OSHMS, OSH policy and objectives, description of main elements of the OSHMS, reference to related documents, roles and responsibilities, and associated records Statements, procedures, instructions and records 8 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Contents of OSH Manual The manual at the minimum contain: Scope of OSHMS OSH policy statement and OSH objectives Description of the main elements of the OSHMS Assignment of roles and responsibilities List of significant hazards/risks and arrangements for prevention and control Personnel competency and training records Procedures, instructions and other internal documents for OSH management Reference to related documents Associated records 9 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Level 2 - Procedures 10  What Are OSH Procedures? Translation of the organisation’s policies, objectives, and programmes into specific instruction. Basis for effective control of hazards and of risks. Specified way to carried out activity or a process (procedure can be documented or not) Description of elements as defined in OSH manual Procedure as required by management system standard requirements 11 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  What Are OSH Procedures? To control management activities in accordance with specified requirements. Procurement activities and arrangements Monitoring and control activities Selection and use of materials or equipment 12 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Documentation (Procedures) are Required when: A consistent and standard approach is required Seek for consistency of implementation within organization Risky, hazardous or complex operations requiring sequence and detailed steps Lesson learnt from previous mistakes need to be captured and communicated to others so that it will not be repeated 13 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. When Procedures are Required – Support Activities Inter-department relationships such as finance, human resources and general administration (eg; training needs, competency requirements, roles and responsibilities) Standardize implementation in relevant functions and level within the organization Achieving compliance with policy, programme and legal and other requirements 14 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  When Procedures are Required – Support Activities Monitoring and control arrangements and activities Selection and use of raw materials and equipment 15 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Example of Procedures Hazard Identification, Risk Performance Assessment and Risk Measurement and Control Monitoring Legal and other Evaluation of Compliance Requirements Incident Investigation, Competence, Training Nonconformity, Corrective and Awareness and Preventive Action Communication, Control of Records Participation and Internal Audit Consultation Control of Documents Emergency, Preparedness and Response 16 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Level 3 – Work Instructions 17  Instructions (How we do our daily job) Provide detailed information on how to: – Perform specific tasks – Use of specific method and system of work – Use of specific equipment – Timing – Result – Prepare forms – Refer to other documents – Control of processes that relate to the management of its OSH risks 18 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Example of Instruction The instruction for unloading a tanker: – Apply hand brake, use wheel chocks and connect an earthling lead – Attendance of the driver and warehouse representative at all times whilst unloading (cross referenced to their specific responsibilities, as above) 19 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Example of Instruction – Checking the connection of the delivery hose, drainage of the residual liquid into a container on disconnection and – Having a spill containment kit available during the unloading process (cross- referenced to the procedure covering spill response and emergencies) 20 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Example of Instruction Excavation work Management of Forklift operation Change Working at height PPE Pest control operation Procurement and Chemical contracting management Contractor Housekeeping management Heavy lifting Night work Traffic management 21 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Level 4 - Records, Forms, Reports and Registers 22  Records, Forms, Reports (How we do our daily job) Records are documents used to track and demonstrate compliance/ performance A form is a documentation to standardise records 23 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Records, Forms, Reports (How we do our daily jobs) Reports are summaries of performance or their analysis (Report is a part of record) Register is an official or formal list recording names, events, or transactions 24 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Records may Include: Management system implementation records Work-related injuries, ill health, diseases and incidents Regulatory requirements 25 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Records may Include: Workers' exposures, surveillance of the working environment and workers' health Results of both active and reactive monitoring Minutes of meeting 26 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Examples of Records to be Kept Legal, regulatory and other Hazardous material spill / code requirements other incident reports Results of risk Assessment Communications with Permits, licenses and other customers, suppliers, approvals contractors and other Training records external parties Audit and regulatory Results of management compliance audit reports reviews, minutes of meeting Reports of identified Sampling and monitoring nonconformities, corrective data action plans and corrective Maintenance records action tracking data Equipment calibration records 27 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Records and Retention Periods On-site Records/files Document Retention time Training records 10 yrs. SHC minute of meeting 7 yrs Monitoring data 30 yrs. Failures, incidents, complaints and follow- 30 yrs. up actions Maintenance records 10 yrs. Chemical inventory reports 30 yrs. Hazard communication documents 30 yrs. MSDS 10 yrs. Permits-while active 28 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Procedure & Work Instruction Writing 29  Documentation vs. Training Keep procedures to the minimum (It is important that documentation is proportional to the level of complexity, hazards and risks concerned and is kept to the minimum required for effectiveness and efficiency) Supplement procedures with education, training and supervision. Many accidents are caused by: Lack of procedures People are unaware of the procedures They do not understand the procedures Procedures without training is ineffective 30 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Documentation vs. Training Procedures not reviewed, revised and updated could be hazardous 31 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  What Should be in the Procedures/Work Instruction Objective and Scope Responsibilities Clear definition of the organisational structure Reporting relationships if any Authorities Management controls (approvals, etc,) The competence, qualification, training and education of personnel Process steps 32 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Making Use of Procedures/Work Instruction Safe system of work procedures/work instruction can be ncorporated/integrated into a method statement. A collection of safe systems of work can be consolidate/put together to form a wide-ranging and practical rulebook for employees. 33 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Basic Requirements Clearly written (what people need to do), accurate, and comprehensive To be understood by those who have to use them (user-friendly) Involve users in writing (committee involved during write up/formulation) 34 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Basic Requirements Periodically reviewed Revised as necessary Communicated to users Readily accessible to all affected by them 35 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Basic Requirements Procedures/Work Instruction should be appropriate to the nature, complexity and significant risk Established, managed and maintained locally Should be identifiable Records – Traceable – Retention times should be specified – Health records are confidential 36 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Writing a Procedure Work Instruction Procedures Work Instruction should cover, where relevant, the three periods of undertaking: – Before work is begun (preparation) – During – After (cleanup and commissioning) 37 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Writing a Procedure Work Instruction Work Instruction should also cover periods of: – Start-up operations – Normal operations – Abnormal operations e.g. during maintenance – Emergency Operations e.g. during a flood 38 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Writing a Procedure/Work Instruction Approval Requirements – New procedures and all revisions – Approval assures that all involved and affected have the opportunity to take exception to, offer input to, or approve of administrative procedures – The approval of head or CEO of issuing organisation is most important 39 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Writing a Procedure/Work Instruction Approving authority A. Issuing department's manager B. Person primarily responsible C. Any manager whose department is affected D. Author of the document E The SHO F. Head or CEO of the issuing or using organisation 40 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Documenting Standards Effective date Responsibilities Approval signature line Title of document 41 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Documenting Standards Effective date Revision number Purpose of the document (work instruction, procedure, etc.) Scope/applicability of the document 42 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Documenting Standards References Page numbering (page 1 of 4,2 of 4, etc.) Procedural steps 43 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Purpose of Procedure and Records Control There should be a procedure to ensure: – That they can be located – Are periodically reviewed, revised as necessary – Approved for adequacy by authorized personnel – Current versions of relevant documents are accessible for those who need them 44 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Prevent Non-current Documents From Unintended Use Remove promptly from: – All points of issue – All points of use Archival documents are suitably identified Note: Archival documents are data retained for legal and knowledge preservation purposes. 45 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Summary Procedures ensure consistency and continuity of work. Work Instruction/Procedures minimise accidents especially for hazardous operations or workplace environments. 46 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Summary Procedures have to be clear written, simple and supplemented by training Procedures have to be reviewed and revised Procedures have to be controlled 47 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Risk Assessment And Management Safety and Health Officer Certificate Course 1  Learning Objectives To define what is hazard, risk and danger To explain the risk assessment process To describe the method of identifying hazard To use the risk assessment matrix To explain the hierarchy of control 2 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Scope Overview of risk and risk assessment Planning for risk assessment Risk control 3 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Overview of Risk and Risk Assessment 4 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Definitions Hazard: A source, situation or act with a potential for harm in terms of human injury or ill health and damage to property (Source: MS1722:2011) Danger: Relative exposure to hazard 5 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Definitions Risk: A combination of the likelihood of an occurrence of a hazardous event or exposure with specified period or in specified circumstances and the severity of injury or damage to the health of people, property, environment or any combination of these caused by the event or exposure (Source: MS1722:2011) 6 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Risk Assessment What is Risk assessment: The process of evaluating the risks to safety and health arising from hazards at work Risk assessment results is documented and used for: 1. Risk control in OSH management 2. Future reference and review 7 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Basic Principles of Risk Management 1. Integrate Risk Management as part of planning at all levels of business 2. Accept all risks 3. Make risk decisions appropriately (depending on level of risk) 4. Manage the risk 8 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Why Carry Out Risk Assessment? Gives organisations a more effective way of managing hazards - Systematic way of understanding hazards - Control hazards based on facts Requirement of the law e.g. – OSHA 1994, CIMAH Regulations 1996 & USECHH Regulations 2000 Requirement of OSH management system standards: – MS 1722:2011, – OHSAS 18001:2007 9 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Risk Assessment Should Be Carried Out For: Routine and non-routine activities including emergencies; Activities of all personnel having access to the workplace (including subcontractors visitors and others involved in or affected by); Facilities at the workplace, whether provided-by the organization or others. 10 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  When to Carry Out Risk Assessment Before Operation During Operation After Operation 11 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  When to Review Risk Assessment Types of review: – initial review, and – periodic review. 12 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  When to Review Risk Assessment Review whenever there are changes: – internal Before modification, changes or introduction of new – Materials, machinery or processes, working procedures, – external Amendments of national laws and regulations Developments in OSH knowledge and technology 13 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Who Will Carry Out Risk Assessment Person or persons trained to identify hazard and risk assessment – In some cases legally competent person, example : Chemical Health Risk Assessor Consultation with and involvement of workers – Safety and Health committee OR workers and their representatives Involvement of supervisors 14 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Basic Components of Risk Management Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Risk Control Review 15 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  The Process of Risk Management Start Classify Activities (Work, Product, Services, Activities) Identify Hazards Determine Risk Risk = Severity X Likelihood Decide if Risk is Tolerable Decide if Impact is Significant Risk Control Action Plan Review Adequacy of Risk Control 16 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Hazard Identification 17 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  SOURCES OF HAZARDS Man Unsafe acts Machinery Installation, layout and design of equipment Materials Substances such as chemicals and gases used in the workplace Method The way people carry out their work Media Workplace condition i.e. air quality, ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration etc. 18 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Classification and Potential Sources of Hazards Classification of Example of Potential Sources of Hazards Hazards Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges, overload or force a tool beyond its capabilities and grinding wheel without guard Electrical Electrical cord insulation damaged, electrical face plate or cover broken or missing and fan cord insulation pulled loose Biological Exposed to airborne and blood borne viruses, bacteria and fungus 19 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Classification and Potential Sources of Hazards Classification of Example of Potential Sources of Hazards Hazards Chemical Exposed to carcinogens chemicals, sensitizers and corrosive chemicals Ergonomics Repeated exposure to unnatural postures and unnatural movement, awkward design of workstation, tools and task Psychological Stress, sexual harassment and violent at work 20 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Pre-Assessment – Information Gathering Information on the facilities, processes and activities of the organization, including: – Area Map – Site plan(s); own and neighbour – Process flow-charts – Inventory of materials (raw materials, chemicals, wastes, products, sub-products) – Toxicology and other health and safety data – Monitoring data 21 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Pre-Assessment – Classifying Work Activities Geographical areas within/outside the premises; Stages in a production process, or in the provision of a service; Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window cleaning); Identify the working groups; Land use; previous property use, future use. 22 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Methods of Identifying Hazards Review of documents and publications Inspection and observation at the workplace Measurement of the atmosphere, monitoring the environment or medical surveillance of workers Hazard Analysis 23 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Document Review Reports of accidents, accident investigation and audits Information from publications – Acts, Regulations, Guidelines and Codes of Practice – Statistics – Handbooks – Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS) 24 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Inspection and Observation Types of inspections: statutory inspection, periodic inspection, formal and informal inspection Documentation - Checklist and inspection worksheet (standard approach and record) 25 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Inspection and Observation Activities - to involve supervisors, managers and employees Inspection outcome - to include actions and timeframes Ensure follow up on action - to ensure effectiveness 26 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Exposure Monitoring Types of monitoring: area and personal monitoring Monitoring of: – Noise – Heat – Radiation – Air contaminants – Chemicals etc. 27 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Biological Monitoring Biological monitoring is a regular measuring activity where selected validated indicators of the uptake of toxic substances in the human body are determined in order to prevent health impairment This form of monitoring could entail examination of, for example, blood, urine, saliva and contaminated air 28 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Biological Monitoring Biological monitoring commonly features in the health or medical surveillance of persons exposed to hazardous environments especially complying to legal requirement i.e. USECHH Regulations 2000 etc. 29 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Medical Surveillance Health Surveillance is Warranted if: – Substance is used in workplace – Substance is hazardous – Evidence or reason to suspect injury – Insufficient atmospheric monitoring 30 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Hazards Analysis Method use: (example) – Job Safety Analysis (JSA) – Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP) – Fault Tree Analysis etc. 31 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Identify job to be done Task described in less than 10 steps Action verb used to describe job List things that can go wrong 32 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia.  Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Note: – The term JSA includes the formulation of safe work procedures using written instructions for workers – May still require other risk controls – Supervisor and workers assist – Ideally all jobs should have a JSA (mainly high risk jobs) 33 © 2014 NIOSH Malaysia. All rights reserved. No part of this document shall be reproduced without written consent of NIOSH Malaysia. Hazards And Operability Studies (HAZOP) To identify and evaluate safety hazards in the process plant To identify operability problems New design or process