Workers' Compensation and Task Analysis
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Questions and Answers

What is the basis for considering a risk acceptable?

  • ALARP conditions (correct)
  • SMART goal framework
  • ISO 45001 standards
  • ANSI/ASSP Z10 guidelines

    • What is a mishap?

  • A planned event resulting in no harm
  • A series of planned events resulting in no harm
  • A planned event resulting in harm
  • An unplanned event or series of events resulting in harm (correct)

    • What does the SMART goal framework stand for?

  • Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Realistic, Time Oriented (correct)
  • Specific, Manageable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely
  • Simple, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Timely
  • Specific, Measurable, Assignable, Realistic, Time-bound

    • What is the purpose of ANSI/ASSP Z10?

    <p>To provide management system requirements for improving occupational health and safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is ILO-OSH 2001?

    <p>A voluntary guideline on safety and health management systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of ISO 45001?

    <p>Occupational health and safety management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between ANSI/ASSP Z10 and ANSI?

    <p>ANSI/ASSP Z10 is a voluntary consensus standard published by ANSI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of ISO 14001?

    <p>Environmental management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Workers' Compensation typically cover?

    <p>Payment of medical expenses, payments to survivors, and costs related to cleanup or investigation of an accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Task Analysis?

    <p>To define the varied elements that make up an undertaking and document necessary resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the common metrics used to assess project performance?

    <p>Budget</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Risk Analysis involve?

    <p>Both qualitative and quantitative techniques to measure risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Risk Determination?

    <p>Assessing the type, location, probability, and consequences of a risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Risk Acceptance?

    <p>Deciding what frequency and severity of risks are acceptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Risk Characterization?

    <p>Analyzing the effects of exposure to a risk on people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Job Safety Analysis?

    <p>A method to assess the hazards associated with a job function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of an evidence-based approach in an audit?

    <p>To reach reliable and reproducible audit conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of reasoning is used in Fault Tree Analysis?

    <p>Deductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the top event in Fault Tree Analysis?

    <p>To determine the combinations of failures that can lead to an event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of logic is used in Fault Tree Analysis?

    <p>Boolean logic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of a quantified Fault Tree Analysis?

    <p>The rate of occurrence for the top event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using Fault Tree Analysis in highly redundant systems?

    <p>It is well suited for analyzing highly redundant systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using failure rate data in Fault Tree Analysis?

    <p>To quantify the fault tree and project the rate of occurrence for the top event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the fault tree in Fault Tree Analysis?

    <p>To display the combinations of equipment/component failures and human errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of leading indicators in safety management systems?

    <p>To predict safety performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of control to rely on the least in safety management?

    <p>Elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main claim of Contingency Theory?

    <p>The optimal course of action is contingent upon the internal and external situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Systems Theory?

    <p>The study of complex systems in nature, society, and science</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style allows subordinates to participate in the decision-making process but closely supervises employees?

    <p>Directive Democrat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a Permissive Democrat leader?

    <p>Allows employees to participate in the decision-making process and gives subordinates some latitude in carrying out their work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following leadership styles makes decisions unilaterally and closely supervises employees?

    <p>Directive Autocrat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a Directive Autocrat and a Permissive Autocrat leader?

    <p>Employee latitude in carrying out work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory is concerned with the study of complex systems in nature, society, and science?

    <p>Systems Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leadership style is characterized by making decisions unilaterally and giving employees some latitude in carrying out their work?

    <p>Permissive Autocrat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ANSI Z10?

    <p>To provide a standard method for designing and implementing a safety management system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)?

    <p>To coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio between direct costs and indirect costs according to Heinrich's Incident Theories?

    <p>4:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a permit-required confined space?

    <p>A space that contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle?

    <p>Establishing objectives and the processes needed to achieve them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between direct costs and indirect costs?

    <p>Direct costs are the costs that directly impact an employer's money, while indirect costs are the costs that indirectly impact an employer's money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for monitoring conditions within a confined space and preventing unauthorized entry?

    <p>Entry Attendant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Task Analysis in safety management?

    <p>To document resources necessary for a project's achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a safety management system?

    <p>To provide a safe and healthy work environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)?

    <p>To evaluate the physical and health hazards of chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a hazard?

    <p>A condition or set of circumstances that have the potential to cause an incident, injury, illness, or other loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of metrics used to assess project performance?

    <p>Budget, time, quality, conflict, and safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an acute exposure?

    <p>A short-term exposure to a hazardous substance at a high concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Risk Determination?

    <p>To estimate the probability and consequences of a risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an accident?

    <p>An unexpected happening that may result in injury, loss, or damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is the Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health?

    <p>A designated representative of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary duty of the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)?

    <p>To evaluate the physical and health hazards of chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abbreviation of American Industrial Hygiene Association?

    <p>AIHA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Risk Characterization?

    <p>To analyze the effects of exposure to a risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of space is a confined space?

    <p>A space that is large enough and configured in a way that allows entry, but has limited means of entry and exit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Job Safety Analysis?

    <p>To assess the hazards associated with a job function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Risk Analysis?

    <p>To involve qualitative and quantitative techniques to measure the potential frequency and severity of a risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Risk Acceptance?

    <p>To decide what frequency and severity of risks are acceptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)?

    <p>To identify potential design failures before they occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which analysis technique is used to anticipate all possible ramifications of a change to a system or organization?

    <p>Change Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Workers' Compensation?

    <p>To cover payment of medical expenses for injured or ill employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of SWOT Analysis?

    <p>Analyzing an organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Database Management System (DBMS) in safety management?

    <p>To help manage safety data, tracking items such as personal protective equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Modeling in safety management?

    <p>To help safety engineers observe the behavior of physical phenomena or people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Defensive Driving?

    <p>To anticipate road hazards and actions of other drivers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Hazard Communication Standard?

    <p>To notify workers of chemical hazards faced at work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of safety analysis?

    <p>Defensive Driving Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assumption of Theory Y management?

    <p>All workers are inherently motivated and have a reduced need for external rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of participative management in Theory Y?

    <p>To give employees more autonomy and decision-making power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between hygiene factors and motivation factors in Herzberg's Motivational Theory?

    <p>Hygiene factors affect job dissatisfaction, while motivation factors affect job satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of job enlargement in Theory Y?

    <p>To broaden the scope of employees' jobs and add variety and opportunities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of performance appraisals in Theory Y?

    <p>To evaluate employee performance and provide feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of hygiene factors in Herzberg's Motivational Theory?

    <p>They are rarely noted as creators of job satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of decentralization of delegation in Theory Y?

    <p>To give employees more autonomy and decision-making power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of a shortage of motivational factors in Herzberg's Motivational Theory?

    <p>Employees will focus on hygiene factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines average losses for employment classifications?

    <p>Experience Rating Prospective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of rates are applied directly from the rate book for the applicable state?

    <p>Manual Rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to provide a premium discount due to lower administrative costs?

    <p>Premium Discounts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis for insurance rates from all companies?

    <p>The same manual rate book</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is focused on preventing the release of highly hazardous chemicals?

    <p>Process Safety Management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What governs economic concerns of the transportation industry?

    <p>Department of Transportation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used when the manual rate in effect at the time of the policy is used?

    <p>Fixed Rate Premiums</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the abbreviation for blood alcohol concentration?

    <p>BAC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Frequency Strategy focus on reducing?

    <p>Accidents that occur most frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Severity Strategy?

    <p>Reducing accidents that cause the most serious injuries or most damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Cost Strategy focus on reducing?

    <p>Accidents that are the most expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the Multiple Factor Theory?

    <p>Accidents are generally caused by many factors working together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Energy Theory related to?

    <p>Accidents and injuries involving energy transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Domino Theory compared to?

    <p>A sequence of events in an accident compared to a series of five dominoes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time-weighted average concentration of a substance for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek?

    <p>Threshold Limit Value - Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four factors that affect incidents?

    <p>Management, Machine, Media, and Man</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a trade secret?

    <p>A confidential formula, pattern, process, device, or compilation of information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Financial Justification?

    <p>To make a business case for an investment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an unstable (reactive) chemical?

    <p>A chemical that, in the pure state or as produced or transported, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or become self-reactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a water-reactive chemical?

    <p>A chemical that reacts with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a work area?

    <p>A room or defined space in a workplace where hazardous chemicals are produced or used, and where employees are present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a workplace?

    <p>An establishment, job site, or project at one geographical location, containing one or more work areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hazard control?

    <p>The elimination or reduction of a hazardous situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'use' in the context of hazardous chemicals?

    <p>To package, handle, react, or transfer a chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of dividing accidents into major classes?

    <p>To estimate the cost of accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are uninsured costs associated with accidents?

    <p>Property loss and damage, hidden costs, and medical costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of direct to indirect costs according to Heinrich's Incident Theories?

    <p>4:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Heinrich's unsafe acts and unsafe conditions ratio?

    <p>To identify whether accidents are more likely to be caused by unsafe acts vs unsafe conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incident-injury ratio developed by Heinrich?

    <p>300:29:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of examining accounting records to determine the insured costs associated with accidents?

    <p>To estimate the cost of accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of identifying the uninsured cost associated with accidents?

    <p>To determine the cost of accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of dividing accidents into major classes in terms of severity?

    <p>To estimate the cost of accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of evaluation in a management system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the audit scope be consistent with?

    <p>The audit program and audit objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an audit guide?

    <p>To assist the audit team and act on the request of the audit team leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used as a reference against which conformity is determined?

    <p>Audit criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when determining the audit scope?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an audit?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the audit program be consistent with?

    <p>The audit objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are audit criteria used for?

    <p>To determine conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Risk Assessment in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>Evaluating the severity of consequences and probability of hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Probability in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>The likelihood of a hazard causing an incident or exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Risk Analysis in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>To identify hazards that present mishap risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Severity in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>The extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard-related incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of identifying causal factors in Risk Assessment?

    <p>To characterize the risk as the product of severity and probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary output of Risk Assessment in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>A risk rating or score</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of employee involvement in Risk Assessment?

    <p>To make risk acceptance or nonacceptance decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Risk Management in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>Mitigating risks to an acceptable level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary aim of loss control?

    <p>To reduce the frequency and severity of losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of risk?

    <p>The combination of the severity of a defined exposure with its frequency of occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hazard?

    <p>A real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of incorporating slack time into a project's critical path schedule?

    <p>To decrease a project's schedule risk without decreasing the overall risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of safety management systems?

    <p>To reduce the frequency and severity of losses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between risk and hazard?

    <p>Risk is the combination of the severity of a hazard with its frequency of occurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using risk assessment in safety management systems?

    <p>To prioritize risks based on their severity and likelihood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of risk mitigation in safety management systems?

    <p>To reduce the frequency and severity of risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the level of risk that remains after all possible safety measures have been taken?

    <p>Residual Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the risk that is knowingly understood and accepted by the system developer or user?

    <p>Accepted Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of risk mitigation efforts?

    <p>To reduce the risk presented by a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the level of mishap risk that has been established and is considered as low as reasonably possible and still acceptable?

    <p>As Low as Reasonably Practical (ALARP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the risk that is allowed to persist without taking further engineering or management action to eliminate or reduce the risk?

    <p>Acceptable Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of risk mitigation efforts?

    <p>To reduce the risk presented by a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the risk that is not known or understood and is accepted by default?

    <p>Unidentified Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of safety management systems?

    <p>To reduce the risk presented by hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of Risk Assessment in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>To evaluate the identified hazards' causal factors and characterize the risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Probability in the context of Safety Management Systems?

    <p>The likelihood of a hazard causing an incident or exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Severity in the context of Safety Management Systems?

    <p>The extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard-related incident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Risk Analysis in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>To identify hazards that present mishap risk with an assessment of the risk probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of determining the risk presented by identified hazards?

    <p>Risk Assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Job Safety Analysis?

    <p>Identifying hazards associated with a job function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of identifying hazards in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>To identify hazards that present mishap risk with an assessment of the risk probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Risk Characterization?

    <p>Analyzing the effects of exposure to a risk on people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of Risk Assessment in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>To prioritize hazards based on their risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Risk Analysis?

    <p>Involving qualitative and quantitative techniques to measure the potential frequency and severity of a risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Risk Acceptance?

    <p>Deciding what frequency and severity of risks are acceptable for individuals, companies, and society as a whole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Risk Assessment in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>To determine the risk presented by identified hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Task Analysis?

    <p>Defining the varied elements that make up an undertaking and providing a way to document resources that will be necessary in its achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Workers' Compensation?

    <p>Payment of medical expenses for injured or ill employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Risk Determination?

    <p>Determining the type, location, probability, and consequences of a risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of metrics used to assess project performance?

    <p>Assessing whether the project is at, under, or over budget, and whether the project has been completed on time, met quality standards, and created conflict among team members</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of mishap risk that has been established and is considered as low as reasonably possible and still acceptable?

    <p>As low as reasonably practical (ALARP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the risk that is knowingly understood and accepted by the system developer or user?

    <p>Accepted Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of risk mitigation efforts?

    <p>To reduce the risk presented by a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall risk remaining after system safety mitigation efforts have been fully implemented?

    <p>Residual Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the risk that is accepted for a given task or hazard?

    <p>Acceptable Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of hazard mitigation?

    <p>To modify the hazard in order to decrease the mishap probability and/or the mishap severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the risk that is knowingly understood and accepted by default?

    <p>Unknown Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of risk assessment?

    <p>To determine the likelihood and severity of a mishap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Risk Assessment in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>Evaluating the risk presented by identified hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a crucial step in Risk Analysis?

    <p>Identifying hazards that present mishap risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of identifying hazards in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>To evaluate the risk presented by the hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of hazard severity and probability in Risk Assessment?

    <p>Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key aspect of Risk Acceptance in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>Making risk acceptance or nonacceptance decisions with employee involvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Severity in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>The extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard-related incident or exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in the Risk Assessment process?

    <p>Implementing risk mitigation measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Probability in Safety Management Systems?

    <p>To determine the likelihood of an incident or exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between accepted risk and residual risk?

    <p>Accepted risk is the risk remaining after system safety mitigation efforts, whereas residual risk is the risk that is knowingly understood and accepted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of mitigation in safety management?

    <p>To modify hazards to decrease the mishap probability and/or severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the level of mishap risk that has been established and is considered as low as reasonably possible and still acceptable?

    <p>As Low as Reasonably Practical (ALARP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the part of identified mishap risk that is allowed to persist without taking further engineering or management action to eliminate or reduce the risk?

    <p>Acceptable Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of risk mitigation in safety management?

    <p>To reduce the risk presented by a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the overall risk remaining after system safety mitigation efforts have been fully implemented?

    <p>Residual Risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between acceptable risk and tolerable risk?

    <p>They are considered synonymous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of hazard mitigation?

    <p>To reduce the risk presented by a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Job Safety Analysis?

    <p>To identify hazards associated with a specific job function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Risk Analysis involve?

    <p>Both qualitative and quantitative techniques to measure risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Risk Acceptance?

    <p>Deciding what frequency and severity of risks are acceptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Risk Characterization?

    <p>To analyze the effects that exposure to a risk will have on people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in Workers' Compensation?

    <p>Payment of medical expenses for injured or ill employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Task Analysis?

    <p>To document resources necessary to achieve a task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Risk Determination?

    <p>To determine the type, location, probability, and consequences of a risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of common metrics used to assess project performance?

    <p>To assess the project's budget, time, quality, conflict, and safety performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Fault Tree Analysis?

    <p>Analyzing the effects of various faults of a system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Change Analysis?

    <p>To anticipate and plan for the communication and tasks associated with executing a change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of SWOT Analysis?

    <p>Evaluating an organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Database Management System (DBMS) in safety management?

    <p>To manage safety data, tracking items such as personal protective equipment and hazardous materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Modeling in safety engineering?

    <p>To observe the behavior of physical phenomena or people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Defensive Driving?

    <p>To anticipate road hazards and actions of other drivers to prevent accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)?

    <p>To govern the requirements to notify workers of chemical hazards faced at work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of FMEA?

    <p>To identify potential design failures before they occur and eliminate or minimize the risk associated with them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of hazard severity times hazard probability in risk assessment?

    <p>Risk characterization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of identifying hazards that present mishap risk with an assessment of the risk probability?

    <p>Risk analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard-related incident or exposure?

    <p>Severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of determining the risk presented by the identified hazards?

    <p>Risk assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelyhood of a hazard causing an incident or exposure that could result in harm or damage?

    <p>Probability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of risk assessment?

    <p>To determine the risk presented by the identified hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in risk assessment?

    <p>Evaluating the identified hazard's causal factors and then characterizing the risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of risk assessment?

    <p>Initial risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of metrics used to assess project performance in terms of budget, time, quality, conflict, and safety?

    <p>Common metrics - Budget, Time, Quality, Conflict, and Safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Risk Determination?

    <p>To estimate the probability and consequences of a risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Task Analysis?

    <p>To assess the hazards associated with job functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis involves qualitative and quantitative techniques to measure the potential frequency and severity of a risk?

    <p>Risk Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Risk Characterization?

    <p>To analyze the effects of exposure to a risk on people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following safety management systems is characterized by a cycle of defining, initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals?

    <p>Project Management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Job Safety Analysis?

    <p>To assess the hazards associated with job functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Risk Acceptance?

    <p>To decide what frequency and severity of risks are acceptable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) for hazard communication?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Workers' Compensation?

    <p>To pay for medical expenses and survivor benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Energy Theory, what is the primary cause of most incidents and injuries?

    <p>The transfer of energy between objects and/or people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Domino Theory?

    <p>The sequence of events leading to an accident</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Gantt Chart?

    <p>To plan and manage projects with distinct beginnings and ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a failure of a component or subsystem that results in the failure of the entire system or process?

    <p>Single-Point Failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Act phase of the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle?

    <p>To continually improve performance by adjusting systems as necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the Check phase of the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle?

    <p>To monitor and control project performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)?

    <p>To establish a standard for the concentration of a substance in a workplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a trade secret?

    <p>It is a confidential formula, pattern, or process that gives an employer an advantage over competitors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a workplace and a work area?

    <p>A workplace is an establishment or job site, while a work area is a room or defined space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Hazard Control?

    <p>To reduce or eliminate hazards in the workplace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of an unstable (reactive) chemical?

    <p>It reacts rapidly with air or water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of using the term 'use' in the context of hazardous chemicals?

    <p>To package, handle, react, or transfer hazardous chemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a water-reactive chemical?

    <p>It reacts rapidly with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of defining a work area?

    <p>To define the space where hazardous chemicals are produced or used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the 'Act' phase in the Deming cycle?

    <p>Continually improving performance by adjusting systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a Gantt chart?

    <p>To plan and manage projects with distinct beginnings and ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of direct to indirect costs according to Heinrich's Incident Theories?

    <p>4:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the Domino Theory?

    <p>That accidents are caused by a sequence of events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of accidents are caused by unsafe acts according to Heinrich's ratio?

    <p>88%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Globally Harmonized System (GHS)?

    <p>To classify and communicate chemical hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of dividing accidents into major classes?

    <p>To estimate the cost of accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a failure of a component or subsystem that results in failure of the entire system or process?

    <p>Single-Point Failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the uninsured costs associated with accidents?

    <p>Hidden costs, medical costs, and property loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Project Management?

    <p>Defining, initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing projects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the incident-injury ratio developed by Heinrich?

    <p>300:29:1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the transfer of energy between objects and/or people that can result in incidents and injuries?

    <p>Energy Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of examining accounting records in accident management?

    <p>To estimate the cost of accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)?

    <p>To provide information on chemical hazards and safe handling practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of accidents are more likely to be caused by unsafe acts versus unsafe conditions?

    <p>Most accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of calculating the ratio of direct to indirect costs in accident management?

    <p>To understand the true cost of accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of an evidence-based approach in an audit?

    <p>To reach reliable and reproducible audit conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of analysis does Fault Tree Analysis use?

    <p>Deductive analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the top event in Fault Tree Analysis?

    <p>To define the undesired event being analyzed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using Fault Tree Analysis in highly redundant systems?

    <p>It is well-suited for identifying multiple failure paths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Boolean logic in Fault Tree Analysis?

    <p>To relate the top event to basic events using AND/OR gates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of a quantified Fault Tree Analysis?

    <p>The rate of occurrence of the top event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using failure rate data in Fault Tree Analysis?

    <p>To quantify the fault tree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of an audit in safety management systems?

    <p>To reach reliable and reproducible audit conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of safety management systems?

    <p>The ability of a system to exclude certain undesired events during stated operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is exposure in the context of safety management?

    <p>Contact with or proximity to a hazard, taking into account duration and intensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of root cause analysis?

    <p>To identify the basic lowest level causal factors for an event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is risk communication in the context of safety management?

    <p>The interactive process for exchanging risk information and opinions among stakeholders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unacceptable risk?

    <p>Risk that cannot be tolerated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of risk management?

    <p>To mitigate, minimize or control risks through engineering, management or operational means</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of safety?

    <p>Freedom from conditions that can cause death, injury, or damage to the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of risk management in safety management systems?

    <p>To mitigate, minimize or control risks through engineering, management or operational means</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of Motivational Hygiene Theory?

    <p>Explaining how employees are satisfied by certain intrinsic job factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a safety culture?

    <p>To ensure that everyone in the group behaves in a way that protects the safety of each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most critical factor in developing a safety program?

    <p>Incorporating concepts of job enrichment, participation, and employee-centered leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best way to reduce injuries and property damage in the future?

    <p>Systematically reinforcing positive employee actions and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of a proactive safety effort?

    <p>Achieving company objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of recognizing and reinforcing employees' safety behaviors?

    <p>To increase employee trust in the safety culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical factor in developing a safety program?

    <p>Incorporating concepts of job enrichment and employee-centered leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between safety culture and employee safety?

    <p>A safety culture is a group's attitude that everyone in the group will try to behave in a way that protects the safety of each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does OSHA define as the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)?

    <p>Limits for exposure as defined by OSHA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Threshold Limit Value (TLV)?

    <p>A limit set by the American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)?

    <p>Protective equipment worn to protect a user from exposure to a hazard</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Implied Warranty?

    <p>When a product does not perform in a manner consistent with implied or explicit claims made by the manufacturer or sales force</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Workers' Compensation Insurance?

    <p>One method in which an employer can protect itself from unforeseen incidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Workers' Compensation?

    <p>Acts to actively protect the worker by providing for lost wages, medical and rehabilitation expenses, and compensating workers for loss of limb received on the job</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Express Warranty?

    <p>When a seller makes claims of what the product can do and is a frequent result of advertising</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Negligence?

    <p>A failure caused by a person or corporation's lack of due diligence or an action they took</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a proactive and reactive approach to accident prevention?

    <p>A proactive approach focuses on preventing accidents from occurring, while a reactive approach focuses on analyzing accidents that have already occurred.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for a decision to work unsafely?

    <p>A conscious decision to disregard safety protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a system failure that can lead to accidents?

    <p>Management failure to provide clear policies and procedures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of analyzing potential accidents in a proactive approach?

    <p>To put preventative measures into place to prevent the accident from occurring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an unsafe condition that can lead to accidents?

    <p>Defective equipment and inadequate lighting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a mismatch or overload and a trap?

    <p>A mismatch or overload involves worker capacity, while a trap involves environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of investigating an accident in a reactive approach?

    <p>To put preventative measures into place to prevent the accident from occurring again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an unsafe act that can lead to accidents?

    <p>Using drugs and alcohol on the job.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of leading indicators in safety management systems?

    <p>To predict safety performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a leading indicator?

    <p>Number of employee safety suggestions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of proactive activities in safety management systems?

    <p>To identify and eliminate hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a control measure that relies least on the performance of personnel?

    <p>Engineering Controls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using leading indicators in safety management systems?

    <p>To predict and prepare for potential hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of safety management system focuses on identifying and eliminating hazards?

    <p>Proactive safety management system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of safety management systems?

    <p>To identify and eliminate hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of proactive activities in safety management systems?

    <p>To identify, eliminate, minimize, and control risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of occupational health and safety management systems?

    <p>To reduce risk of occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of cost/benefit analysis in occupational health and safety management?

    <p>To prioritize actions to reduce risk of identified financial loss scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Pareto principle in occupational health and safety management?

    <p>To identify the 20% of sources that cause 80% of the problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an audit, according to ISO 19011?

    <p>A systematic and independent process for evaluating audit evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an internal audit in occupational health and safety management?

    <p>To evaluate the effectiveness of the safety management system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Pareto chart?

    <p>To identify the largest issues facing the team or business</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using the Pareto principle in occupational health and safety management?

    <p>To focus efforts on the most significant issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of cost/benefit analysis in occupational health and safety management?

    <p>To prioritize actions to reduce risk of identified financial loss scenarios</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the Motivational-Hygiene Theory?

    <p>Employee motivation and job satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important factor in developing a safety program?

    <p>Incorporating concepts of job enrichment and employee-centered leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in encouraging employees to work safely?

    <p>Team spirit and attitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why will management most likely support a proactive safety effort?

    <p>Because it relates to company objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best way to reduce injuries and property damage in the future?

    <p>Systematically reinforcing positive employee actions and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key element of a safety culture?

    <p>Trust in the safety culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is critical to developing a safety program?

    <p>Incorporating concepts of job enrichment and employee-centered leadership</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in motivating employees to work safely?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Workers' Compensation

    • Refers to the payment of medical expenses for injured or ill employees, payments made to survivors in case of the death of an employee, and costs related to the cleanup or investigation of an accident, including travel and legal services.

    Task Analysis

    • A detailed method of defining the varied elements that make up an undertaking and providing a way to document resources that will be necessary in its achievement.

    Common Metrics

    • Used to assess project performance, including:
      • Budget: Is the project at, under, or over budget?
      • Time: Has the project or phase been completed on time? If not, how many days overdue is it?
      • Quality: Has the work met or exceeded quality standards? For example, has the project passed inspection?
      • Conflict: Has the project phase created conflict among team members?
      • Safety: Has the project phase been completed without safety incidents?

    Risk Analysis

    • Involves qualitative and quantitative techniques to measure the potential frequency and severity of a risk.

    Risk Determination

    • Includes type, location, probability, and consequences of a risk, as well as risk estimate, which is the product of probability and consequences.

    Risk Acceptance

    • Deciding what frequency and severity of risks are acceptable for individuals, companies, and society as a whole.

    Risk Characterization

    • Analyzes the effects that exposure to a risk will have on people.

    Job Safety Analysis

    • A formal method used to assess the hazards associated with a job function.

    Mishap

    • An unplanned event or series of events resulting in death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment.

    SMART GOAL

    • Specific, Measurable, Actionable, Realistic, and Time-oriented.

    International Labor Organization (ILO) Guidelines

    • ILO-OSH 2001 provides voluntary guidelines on safety and health management systems, relying the least on the performance of personnel.

    Leading Indicators

    • Proactive activities that identify hazards and assess, eliminate, minimize, and control risk, such as:
      • Level of worker participation in program activities
      • Number of employee safety suggestions
      • Number of hazards, near misses, and first aid cases reported
      • Amount of time taken to respond to reports
      • Number and frequency of management walkthroughs
      • Number and severity of hazards identified during inspections
      • Number of workers who have completed required safety and health training

    Evidence-Based Approach

    • A rational method for reaching reliable and reproducible audit conclusions in a systematic audit process, where audit evidence should be verifiable.

    Fault Tree Analysis

    • A deductive analysis that uses Boolean logic to relate the top event to a combination of basic events that must occur for the top event to happen, allowing the analyst to determine the combinations of failures that are necessary to achieve an event defined as the top or undesired event.

    Contingency Theory

    • A class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions, instead, the optimal course of action is contingent upon the internal and external situation.

    Systems Theory

    • An interdisciplinary theory about the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science, which considers and treats an organization as a system.

    Management Styles

    • Autocratic leaders make decisions unilaterally.
    • Permissive leaders permit participation in the decision-making process.
    • Directive Democrat allows subordinates to participate in the decision-making process but closely supervises employees.
    • Directive Autocrat makes decisions unilaterally and closely supervises employees.
    • Permissive Democrat allows employees to participate in the decision-making process and gives subordinates some latitude in carrying out their work.
    • Permissive Autocrat leader makes decisions unilaterally but gives employees latitude in carrying out the work.

    Importance of Safety Management Systems

    • Humanitarianism, The Law, and Cost are key factors that highlight the importance of Safety Management Systems.

    Accident and Hazard

    • An accident is an unexpected happening that may result in injury, loss, or damage.
    • A hazard is a condition or set of circumstances that have the potential to cause an incident, injury, illness, or other loss.

    Costs of Accidents

    • Direct Costs: medical costs, payment for time away, and other costs that directly impact an employer's money.
    • Indirect Costs: hidden costs, such as time lost by other employees to help a coworker, time spent by safety staff, losses due to unfilled orders or lost productions.

    ANSI Z10 and Heinrich's Incident Theories

    • ANSI Z10 is a voluntary consensus standard on occupational health and safety management systems that provides a standard method for designing and implementing a safety management system.
    • Heinrich's Incident Theories propose that the ratio between direct costs and indirect costs is an average of 4:1.

    Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) Cycle

    • Plan: establish objectives and the processes needed to achieve them.
    • Do: implement the plan.
    • Check: monitor and evaluate the plan.
    • Act: take action to correct and improve the plan.

    Confined Space and Entry Attendant

    • A Permit-Required Confined Space is a space that contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere, contains a material that could engulf an entrant, has an internal configuration that could trap or asphyxiate an entrant, or contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.
    • An Entry Attendant is the individual stationed outside the space who monitors conditions within the space, prevents unauthorized entry, and summons emergency services or initiates rescue procedures if necessary.

    Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)

    • The HCS requires that all chemicals produced or imported into the U.S. be evaluated to determine their physical and health hazards.
    • Information about these hazards must be transmitted to employees who may be exposed to such chemicals under normal operations or in foreseeable emergency.

    Risk Analysis and Risk Determination

    • Risk Analysis involves qualitative and quantitative techniques to measure the potential frequency and severity of a risk.
    • Risk Determination involves evaluating the type, location, probability, and consequences of a risk.

    Job Safety Analysis and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)

    • Job Safety Analysis is a formal method used to assess the hazards associated with a job function.
    • FMEA is a systematic process for identifying potential design and process failures before they occur, with the intent to eliminate them or minimize the risk associated with them.

    Other Concepts

    • Theory Y Management assumes that all workers are basically interested and motivated to work and therefore have a reduced need for an external reward system.
    • Herzberg Motivational Theory states that motivation can be split into two categories: hygiene factors and motivation factors.
    • SWOT Analysis is a planning tool used to analyze an organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

    Manual Rates and Premiums

    • Premiums are applied directly from the rate book for the applicable state, making premiums the same from all insurance companies.
    • Employers could seek discounts from set rates by utilizing hazard reduction techniques from a schedule.

    Experience Rating

    • Experience Rating states determine average losses for employment classifications.
    • Claims affect the rates during the policy year.
    • Fixed Rate Premiums use the manual rate in effect at the time of the policy.

    Premium Discounts

    • Premium discounts may be applied due to the lower administrative cost of managing insurance for larger companies.
    • Competitive Premium Rates are based on the same manual rate book.

    Government Agencies

    • DOT (Department of Transportation) governs economic concerns of the transportation industry.
    • NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) is a government agency.
    • SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) is a government agency.
    • FMVSS (Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards) is a government agency.
    • FHA (Federal Highway Administration) is a government agency.

    Safety Management Systems

    • Process Safety Management is a standard developed by OSHA, which provides an analytical tool focused on preventing the release of highly hazardous chemicals (HHCs).
    • Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) is the time-weighted average concentration of a substance for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour work week.

    Hazardous Chemicals

    • Trade Secret is any confidential formula, pattern, process, device, information, or compilation of information used in an employer's business.
    • Unstable (reactive) chemicals are those that, in the pure state or as produced or transported, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or become self-reactive under conditions of shocks, pressure, or temperature.
    • Water-reactive chemicals react with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard.

    Workplace Safety

    • Work area is a room or defined space in a workplace where hazardous chemicals are produced or used, and where employees are present.
    • Workplace is an establishment, job site, or project at one geographical location, containing one or more work areas.
    • Hazard Control is the reduction or elimination of a dangerous situation.

    Accident Prevention Strategies

    • Frequency Strategy focuses on reducing the accidents that occur most frequently.
    • Severity Strategy focuses on reducing the accidents that cause the most serious injuries or most damage.
    • Cost Strategy focuses on reducing the accidents that are the most expensive.

    Accident Theories

    • Multiple Factor Theory postulates that accidents are generally caused by many factors working together.
    • Energy Theory postulates that accidents and injuries often involve energy transfer.
    • Domino Theory explains the sequence of events in an accident, including social events, undesirable traits, unsafe acts or conditions, incidents, and injuries.

    Financial Justification

    • Financial Justification is the process of making a business case for an investment.
    • Opportunities for improvement are extensions of best management practices observed in other organizations.

    Accident Cost Estimation

    • To estimate the cost of accidents, divide accidents into major classes, examine accounting records, and calculate the uninsured cost associated with accidents.
    • Uninsured costs include lost work hours, medical costs, property loss and damage, insurance premiums, and hidden costs such as investigation and emergency response.
    • Ratio of direct to indirect costs is 4:1, showing that the final cost of an accident must include more than medical expenses and worker compensation.

    Accident Ratios

    • Unsafe acts and unsafe conditions ratio is 88:10:2, with 88% of accidents caused by unsafe acts, 10% by unsafe conditions, and 2% by unpreventable causes.
    • Incident-injury ratio is 300:29:1, with 300 accidents resulting in no injuries, 29 causing minor injuries, and 1 causing a major injury.

    Risk Management

    • Acceptable risk is the part of identified mishap risk that is allowed to persist without taking further engineering or management action to eliminate or reduce the risk.
    • Acceptable risk is achieved after risk reduction measures have been applied and is accepted for a given task or hazard.
    • The terms "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered synonymous.

    Risk Types

    • Accepted risk has two parts: (1) risk that is knowingly understood and accepted by the system developer or user, and (2) risk that is not known or understood and is accepted by default.
    • Residual risk is the overall risk remaining after system safety mitigation efforts have been fully implemented.

    Risk Mitigation

    • Mitigation is an action taken to reduce the risk presented by a hazard, by modifying the hazard in order to decrease the mishap probability and/or the mishap severity.
    • Mitigation can be accomplished through design measures, use of safety devices, training, or procedures.

    Risk Assessment

    • Risk analysis is the process of identifying safety risks, which involves identifying hazards that present mishap risk with an assessment of the risk probability.
    • Risk assessment is the process of determining the risk presented by the identified hazards, which involves evaluating the identified hazard's causal factors and then characterizing the risk as the product of the hazard severity times the hazard probability.

    Hazard and Severity

    • A hazard is any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death to personnel; damage or loss of a system, equipment, or property; or damage to the environment.
    • Severity is the extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard-related incident or exposure.

    Loss Control

    • Loss control is the proactive measures taken to prevent or reduce loss evolving from accident, injury, illness, and property damage.
    • The aim of loss control is to reduce the frequency and severity of losses.

    Probability and Severity

    • Probability is the likelihood of a hazard causing an incident or exposure that could result in harm or damage for a selected unit of time, events, population, items, or activities being considered.
    • Severity is the extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard-related incident or exposure.

    Risk Analysis and Assessment

    • Risk analysis is the process of identifying safety risks, involving identifying hazards that present mishap risk with an assessment of the risk probability.
    • Risk assessment is the process of determining the risk presented by the identified hazards, evaluating the identified hazard's causal factors and characterizing the risk as the product of the hazard severity times the hazard probability.

    Risk Assessment Techniques

    • Establishing analysis parameters
    • Selecting a risk assessment technique
    • Identifying hazards
    • Considering Failure Modes
    • Assessing the severity of consequences
    • Determining the occurrence probability prominently taking into consideration the exposures
    • Defining the initial risk
    • Making risk acceptance or nonacceptance decisions with employee involvement

    Risk Types

    • Acceptable risk: the part of identified mishap risk that is allowed to persist without taking further engineering or management action to eliminate or reduce the risk, based on knowledge and decision-making
    • Accepted risk: risk that is knowingly understood and accepted by the system developer or user, and risk that is not known or understood and is accepted by default
    • Residual risk: the overall risk remaining after system safety mitigation efforts have been fully implemented

    Risk Mitigation

    • Mitigation is an action taken to reduce the risk presented by a hazard, by modifying the hazard in order to decrease the mishap probability and/or the mishap severity
    • Mitigation is generally accomplished through design measures, use of safety devices, training, or procedures

    ALARP and Task Analysis

    • ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable): the level of mishap risk that has been established and is considered as low as reasonably possible and still acceptable
    • Task analysis: a detailed method of defining the varied elements that make up an undertaking and providing a way to document resources that will be necessary in its achievement

    Common Metrics

    • Budget: assessing if the project is at, under, or over budget
    • Time: assessing if the project or phase has been completed on time
    • Quality: assessing if the work has met or exceeded quality standards
    • Conflict: assessing if the project phase has created conflict among the team members
    • Safety: assessing if the project phase has been completed without safety incidents

    Risk Determination and Acceptance

    • Risk determination involves identifying type, location, probability, and consequences of a risk
    • Risk estimate: the product of probability and consequences
    • Risk acceptance: deciding what frequency and severity of risks are acceptable for individuals, companies, and society as a whole

    Risk Characterization and Job Safety Analysis

    • Risk characterization analyzes the effects that exposure to a risk will have on people
    • Job safety analysis: a formal method used to assess the hazards associated with job function

    Probability and Severity

    • Probability is the likelihood of a hazard causing an incident or exposure that could result in harm or damage for a selected unit of time, events, population, items, or activities being considered.
    • Severity is the extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard-related incident or exposure.

    Risk Analysis and Assessment

    • Risk analysis is the process of identifying safety risks, involving identifying hazards that present mishap risk with an assessment of the risk probability.
    • Risk assessment is the process of determining the risk presented by the identified hazards, evaluating the identified hazard's causal factors and characterizing the risk as the product of the hazard severity times the hazard probability.

    Risk Assessment Techniques

    • Establishing analysis parameters
    • Selecting a risk assessment technique
    • Identifying hazards
    • Considering Failure Modes
    • Assessing the severity of consequences
    • Determining the occurrence probability prominently taking into consideration the exposures
    • Defining the initial risk
    • Making risk acceptance or nonacceptance decisions with employee involvement

    Risk Types

    • Acceptable risk: the part of identified mishap risk that is allowed to persist without taking further engineering or management action to eliminate or reduce the risk, based on knowledge and decision-making
    • Accepted risk: risk that is knowingly understood and accepted by the system developer or user, and risk that is not known or understood and is accepted by default
    • Residual risk: the overall risk remaining after system safety mitigation efforts have been fully implemented

    Risk Mitigation

    • Mitigation is an action taken to reduce the risk presented by a hazard, by modifying the hazard in order to decrease the mishap probability and/or the mishap severity
    • Mitigation is generally accomplished through design measures, use of safety devices, training, or procedures

    ALARP and Task Analysis

    • ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practicable): the level of mishap risk that has been established and is considered as low as reasonably possible and still acceptable
    • Task analysis: a detailed method of defining the varied elements that make up an undertaking and providing a way to document resources that will be necessary in its achievement

    Common Metrics

    • Budget: assessing if the project is at, under, or over budget
    • Time: assessing if the project or phase has been completed on time
    • Quality: assessing if the work has met or exceeded quality standards
    • Conflict: assessing if the project phase has created conflict among the team members
    • Safety: assessing if the project phase has been completed without safety incidents

    Risk Determination and Acceptance

    • Risk determination involves identifying type, location, probability, and consequences of a risk
    • Risk estimate: the product of probability and consequences
    • Risk acceptance: deciding what frequency and severity of risks are acceptable for individuals, companies, and society as a whole

    Risk Characterization and Job Safety Analysis

    • Risk characterization analyzes the effects that exposure to a risk will have on people
    • Job safety analysis: a formal method used to assess the hazards associated with job function

    Safety Management Systems

    • The PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle is used to implement and continually improve performance by adjusting systems as necessary.

    System Failure

    • Single-Point Failure refers to a failure of a component or subsystem that results in the failure of the entire system or process.
    • The Domino Theory proposes that an accident sequence is like a row of dominoes, where once the first domino is knocked over, the others will continue to fall unless an outside force intervenes.

    Energy Theory

    • The Energy Theory proposes that most incidents and injuries involve the transfer of energy between objects and/or people.

    Project Management

    • The project management cycle involves defining, initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals.
    • A Gantt Chart is a time and activity bar chart used for planning, managing, and controlling major programs.

    Hazard Communication

    • The Globally Harmonized System (GHS) is an international approach to hazard communication, providing agreed-upon criteria for classification of chemical hazards, and a standardized approach to label elements and safety data sheets.
    • Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are used to inform employees about potentially harmful chemicals used in the workplace.

    Threshold Limit Value

    • The Threshold Limit Value-Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA) is the time-weighted average concentration of a substance for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour work week, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed without adverse effect.

    Chemical Safety

    • A trade secret is any confidential formula, pattern, process, device, information, or compilation of information used in an employer's business, giving them an advantage over competitors.
    • Unstable (reactive) chemicals are those that, in the pure state or as produced or transported, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or become self-reactive under conditions of shock, pressure, or temperature.
    • Water-reactive chemicals react with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard.

    Workplace Safety

    • A workplace is an establishment, job site, or project at one geographical location, containing one or more work areas.
    • Hazard control refers to the reduction or elimination of a dangerous situation.

    Task Analysis

    • Task analysis refers to a detailed method of defining the varied elements that make up an undertaking and provides a way to document resources necessary for its achievement.

    Risk Analysis

    • Risk analysis involves qualitative and quantitative techniques to measure the potential frequency and severity of a risk.
    • Risk determination involves identifying the type, location, probability, and consequences of a risk.
    • Risk acceptance means deciding what frequency and severity of risks are acceptable for individuals, companies, and society as a whole.

    Job Safety Analysis

    • Job safety analysis is a formal method used to assess the hazards associated with a job function.
    • Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a systematic process for identifying potential design and process failures before they occur.

    Change Analysis

    • Change analysis attempts to analyze and document the effects of a change on a system or organization.

    SWOT Analysis

    • SWOT analysis is a planning tool used to analyze an organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.

    Database Management System

    • A Database Management System (DBMS) helps manage safety data, tracking items such as personal protective equipment, training, hazardous materials, and inspections.

    Modeling

    • Modeling helps safety engineers observe the behavior of physical phenomena or people, used for functions such as accident reconstruction, gas dispersion, and fires.

    Defensive Driving

    • Defensive driving refers to a process of alert driving behavior that attempts to anticipate road hazards and actions of other drivers in order to prevent accidents.

    Hazard Communication Standard

    • The Hazard Communication Standard governs the requirements to notify workers of chemical hazards faced at work and to provide information on protection from hazards.

    Probability and Severity

    • Probability refers to the likelihood of a hazard causing an incident or exposure that could result in harm or damage.
    • Severity refers to the extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard-related incident or exposure.

    Domain 2: Safety Management Systems

    • Safety Management involves a cycle of Plan-Do-Check-Act: planning, implementing, checking results, and continual improvement.

    Failure Types and Theories

    • Single-Point Failure: failure of a component or subsystem that results in failure of the entire system or process.
    • Domino Theory: an accident sequence is like 5 dominoes standing in a line; once the first domino is knocked over, they will continue to fall unless some outside force intervenes.
    • Energy Theory: most incidents and injuries involve the transfer of energy between objects and/or people.

    Project Management

    • Project Management involves defining, initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals.
    • Gantt Chart: a time and activity bar chart used for planning, managing, and controlling major programs with a distinct beginning and end.

    Hazard Communication

    • Globally Harmonized System (GHS): an international approach to hazard communication, providing agreed-upon criteria for classification of chemical hazards, and a standardized approach to label elements and safety data sheets.

    Accident Costs

    • To estimate the cost of accidents, divide accidents into major classes, examine accounting records to determine insured costs, and calculate uninsured costs.
    • Uninsured costs include lost work hours, medical costs, property loss and damage, insurance premiums, and hidden costs such as investigation and emergency response.
    • Ratio of direct to indirect costs: 4:1, showing that final cost of an accident must include more than medical expenses and worker compensation.

    Accident Causation

    • Ratio of unsafe acts to unsafe conditions: 88:10:2, with 88% of accidents caused by unsafe acts, 10% by unsafe conditions, and 2% by unpreventable causes.
    • Incident-injury ratio: 300:29:1, with 300 results in no injuries, 29 cause minor injuries, and 1 causes a major injury.

    Risk Management

    • Root Cause Analysis (RCA): the process of identifying the basic lowest level causal factors for an event.
    • Risk Communication: the interactive process of exchanging risk information and opinions among stakeholders.
    • Risk Management involves mitigating, minimizing, or controlling risks through engineering, management, or operational means.

    Safety and Performance

    • Safety: freedom from conditions that can cause death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment.
    • Exposure: contact with or proximity to a hazard, taking into account duration and intensity.
    • Unacceptable risk: risk that cannot be tolerated.

    Audit and Analysis

    • Evidence-Based Approach: a rational method for reaching reliable and reproducible audit conclusions in a systematic audit process.
    • Fault Tree Analysis (FTA): a deductive analysis involving reasoning from the general to the specific, used to determine the combinations of failures that are necessary to achieve an event defined as the top or undesired event.

    Human Factors

    • Motivational-Hygiene Theory: a theory that attempts to explain how persons are satisfied by certain intrinsic job factors while being motivated by other extrinsic factors that are quite peripheral to the job being performed.
    • Safety Culture: a group's attitude that everyone in the group will try to behave in a way that protects the safety of each other; recognition will reinforce their trust in the culture.

    Exposure Limits

    • OSHA defines Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL)
    • NIOSH defines Recommended Exposure Limits (REL)
    • ACGIH sets Threshold Limit Values (TLV) for maximum acceptable exposure of workers to hazards over a specific period

    Personal Protective Equipment

    • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is worn to protect users from exposure to hazards
    • Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC) is worn to protect users from chemical exposure

    Product Liability

    • Implied Warranty occurs when a product does not perform as claimed by the manufacturer or sales force
    • Express Warranty occurs when a seller makes claims about a product's capabilities
    • Strict Liability occurs when a product's characteristics are unreasonably dangerous
    • Negligence occurs when a person or corporation fails to exercise due diligence or takes an action that causes harm

    Workers' Compensation

    • Workers' Compensation Insurance is a method for employers to protect themselves from unforeseen incidents
    • Workers' Compensation acts to protect workers by providing for lost wages, medical and rehabilitation expenses, and compensation for lost limbs received on the job

    Safety Management Systems

    • Reactive approach to accident prevention has four basic steps: accident occurrence, investigation, analysis, and implementation of preventative measures
    • Proactive approach to accident prevention tries to prevent accidents from occurring in the first place, with two steps: analyzing potential accidents and implementing preventative measures
    • Leading Indicators are proactive activities that identify hazards and assess, eliminate, minimize, and control risk
    • Examples of Leading Indicators include level of worker participation, number of employee safety suggestions, and timely completion of corrective actions

    Safety Standards and Analysis

    • The purpose of standards is to provide organizations with an effective tool for continuous improvement in their occupational health and safety management systems
    • Cost/Benefit Analysis is a process of evaluating competing courses of action by examining the dollar costs of certain abatement actions versus the dollar value of the benefits received
    • Pareto Principle states that 80% of effects come from 20% of causes, and Pareto charts help identify the largest issues facing a team or business
    • Audit (ISO 19011) is a systematic, independent, and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively

    Safety Culture and Theories

    • Internal Audit is conducted by the organization itself for management review and other internal purposes
    • Motivational-Hygiene Theory explains how persons are satisfied by certain intrinsic job factors while being motivated by extrinsic factors
    • Safety Culture is a group's attitude that everyone will try to behave in a way that protects the safety of each other, and recognition reinforces trust in the culture
    • Factors that make the greatest impact on whether employees will work safely include team spirit, recognition, and attitude

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    Description

    This quiz covers topics related to workers' compensation benefits, including medical expenses and survivor payments, as well as task analysis, a method of breaking down complex tasks into smaller elements.

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