Complete History Revision PDF

 Class 10th - History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Rapid Revision Que. Why did the weavers in Silesia revolt against contractors in 1845? Identify the appropriate reason from the following options. A. Contractors did not pay their dues B. Contractors appointed few on hi...

 Class 10th - History The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Rapid Revision Que. Why did the weavers in Silesia revolt against contractors in 1845? Identify the appropriate reason from the following options. A. Contractors did not pay their dues B. Contractors appointed few on high posts C. Contactors used government policies D. Contractors gave them loans on high interests Sample Questions Paper 2021-22  Frederic Sorrieu The pact between nations Idea Transfer of power to people The French Revolution and the idea of nation Carried to whole Europe The idea of la patria and le citoyen, tri colour flag, Collective identity was National assembly was elected, hymns were Napoleon and the created through composed, centralised administrative system, French civil code of 1804 was used as a common language. Privileges based on birth were abolished, equality before law, Civil code of 1804 abolished the feudal system, guild restrictions were removed, trade, transport, and communication were improved. In the areas conquered, the reactions of the local populations to French rule were mixed. The initial enthusiasm soon turned to hostility, Que. Look at the picture given below. Identify the name of the senior litterateur shown in the image and choose the correct option. Options : (A) Ram Mohan Roy (B) Raja Ravi Verma (C) Lakshminath Bezbaruah (D) Gangadhar Bhattacharya CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]  How did the idea of nationalism emerged in diverse Europe? Aristocracy New middle class Liberalism (Political + Economic) This class was united by A working class population Political: Government by consent, end a common way of life and a middle class to autocracy and clerical privileges. that cut across regional (Composed of divisions industrialists, Businessmen, Economic: Freedom of market and and professionals) abolition of state imposed restrictions. E.g. Zollverein New conservatism after 1815 Undoing changes during Napoleonic war, bourbon dynasty Ruling class/Monarchs 1815, Treaty of Vienna was restored, France lost its territories, Series of states ware again came back to power (Hosted by Duke Metternich) set up around France, Main intention was to restore monarchies overthrown by Napoleon Secret societies sprang up, objective was to overthrow monarchy, Giuseppe Mazzini The Revolutionaries formed young Italy (Marseilles) and young Europe (Berne). (Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.)  France, July 1830, Belgium breaking away from Greek war of The Age of Revolutions (1830 - 1848) constitutional monarchy the United Kingdom of Independence Netherlands Hunger, Hardship and Revolt in France, Feb 1848 1848: The Revolution of liberals in Germany region Bad situation (Food shortages and widespread Liberals demanded constitutionalism and National unification unemployment) in France led to the abdication of Frankfurt parliament ,All German national assembly drafted Louis Philippe and Republic was established in the constitution but rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV France. Position of women and outcome of failed attempt. 1845 Weavers Revolt Silesia  A cultural movement which sought to create nationalism The Romantic imagination and National feeling based on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings. German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder → claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the people → das volk People emphasis was given on operas, music and dance forms (Poland after partition) Karol kurpinski used operas, music and dance forms (Polonaise and Mazurka) for nationalism. Use of Polish language by people of Poland as a national resistance against Russian domination. Que. Which of the following countries were involved in the Three Wars with Prussia and ended with victory and unification of Germany? A. Austria, Poland and France B. Austria, Denmark and France C. Austria, Turkey and France D. Austria, England and France Sample Questions Paper 2021-22  The Making of Germany, Italy and Britain Germany Italy Britain Demonstrated the dominance Politically fragmented into seven state, Inhabited by different ethnic of Prussian state power only Sardinia piedmont was under groups. (English, Welsh, Scot and Otto Van Bismarck fought princely rule. Irish three wars over seven years. Failed attempt of Giuseppe Mazzini English grew steadily and asserted (Austria, Denmark, and King victor Emmanuel II took the domination. France) responsibility 1688, English parliament seized Jan 1871, William I was Cavour unified north Italy with the help of power from monarch proclaimed as German France and defeated Austrian forces in Act of union (1707) England and Emperor. 1859 Scotland = United kingdom to be Modernizing the currency, Giuseppe Garibaldi, with the help of called “Great Britain.” banking legal and judicial Peasants unified the kingdom to two 1801, Ireland was forcibly system was emphasized by sicilies in south. incorporated in UK ( Wolfe Tone ) prussian power. English culture dominance (Union Jack, god save our noble king)  Giving a face to nation → Allegory Visualising the Nation France: Marianne (Expressed liberty and Republic) Germany: Germania (Wears a crown of oak leaves, signifying heroism) Que. Match the following attributes of allegory of Germania with its significance and choose the correct option: Attributes Significance a. Broken Chains I.Heroism b. Breastplate with eagle II. Readiness to fight c.Crown of oak leaves III. Strength d. Sword IV. Being free Options: a b с d (A) I II III IV (B) IV III I II (C) II I IV III (D) III IV II I CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]  When idealistic principles are left behind and a country tries to dominant Nationalism and Imperialism social, politically and economically over other country is called imperialism In Europe Anti imperial movements in colonics Nationalist tension in Europe (Balkan gave rise to nation states in other World War I region) fighting among themselves X parts. Big power entry  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper CQQPP/2 32/2/1(2020) Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follows: 1+2=3 Modern nationalism in Europe came to be associated with the formation of nation-states. It also meant a change in people's understanding of who they were, and what defined their identity and sense of belonging. New symbols and icons, new songs and ideas forged new links and redefined the boundaries of communities. In most countries the making of this new national identity was a long process. How did this consciousness emerge in India? In India and as in many other colonies, the growth of modern nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together But each class and group felt the effects of colonialism differently, their experiences were varied, and their notions of freedom were not always the same. The Congress under Mahatma Gandhi tried to forge these groups together within one movement. But the unity did not emerge without conflict. 11.1 What was people's understanding of nation? 11.2 How was the growth of modern nationalism intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement? 11.3 How did people in India develop a sense of collective belonging? Explain.  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper 32/2/1(2023) a) Analyse the role of Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unite the regions of Italy. 3 OR b) Examine the ideas of liberal nationalism in Europe during the nineteenth century 3 CBSE Board Paper 32/4/1(2023) "Ideas of national unity in the early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the ideology of liberalism." Examine the statement. 3 CBSE Board Paper JBB/1 32/1/1 (2020) 29. How did ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism? Explain. Or How did Greek war of independence mobilise nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe? Explain.  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper JBB/1 32/1/1(2020) How did ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism? Explain. Or How did Greek war of independence mobilise nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe? Explain. CBSE Board Paper 32/1/1(2023) Explain Romanticism as a cultural movement in Europe. 2 OR b) Explain Frederic Sarrieu's dream in the context of democratic and social republics in France during 1848. 2 CBSE Board Paper JBB/4 32/4/1 (2020) Why is it said that the 1830s were the years of great hardship in Europe ? Explain. 5 Or How did nationalism aligned with imperialism become the cause of the First World War? Explain. 5  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper 32/5/1 (2023) Explain the process of unification of Italy. 5 OR (b) How did the French Revolution play an important role in creating the idea of the Nation' in Europe ? Explain. 5 CBSE Board Paper 32/6/1 (2023) How did the 'Treaty of Constantinople' of 1832 recognize Greece as an independent nation? Explain. 2 CBSE Board Paper JBB/1 32/1/1 ( 2020) Explain the role of Otto Von Bismarck in the Unification of Germany. OR Explain the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in the Unification of Italy.  Important Questions What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among French people? They introduced the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen), emphasising the concept of a united community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution. They chose a new French flag, the tricolour, to replace the royal standard. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly. In the name of the nation, new hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated. They adopted a uniform system of weights and measures. They promoted the French language, as spoken and written in Paris and discouraged regional dialects.  Important Questions What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him? He established the Civil Code of 1804, also-known as the Napoleonic Code. This did away with all privileges based on birth. It established equality before law and secured the right to property. He abolished the feudal system and freed - peasants from serfdom and manorial dues In towns, guild systems were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. A common currency and standardised weights and measures were introduced.  Important Questions How did ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe allied to the ideology of liberalism? Explain. Liberalism stood for freedom for individual and equality of all before law. It emphasized on the concept of government by consent.It stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privileges. It believed in a constitution and representative government through Parliament. In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. A wave of economic nationalism and Equality strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.  Important Questions What were the main provisions of the Treaty of Vienna held in 1815? The main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create a new conservative order in Europe. The Bourbon dynasty was restored to power. France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future. Prussia was given new territories including Saxony on the western border, Austria to control northern Italy, Russia to get Poland.  Important Questions Describe any three economic hardship faced by Europe in 1830s. Economic hardships: (i) Increase in population all over Europe. (i) More job seekers than employment. (iii) Rural population migrated to urban areas, overcrowded slums.  Important Questions Explain the failed attempt of the educated middle class in 1848 to unify the Germany? Taking inspirations from the february revolution in france, men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification. They all came together in the city of Frankfurt and decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives participated in Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul and drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.( Attempt Failed )  Important Questions How did Britain came into existence as a nation-state? Explain? There were different ethinic identifies with its own culture and politics viz English, Welsh, Scot and Irish As the English, nations grew in wealth and power, its influences over other Island nation also increased. The English Parliament had taken the power from the monarchy in 1688. It became an instrument in building the nation-state of Britain, with England at its centre. United kingdom of Britain was established through the Act of Union in 1707 between England and Scotland. Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. A new British nation was emerged with the dominant English culture.  Important Questions Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed? France's allegory was named Marianne, she wore the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade like allegories of the Republic and Liberty.Her statues were erected in public spheres to persuade people to identify with this national symbol of unity. Germania was the allegory of Germany. She wore a crown of oak leaves which represented heroism. These figures were portrayed to bear national symbols and values in form of objects. These values were asserted upon the citizens to help them identify with each other.  Important Questions Define the term ‘Romanticism’. How did it facilitate the promotion of Nationalist sentiment? Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalists sentiments by criticising the glorification of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Folk culture as the spirit of the nation: Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that through folk songs folk poetry and folk dances the true spirit of a nation could be popularised Emphasis on vernacular language: They gave emphasis on vernacular language to recover the national spirit and to carry the modem nationalist message to large audience who were mostly illiterate. Examples Of Polish language and Karol Kurpinski.  Important Questions Who was Otto Von Bismarck? Describe His role in making of Germany? Otto Von Bismarck was the chief minister (chancellor) who was the chief architect in the unification of Germany. Under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, Prussia assumed command of the movement to unify Germany. With the assistance of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Prussians fought three wars with Austria, Denmark, and France over the course of seven years, all of which culminated in victory for Prussia and the unification of Germany. On January 18, 1871, Prussian King William I was proclaimed German Emperor. The unified state of Germany had modern currency, banking, legal and judicial system.  Important Questions Describe the process of unification of Italy. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian princely house. The unification process was led by Giuseppe Mazzini, Count Camillo de Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. During 1830, Mazzini decided to unite Italy. He had formed a secret society 'Young Italy to achieve his goal, but failed. After earlier failures in 1831 and 1848, King Victor Emmanuel II took to unify the Italian states through wars. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with France by Cavour, Sardinia-Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859. Under the leadership of Garibaldi, armed volunteers marched into South Italy in 1860 and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers? In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.  Important Questions Describe the explosive conditions prevailed in Balkans after 1871 in Europe. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern days Romania, Bulgaria,Albania, Greece and Macedonia whose inhabitants were broadly known as Slavs. A large part of Balkans was under the control of Ottoman Empire. The spread of ideas of Romantic Nationalism in the Balkans together with the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region explosive. The Balkan people based their claims for independence or political rights on nationality and used history for their claim. Balkan also became the scene of rivalry among big powers. This finally led to Ist world war in Europe. Que. "When France sneezes," Metternich once remarked, "the rest of Europe catches cold." What did Duke Metternich mean by this statement? A. France's Bourbon dynasty was the most influential line of kings in Europe. B. French trade guilds wielded enormous powers over European trade. C. France had begun annexing neighbouring nations after 1815. D. France's nationalist movement inspired other nations. Additional Practice Paper 2021-22 Term I  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper 32/1/1 (2022) Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follows: 1+1+2=4 The Sense of Collective Belonging This sense of collective belonging came partly through the experience of united struggles. But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which nationalism captured people's imagination. History and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols, all played a part in the making of nationalism. The identity of the nation, as you know, is most often symbolised in a figure or image. This helps create an image with which people can identify the nation. It was in the twentieth century, with the growth of nationalism, that the identity of India came to be visually associated with the image of Bharat Mata. The image was first created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. In the 1870s he wrote 'Vande Mataram' as a hymn to the motherland. Later it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal. Moved by the Swadeshi movement, Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata. In this painting, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure; she is calm, composed, divine and spiritual. In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms, as it circulated in popular prints, and was painted by different artists. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as evidence of one's nationalism. (11.1) How did the 'nation' become a reality in the minds of people? 1 (11.2) How did nationalism capture the people's imagination? 1 (11.3) How did people belonging to different groups develop a sense of collective belonging? 2  Class 10th - History Nationalism in India Rapid Revision Que. Certain events are given below. Choose the appropriate chronological order : 1. Coming of Simon Commission to India 2. Demand of Purna Swaraj in Lahore Session of INC. 3. Government of India Act, 1919 4. Champaran Satyagraha Choose the correct option : (A) 3 – 2 – 4 – 1 (B) 1 – 2 – 4 – 3 (C) 2 – 3 – 1 – 4 (D) 4 – 3 – 1 – 2 CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/3/1]  Increase in defence expenditure, war loan and increased taxes, Prices of goods The first World War Resentment doubled, forced recruitment, crop failure and influenza epidemic. Resentment among masses Nationalist force intensified Opportunity for Mahatma Gandhi (Satyagraha) nationwide movement Further Events [Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh Incident (The idea of truth and Non Non-cooperation Movement Khilafat movement (Hindu+Muslim)] Violence, Champaran, Kheda (Nagpur, Dec 1920) Ahmedabad)  Differing strands within the movement (NCM began in 1921) Countryside Town Peasants Tribals Plantation - Boycott of schools, colleges, - Baba Ramchandra - Gudem Hills of A.P. - Their own notion of Swaraj. services and election and - Nai-Dhobi Bandh. - Story of Alluri Sitaram Raju. - Inland Emigration Act of 1859. foreign products. - Oudh-Kisan Sabha - His idea - Boycott of plantation fields. - Exception : Justice party. Limitations Limitations - Violence - Idea of ‘Swatantra Bharat’ Limitations Violence [House of - Expensive Khadi talukdars were attacked] - No alternative indigenous institutions.  Towards Civil Disobedience Non cooperation movement (Jan 1921 - Feb 1922) ? Civil Disobedience movement (April 1930 - March 1931) Swaraj party (C.R Das, Motilal Nehru argued to participate in council election.) Economic depression (Fall in agriculture prices, countryside was in turmoil) Simon commission (No Indian member, “Go Back Simon”) Offer of ‘Dominion status’ X ‘Purna swaraj’ (J.L Nehru,Subhas Chandra Bose at Lahore session 1929)  Salt March and the Civil disobedience movement On 31 Jan 1930, Gandhi sent a letter to viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands.(Including abolition of salt tax) Lord Irwin was unwilling to negotiate X Gandhiji started salt March (24 days, 240 miles, 6 April reached Dandi Coast) Beginning of civil disobedience movement NCM V/S CDM → People were asked to refuse cooperation as well as break colonial laws. (Breaking of salt, foreign cloth were boycotted, peasants refuse to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes) Assesting of leaders ஃ CDM was called off Gandhi - Irwin pact was signed on 5 Reaction of colonial (Abdul Ghaffar khan) March 1931 , II round table Conference government Brutal repression - Violence  How participants saw the movement Countryside Women Towns and Cities Rich Peasant Poor peasant - Large scale Merchant and Industrialist Workers - They were not in a - Lower revenue participation. - For expanding their - Not participated in position to pay demands. - Participated in business, they reacted large number. revenue demanded by - Tenants wanted land protest marches, against colonial policies that - Industrialist came government. rent paid to the manufactured salts restricted business. closer, workers stayed - Government also landlords to be and picketed - Formation of Indian aloof. refused to reduce reduced or remitted. foreign cloth and Industrialist and - Still Gandhian idea revenue. - Often joined radical liquor shops. commercial congress, 1920 dominated among ∴ Rich peasant were movement. - Services to nation - FICCI, 1927. some. enthusiastic supporter - Congress was as a sacred duty of - Participation was led by - Reluctance of of civil disobedience unwilling to support women. Purshottamdas Thakurdas congress to support movement. ‘no rent’ campaigns. and G.D. Birla. worker. - Later development. Upliftment Aspirations and Concerns  The limitations of Civil Disobedience Caste Issues Religious Issues Untouchables VS Sanatanis Hindu VS Muslims Viewpoint of congress. Congress came to be visibly associated openly with Gandhiji → Untouchable as ‘Harijans’. Hindu religious nationalist. Harijans began demanding reserve Muslim league. seats, separate electorate. Religious processions with militant fervour provoking Hindu-Muslim communal clashes. Individual Level Dr. B.R. Ambedkar VS Mahatma Gandhi Muhammad Ali Jinnah VS M.R. Jayakar ➔ Organised dalits into depressed classes association. ➔ Failed negotiation over the demand of reserved ➔ Demanded separate electorates for dalits. seats in central assembly and representation in ➔ Gandhiji's opposition Poona Pact, September 1932. Bengal and Punjab province.  The Sense of Collective Belonging Achieved partly through the united struggles and partly through cultural processes. ❖ History, fiction, folklore and songs popular prints and symbols all played a part in making of nationalism. ❖ India came to be visualised with image of Bharat mata. Vande Mataram was written as a hymn to the motherland by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. ❖ Movement to revive Indian Folklore. Contribution of Rabindranath Tagore, Natesa Sastri [The folklore of Southern India] ❖ Use of Icons and symbols to unify people. → Flag ❖ Reinterpretation of History → To infuse confidence [Glorious time and development].  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper JBB/4 32/4/1 ( 2020) Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follows: 1+1+1=3 Workers too had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj. For plantation workers in Assam, freedom meant the right to move freely in and out of the confined space in which they were enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the village from which they had come. Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission, and in fact they were rarely given such permission. When they heard of the Non-Cooperation Movement, thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. They, however, never reached their destination. Stranded on the way by a railway and steamer strike, they were caught by the police and brutally beaten up. (21.1) Explain the understanding of 'Swaraj' for plantation workers in Assam. (21.2) Explain the Inland Emigration Act of 1859 as a barrier to freedom of plantation workers. (21.3) Explain the main outcome of the participation of workers in the Non-Cooperation Movement.  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper CQQPP/2 32/2/1(2020) Mention any two causes that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement. CBSE Board Paper CQQPP/2 32/2/1(2020) "The effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front were more dramatic." Support the statement with examples. CBSE Board Paper JBB/4 32/3/1 Describe the implications of First World War on the economic and political situation of India. 3 OR Describe the role of poor peasantry in the 'Civil Disobedience Movement 3  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper 32/6/1 (2023) How did the Business class relate itself to the Civil Disobedience Movement? Explain with examples. OR Worker's of Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj.' Explain with examples. CBSE Board Paper 32/5/1 (2023) Explain any three effects of Non-Co-operation Movement on the Indian economy. OR How was the Rowiatt Act opposed by the people of India? Explain with three examples. CBSE Board Paper 32/4/1(2023) (a) Analyse the role of the business classes in Civil Disobedience Movement. 5 OR (b) Analyse the role of women in Civil Disobedience Movement. 5  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper 32/4/1 (2022) Why did Mahatma Gandhiji travel to Champaran in Bihar in 1917 ? Explain. 2 CBSE Board Paper 32/4/1 (2022) Why did Mahatma Gandhiji travel to Champaran in Bihar in 1917 ? Explain. 2 CBSE Board Paper 32/3/1 (2022) Mahatma Gandhi found, in 'salt', a powerful symbol that could unite the nation." Support the statement with three arguments. CBSE Board Paper 32/1/1 (2022) Why did Indian merchants and industrialists support the Civil Disobedience Movement ? Explain  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper 32/2/1(2022) Mention any two causes that led to the Civil Disobedience Movement. 2 CBSE Board Paper 32/2/1(2022) "The effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the economic front were more dramatic." Support the statement with examples. 3 CBSE Board Paper 32/1/1(2023) Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement in February 1922 ? Explain. 3 OR (b) How did the First World War create a new economic situation in India? Explain. 3  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper 32/1/1(2023) (a) Analyse the implications of First World War on the economic and Political situation of India. OR (b) Analyse the role of folklore and symbols in the revival of nationalism in India during late 19th century  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper JBB/4 32/3/1(2020) Two places A and B are marked on the given political outline map of India. Identify them and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them. 2 (A) The place where Indian National Congress Session was held. (B) The place where Indigo Planters organized Satyagraha History (Nationalism in India) (1918 – 1930) for Locating and Labelling/Identification 1. Indian National Congress Sessions - 1. Calcutta (Sep. 1920) (West Bengal) 2. Nagpur (Dec. 1920) (Maharashtra) 3. Madras (1927) (Tamil Nadu) 1 2 3 History (Nationalism in India) (1918 – 1930) for Locating and Labelling/Identification 2. Important Centres of Indian National Movement - 1. Champaran (Bihar) - Movement of Indigo 4 Planters 2. Kheda (Gujarat) - Peasant Satyagraha 3. Ahmedabad (Gujarat) - Cotton Mill Workers 1 Satyagraha 3 2 4. Amritsar (Punjab) - Jallianwala Bagh Incident 5 5. Dandi (Gujarat) - Civil Disobedience Movement  Important Questions Describe the implications of First World War on the economic and political situations of India. Increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans. Custom duties were raised and income tax was introduced. Increased prices of essential commodities led to extreme hardship for the common people. Forced recruitment of villagers into armies caused widespread anger among them. Crop failure and influenza epidemic.  Important Questions Gandhi's idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. In the light of this statement assess the contribution of Gandhiji towards Satyagraha. If the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. One can win the oppressor even by appealing to the consequences. Gandhiji believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians. This was experimented in Champaran, Kheda and Ahmedabad.  Important Questions What was Rowlatt Act? How did the Indians show their disapproval towards this Act? Rowlatt Act was an oppressive act introduced by the British Government in 1919. It gave the Government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political person without trial for two years. ➔ Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railway workshops and shops were closed down. ➔ British administration suppressed the nationalists.  Important Questions Why did the Non Cooperation Movement gradually slow down in towns and cities? Khadi clothes were very costly and beyond the of the poor. Boycott of daily use products was also not possible because of lack of swadeshi industries. Boycott of foreign institutions too could not continue for long. There were no alternative institutions to fill the gap.  Important Questions “The Plantation workers in Assam had their own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of Swaraj”. Support the statement with arguments. The idea of freely moving in and out of the confined space. Thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the tea garden and headed home. They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages.  Important Questions Describe the role of poor peasantry in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted. They came in huge numbers of support Gandhiji and his followers. They launched ‘no rent’ campaign but it was not supported by the Congress.  Important Questions Evaluate the role of business classes in the ‘Civil Disobedience Movement’. Made huge profit and became powerful. (Purshottamdas Thakur and GD Birla) Wanted protection against the imports of foreign goods. Gave financial assistance and refused to buy and sell imported goods.  Important Questions Explain the steps taken by the Indians for the reinterpretation of the Indian history. Countering the British version on Indians as backward and primitive. Thoughts began to be written emphasising the developments made in art, science, mathematics, etc. in ancient periods. They persuaded the readers to develop a sense of self confidence, national pride and patriotism among them.  Important Questions The Civil Disobedience Movement was different from the Non-Cooperation Movement. Support the statement with example. Non Cooperation Movement Civil Disobedience Movement Movement associated with withdrawing Cooperation was withdrawn and along with this cooperation from British raj. authorities were disobeyed also. Launched in 1921 after the Nagpur session. Launched in 1930 after salt March. Due to Khalifat issues, Muslim community The growing proximity of the Congress party and participated in Non cooperation Hindu mahasabha prevented the muslims to movement on large scale. participate in Civil Disobedience Movement. In this movement women did not Large scale participation of women is one of the participate in large scale. most significant features of the Civil Disobedience The Non cooperation movement was Movement. withdrawn by Gandhiji due to violent The Civil Disobedience Movement was withdrawn incident at Chauri Chaura. in 1931, when Gandhiji signed Gandhi Irwin Pact.  Important Questions Describe the spread of Non-Cooperation Movement in the countryside. In Awadh, Baba Ramchandra organised peasants’ movement against the oppression of the landlords and talukdars. They even formed the Oudh Kisan Sabha. Nai - dhobi bandhs were organised. Houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked.( sanctioned under the name of Gandhi) Alluri Sitaram Raju led the tribal movement. Tribals demanded their traditional rights over forests. The tribals used violence in their struggle against the colonial laws.  Important Questions Indian national movement is characterised with a truce period between the Non Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain the events taking place in this time period Swaraj party by the CR Das and Motilal Nehru for a return to council politics. World wide economic depression and Fall in the agricultural prices. Simon commission arrived in India. Opposition to simon commission - ‘ Go back Simon commission’. ‘Purna swaraj’ resolution at the Lahore session of 1929.  Important Questions How did the Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of the country? Explain with examples. The rich peasants in countryside organised themselves, for them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenues. Poor peasants in countryside wanted the unpaid rent to the landlords to be remitted. Industrialist in the towns wanted protection against import of foreign goods and gave financial assistance to CDM. Workers participated in the movement on a smaller scale. Women in both rural and urban areas participate in the CDM.  Important Questions How had a variety of culture processes developed a sense of collective belongingness in India during the 19th century? Explain the examples. Personification of Bharat Mata National Song ‘Vande matram’ Folklore : Rabindranath Tagore and Natesha Sastri Use of icons and symbols Rediscovery of India’s past  Class 10th - History The Making of Global World Rapid Revision  The Pre - Modern world Modern V/S Global The making of the global world has a long history – of trade, of migration, of people in search of work, the movement of capital, and much else. From ancient times Travellers, traders, priests, and pilgrims travelled Why Inter connection For knowledge, opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution. They carried goods, money, values, skills, ideas, inventions, and even germs and diseases.  Silk Routes link the world Silk Routes Good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. Historians have identified several silk routes, over land and by sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, and linking Asia with Europe and northern Africa. They are known to have existed since before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the fifteenth century Chinese pottery also travelled the same route, as did textiles and spices from India and Southeast Asia. In return, precious metals - gold and silver-flowed from Europe to Asia. Trade and cultural exchange always went hand in hand. Christian missionaries and Muslim preachers almost certainly travelled this route to Asia. Buddhism emerged from eastern India and spread in several directions through intersecting points on the silk routes.  Food Travels: Spaghetti and potato Traders and travellers introduced new crops to the lands they travelled Noodles Spaghetti Pasta Arab traders took pasta to fifth-century China To West Sicily, an island now in Italy. Possibilities of long-distance cultural contact even in the pre-modern world. Christopher Columbus Accidentally discovered Americas Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known.to our ancestors until about five centuries ago. The new crops could make the difference between life and death Irish Potato famine  Conquest, Disease and Trade European sailors found a sea route to Asia and also Pre modern world shrank successfully crossed the western ocean to America. Trade Conquest Disease China and India (richest countries) Europeans reaching Spanish conquerors and their America and India victory over Americans China restricted overseas trade, shifting (Exploitation) through smallpox. of the centre of world trade westwards. Poverty and hunger in Europe, diseases and religious conflicts → People fled from Europe How disease helped the Europeans to conquest America? America's original inhabitants had no immunity America’s long isolation against these diseases that came from Europe. Smallpox in particular proved & deadly killer. Change in economic powers in making of Global World It spread deep into the continent, ahead even Until well into the eighteenth century, China and India of any Europeans reaching there. were among the world's richest countries. It killed and decimated whole communities, They were also pre-eminent in Asian trade. paving the way for conquest. However, from the fifteenth century, China is said to have restricted overseas contacts and retreated into isolation. China's reduced role and the rising importance of the Americas gradually moved the centre of world trade westwards. Europe now emerged as the centre of world trade.  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper 32/4/1(2023) How did the 'small pox' prove as the most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors in the mid-sixteenth century? Explain 2 CBSE Board Paper 32/5/1(2023) Why did Europeans flee to America in the 19th century? Explain. 2  Important Questions Explain what do we mean when we say that the pre-modern world 'shrank' in the 1500s The world shrank after the discovery of sea routes to Asia and Americas. The physical distances between continents reduced metaphorically due to the now available transportation facilities. What seemed like the end of the world could now be visited and viewed hence making the vague image of how large our world was, more lucid and exact. The world was now interconnected. This made it appear accessible and hence "smaller" in those terms.  Important Questions The global transfer of diseases became instrumental in colonisation of Africa and South America'. Explain the statement. The European conquest of colonies in Africa and South America was not just a result of superior, modern, sophisticated firepower. It was because of the germs such as those of smallpox that they carried with them. Smallpox in particular proved to be a fatal disease. Once, it reached the continent, it started spreading deep into the continent and also before reaching any European there. It killed and destroyed a large portion of the community and paved the way for conquest. Thus, the global transfer of disease became instrumental in colonisation of Africa and South America  Important Questions Describe the significance of silk routes in the pre-modern period in the field of trade cultural exchange and religion. The silk routes are good examples of pre-modern trade and cultural links between the distant parts of the world, i.e. linking Asia with Europe and North Africa. Along the silk routes, the silk cargoes from China, Indian spices and textiles, gold and silver from Europe were carried to different parts of the world. The Buddhist preachers, Christian missionaries and later on, Muslim preachers travelled along these routes. These routes proved to be a great source of trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world. Thus, it can be concluded that silk routes are a good example of trade and cultural link between distant parts of the world.  Important Questions Why did Europeans flee to America in the nineteenth century. Explain. Europeans fled to America in the 19th century because: (i) Until the 19th century, poverty and hunger were common in Europe. (ii) Cities were crowded, and deadly diseases were widespread. (iii) Religious conflicts were common and religious dissenters were persecuted. (iv) Thousands of people were left unemployed due to agricultural land lying uncultivated. So, people migrated in thousands, crossed oceans to find employment and a better future (v) In America, plantations were growing cotton and sugar for the European market. These plantations were worked on by slaves.  Class 10th - History Print Culture And The Modern World Que. Who among the following was the author of the book ‘Gita Govind’? A. Tulsidas B. Surdas C. Jayadev D. Raidas Sample Questions Paper 2022-23  Woodblock printing [Traditional Chinese “Accordion book”] Increase in printed book with the civil services The first printed books China examinations in China. Blooming urban culture diversified the use of print. Print in Japan Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan around AD 768-770. The oldest Japanese book, printed in AD 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra. Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices. (Ukiyo - Kitagawa Utamaro) Chinese paper reached Europe Print comes to Silk route In 1295, Marco Polo brought the knowledge of woodblock printing from Europe China. [Idea spread to the other parts of Europe] As the demand for books increased, booksellers all over Europe began exporting books to many countries. Manuscripts Limitation Need for even quicker and cheaper technique. Johann Gutenberg developed the first-known printing press Gutenberg’s printing press in the 1448. The first book he printed was the Bible.  The shift from hand printing to mechanical The print Revolution and its impact How? printing led to the print revolution. A new reading public → Printing reduced the cost of books, Oral culture entered print and printed material was orally transmitted. Religious debates and the fear of print Anxiety and criticism associated with print It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread. In 1517 Martin Luther wrote ninety-five these → beginning of Protestant Reformation Stimulated many distinctive individual interpretations of faith Print and dissent even among little-educated working people. Menocchio, a miller V/S Roman Catholic Church The Reading Mania Literacy rate There was a virtual reading mania, various types of material were out. Almanacs, penny chapbooks in England, bibliotheque bleue in France, book on folktales and ballads. Newspaper and journals, ideas of scientists and philosophers were published. Louise-Sebastien Mercier, a novelist in eighteenth-century France, declared: Tremble, therefore, 'The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public tyrants of world! opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.' Print as a means of spreading enlightenment Print culture and the Print culture created a condition under which French Revolution occurred? French revolution I. Print popularised the idea of enlightened thinkers II. Created a new culture of dialogue and debate. Conclusion III. Outpouring of Literature that mocked the royalty and criticised their morality.  The Nineteenth century Emergence of new readers among children, women, and worker Children Production of school textbooks, a children's press in France (1857), Grimm brother in Germany complied traditional folk tales. Women Become important readers as well as writers. Jane Austen, Bronte sisters, George Eliot → Defined new type of women through writings. Worker Lending libraries in England became instruments for educating white-collar workers, artisans and Lower-middle-class people. Richard M.Hoe perfected the power driven cylindrical press, offset press was developed, electrical press, method of feeding paper improved. Novels were Further Innovations serialised, cheap shilling series and paperback editions was introduced. Dust cover/book jacket was also an innovation. India and the world of print Situation Before print Manuscripts dominated Limitation The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries Many of the Print comes to India: regional tracks printing began. James Augustus Hickey weekly magazine - Bengal Gazette and Gangadhar Bhattacharya newspaper - Bengal Gazette Religious debates were carried out in public and in print Religious Reform and Public Debates Printed tracts and newspapers not only spread the new ideas, but they shaped the nature of the debate. Religious reformers V/S Hindu orthodoxy [Ram Mohan Roy’s Sambad Kaumudi (1821) Samachar Chandrika by Hindu Orthodoxy]. Ulamas and their worries → used of print to spread religious message Deoband Seminary (1867) Religious texts were printed in vernacular languages. Ramcharitmanas (Calcutta, 1810) Print stimulated the publication of conflicting opinions amongst communities, but it also connected communities and people in different parts of India. New forms of publication Novels, lyrics, short stories, essays about social and Political matters Printed paintings [even poor could afford], cartoons and caricatures appeared. Women and print (+Ve) Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home. (-Ve) Concerns and fear of Rebel women defied prohibitions. Rashsundari Debi Amar Jiban 1876 conservative Hindus Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experience of women and Muslims. Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote against the miserable lives of widows. Print in different language for women on various issues In Punjab: Ram chaddha published Istri Dharm Vichar, The Khalsa Tract Society Published book In Bengal: The Battala area published popular books, Pedlars sold these books to homes.  Print and the poor people Public libraries were now set up in cities and towns to expand the access to books Issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays. Jyotiba phule's Gulamgiri (1871) Kashibaba’s chhote aur bade ka sawal (1938), Kanpur mill worker who wrote poems under the name of Sudarshan chakr (Sacchi kavitayan) setting up of libraries to educate worker. [Bangalore cotton mill workers] Print and Censorship Before 1798, the colonial state under the East India Company was more concerned about Englishmen in India who were critical of Company misrule. After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Vernacular press act, 1878 It provided the government with extensive rights to !! Warning !! If ignored, Confiscation of press censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. Despite repressive measures, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. 1907, Balgangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about Punjab revolutionaries in his kesari  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper JBB/5 32/5/1 Read the extract given below and answer the questions that follows: 1+2=3 From the early nineteenth century, there were intense debates around religious issues. Different groups confronted the changes happening within colonial society in different ways, and offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions. Some criticised existing practices and campaigned for reform, while others countered the arguments of reformers. These debates were carried out in public and in print. Printed tracts and newspapers not only spread the new ideas, but they shaped the nature of the debate. A wider public could now participate in these public discussions and express their views. New ideas emerged through these clashes of opinions. This was a time of intense controversies between social and religious reformers and the Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry. In Bengal, as the debate developed, tracts and newspapers proliferated, circulating a variety of arguments. To reach a wider audience, the ideas were printed in the everyday, spoken language of ordinary people. (22.1) Analyse any one issue of intense debate around religious issues. (22.2) Examine the role of print media in these debates.  Important Questions CBSE Board Paper 32/1/1(2023) Explain the implication of print culture on the religious reforms in India during 19th century. 3 CBSE Board Paper 32/6/1 (2023) Examine any three effects of Print culture on the French Revolution 3 CBSE Board Paper 32/6/1 (2023) Examine any three effects of Print culture on the French Revolution 3 CBSE Board Paper 32/2/1(2023) (a) How did print come into existence in Europe ? Explain. 2 OR (b) How did access to books create a new culture of reading? Explain 2  Important Questions What is manuscript? Write any three shortcomings of manuscript? Manuscript is the original copy of a play, book or music before it has been printed. It is written by hand or typed. The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever increasing demand for books. Three shortcomings of manuscript are (i) Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle and could not be carried around or read easily. (ii) Copying was an expensive, laborious and time consuming business. (iii) Their circulation remained limited. This could not satisfy the increasing demand for books.  Important Questions Why was the Vernacular Press Act passed in 1878? The 'Vernacular Press Act' was passed in 1878 under the Governor-Generalship and Viceroyalty of Lord Lytton to control the Vernacular papers. The act empowered the government to impose restrictions on the press in the following ways (i) This Act provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press. (ii) The Act controlled the printing and circulation of seditious material, specifically which were against the British Government in India. (iii) The Act gave powers to the government to track the Vernacular newspapers.  Important Questions Describe the effects of reading mania. The following points show the effect of reading mania (i) Booksellers roamed around for selling almanacs ballads, folktales etc. (ii) Penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars in England for a penny. (iii) In France 'Bibliothèque Bleue, which were low priced small books were printed. (iv) Newspapers, journals containing information started circulating. (v) Texts containing ideas of scientists and philosophers became popular among the masses  Important Questions Write about the different innovations in the printing technology during the 19th century. Through the 19th century, there was a series of new innovations in printing technology. They were (i) By the mid of 19th century, Richard M Hoe of New York had perfected the power-driven cylindrical press. It was capable of printing 8000 sheets per hour which was specially useful for printing newspapers. (ii) In the late 19th century, the offset press was developed which could print upto six colours at a time. (iii) From the beginning of the 20th century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations. (iv) Some other improvements were developed e.g. methods of feeding paper improved, the quality of plates became better, automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the colour register were introduced. (v) The 19th century periodicals serialised important novels, which gave birth to a particular way of writing novels.  Important Questions Analyse any three impacts of print culture on the religious reform movement of 16th century. The impacts of print culture on the Indian society and religion were (i) Newspaper spread the new ideas and also shaped the nature of the debate. New contradictory ideas were emerged and a wider public could participate in these discussions and expressed their views. (ii) In the early 19th century, an intense controversy between social and religious reformers and the Hindu orthodox section emerged. They angered about Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry, widow immolation, monotheism etc. (iii) Raja Ram Mohan Roy published 'Sambad Kaumudi and wrote about the social evils at that time. The Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the 'Samachar Chandrika' to oppose his opinions. At that time, two Persian newspapers "Jam-i-Jahan Nama' and 'Shamsul Akhbar', a Gujarati newspaper, the 'Bombay Samachar' were also published  Important Questions Print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred. Give any three suitable arguments to support the statement. This can be asserted using the following arguments: (i) Print popularised the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau who criticised tradition, superstition and despotism. (ii) Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. This gave birth to new ideas of social revolution. (iii) A lot of literature that mocked royalty and criticised their morality was printed by the 1780s raising questions about the existing order. People questioned everything related to the existing order. This led to the French revolution.