The Rise of Nationalism in Europe.docx

**The Rise of Nationalism in Europe** 1. **Who was Frederic Sorrieu?** 2. **To which country did the artist Frederic Sorrieu belong?** **3. Why did French artist, Frederic Sorrieu prepare a series of print based on democratic and socialist republics in 1848?** **Ans: **To depict his Utopian vi...

**The Rise of Nationalism in Europe** 1. **Who was Frederic Sorrieu?** 2. **To which country did the artist Frederic Sorrieu belong?** **3. Why did French artist, Frederic Sorrieu prepare a series of print based on democratic and socialist republics in 1848?** **Ans: **To depict his Utopian vision where the people of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through flag and national costumes offering homage to the Statue of Liberty. **4. What does 'Absolutist' mean?** **Ans: **Precisely, a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised. In history, the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralised, militarised and repressive. **5. What was the concept of a 'modern state'?** **Ans: **A centralised power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory. **6. What does 'Nation-state' mean?** **Ans: **A nation state was the one in which the majority of its citizens and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of common identity and shared history or descent. **7. What do the ideas of 'la Patrie' and 'le Citoyen' emphasize?** **Ans: **The ideas of 'la Patrie' and 'le Citoyen' emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution. **8. Which new name was given to 'The Estates General'?** **Ans: **'National Assembly'. **9. When did industrialisation begin in England and other parts of Europe?** **Ans: **Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the 18th century, but in France and parts of German states, it occurred only during the 19th century. **10. Which new social groups emerged after industrial revolution?** **Ans: **A working class population, and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals. **11. What is the origin of the word 'Liberalism'? What did it mean?** **Ans: **The term 'Liberalism' is derived from the latin root 'liber', meaning free. **12. What was the meaning of the word 'Liberalism' for the new middle classes?** **Ans: **For the new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom of the individual and equality of all before the law. Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent. **13. What was the strong demand of the emerging middle classes in Europe during nineteenth century?** **Ans: **The strong demand of emerging middle class in Europe was freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. **14. How did liberalism stand in the economic sphere?** **Ans: **In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state--imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital. **15. What was Zollverein?** **Ans: **In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was formed at the initiative of Prussia and was joined by most of the German states. **16. Why was Zollverein formed?** **Ans: **To harness economic interests which lead to national unification of Germany. **17. Which countries met at Treaty of Vienna?** **Ans: **In 1815, representatives of the European powers---Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria---who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. **18. Who hosted the Treaty of Vienna?** **Ans: **Austrian chancellor, Duke Metternich hosted this congress at Vienna in 1815. **19. What was the objective of Treaty of Vienna?**\ **OR**\ **What was the main aim of Treaty of Vienna 1815?** **Answer: **The aim was to reverse most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic war. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution was restored to power. **20. What was the main aim of revolutionaries of Europe during the years following 1815?** **Ans: **Aim of revolutionaries of Europe: To oppose monarchial forms of government. **21. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?** **Ans: **Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807. He became a member of the secret society of Carbonari. **22. Which two underground societies were formed by Giuseppe Mazzini?** **Ans: (i) **Young Italy in Marseilles. **(ii)**Young Europe in Berne. **23. How did Metternich describe Mazzini?** **Ans: **Metternich described him as 'the most dangerous enemy of our social order'. **24. Who were liberal nationalists?** **Ans: **The liberal nationalists belonged to the educated middle class elite, among whom were the professors, school teachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes. **25. What happened in the first upheaval of France in July 1830?** **Ans: **The Bourbon kings, who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries, who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head. **26. Name the Treaty of 1832 that recognised Greece as an independent nation.**  **Answer: **Treaty of 1832: Constantinople Treaty. **27. Name the event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe in 1830--1848? \[CBSE Delhi 2016\]** **Ans: **Event that mobilized nationalist feelings: The Greek War of Independence. **28. Who supported Nationalists of Greeks in their Independence war?** **Ans: **Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many west Europeans, who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture. **29. What was 'Romanticism' during the age of revolutions?** **Ans: **Romanticism was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. **30. What were the ideas of Romantic artists and poets on nationalism?** **Ans: **Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification of reason and science. Instead it focused on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings. Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage, a common cultural past as the basis of a nation. **31. What led to widespread pauperism in Europe?** **Ans: **The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country. **32. Why did weavers in Silesia revolt in 1845?** **Ans: **Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments. **33. What changes were brought in France after the events of February 1848?** **Ans: **Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed. **34. Who was Otto von Bismarck?** **Ans: **Bismarck was the Chief Minister of Prussia and was the architect of the unification of Germany. He carried out this process of unification with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy. **35. How was unification of Germany ultimately achieved?** **Ans: **Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles. **36. How was Italy fragmented before unification? Explain the political situation of Italy before its unification.** **Ans: **Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg Empire. During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont, was ruled by an Italian Princely house. **37. Under whom, various states of Italy were ruled? Mention the lineages who ruled Italy.** **Ans: **The north was under Austrian Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope, and the southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon Kings of Spain. **38. Describe the role of Giuseppe Mazzini in Italy's unification.** **Ans: **Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a unitary Italian Republic. He had formed a secret society, called 'Young Italy' for achieving his goal. **39. Highlight the contribution of Garibaldi in unification of Italy.** **Ans: **Apart from regular troops, a large number of armed volunteers under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the fight. In 1860, Italy marched into south Italy and the Kingdom of two Sicilies and succeeded in winning the support of the local peasants in order to drive out the Spanish rulers. **40. Who was proclaimed the King of United Italy in 1861?** **Ans: **Victor Emmanuel-II was proclaimed King of United Italy in 1861. **41. Was there any British nation existing before the 18th century?** **Ans: **There was no British nation prior to 18th century. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones -- such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. **42. How did British combine the various ethnic nations?** **Ans: **All of these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English nation steadily grew in wealth, importance and power, it was able to extend its influence over the other nations of the islands. **43. How was Scotland gradually taken over by the British nation?** **Ans: **After the Act of Union between England and Scotland, England was able to impose its influence on Scotland. The growth of British identity meant that Scotland's distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed. The Catholics in Scotland suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. **44. How did Ireland become a part of United Kingdom?** **Ans: **Catholic revolts in Ireland against British dominance were suppressed. After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and his United Irishmen, Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801. **45. How were the ideas of French Revolution propagated by the artists of that time?** **Ans: **French artists represented ideas of Liberty, Justice and Republic through symbols, female allegory and specific objects like Liberty as red cap or broken chains, while Justice is generally blindfolded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales. **46. What is an Allegory? State any one example to clarify the same.**  **Ans: Allegory: **When an abstract idea for instance; greed, envy, freedom, liberty is expressed through a person or a thing. It is symbolic.\ **Eg: **Statue of Liberty, Marianne, Germania, etc. **47. Which female Allegory was invested by artists in France?** **Ans: **In France, the nation's allegory was named 'Marianne', a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people's nation. **48. What was the Allegory of Germany?** **Ans: **Germania became the Allegory of the German Nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German Oak stands for heroism. **49. Name the Balkan countries.** **Ans: **The Balkan Nations comprise of Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro, which were inhabited mostly by Slavs. **50. Why were Balkan nations in trouble?** **Ans: **A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the idea of romantic nationalism in the Balkans together with disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive. **51. How did the Anti-imperialist movements begin?** **Ans: **The anti-imperialist movements that developed everywhere were nationalist, in the sense that they all struggled to form independent nation states and were inspired by a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism. **52. Who remarked "when France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold".** **Ans: **Metternich remarked, "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold." **53. Who was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?** **Ans: **Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871. **54. What was the meaning of liberalism in early nineteenth century in Europe?**  **Ans: **LIBERALISM-stood for freedom for individual and equality for all before the laws