AFCAT Static GK PDF

1 AFCAT Static GK AFCAT GK Goa: Koli, Dashavatara, Dekhni, Dhalo, Ghodemodni, Romta Mel, Divlyan Nach (Lamp 9 Classical Dances of India...

1 AFCAT Static GK AFCAT GK Goa: Koli, Dashavatara, Dekhni, Dhalo, Ghodemodni, Romta Mel, Divlyan Nach (Lamp 9 Classical Dances of India Dance) Bharatanatyam: Tamil Nadu Gujarat: Garba, Raas, Tippani Dance Kathak: Uttar Pradesh Himachal Pradesh: Kinnauri Nati Kathakali: Kerala Haryana: Saang, Ras Leela, Ghoomar, Jhumar, Teej, Odissi: Odisha Phag, Dhamal Manipuri: Manipur Karnataka: Yakshagana, Bayalata Kuchipudi: Andhra Pradesh Kerala: Mohiniyattam, Kathakali, Koodiyattam, Mohiniyattam: Kerala Thirayattam, Thitambu Nritham, Aravanmuttu, Sattriya: Assam Padayani Chhau: Odisha, Jharkhand, and West Bengal Madhya Pradesh: Jawara, Maanch, Grida, Tertali, Famous Classical Dancers in India Phulpati Dance, Matki Dance Rukmini Devi Arundale: Bharatnatyam Maharashtra: Lavni, Tamasha, Dangi, Pavri Nach, Pandit Birju Maharaj: Kathak Povadas, Koli, Dindi Uday Shankar: Fusion Manipur: Thang Ta, Dhol Cholom Kelucharan Mohapatra: Odissi Mizoram: Cheraw Dance Guru Bipin Singh: Manipuri Nagaland: Chang Lo or Sua Lua Guru Vempati Chinna Satyam: Kuchipudi Odisha: Ghumura Dance, Ruk Mar Nacha (& Chhau Padma Subrahmanyam: Bharatnatyam Dance), Goti Pua, Nacni, Odissi, Baagh Naach or Shovana Narayan: Kathak Tiger Dance, Dalkhai, Dhap, Ghumra Classical Dances of India Punjab: Bhangra, Giddha, Jhumar, Karthi, Ludi Bharatnatyam (Tamil Nadu): Rukmani Devi Rajasthan: Ghoomar, Kalbelia, Bhavai, Kachchhi Arundale, Krisna Murthy, Shovana Narayan, Sonal Ghodi Mansingh, Vaijayantimala, T. Balakrishan, Padma Sikkim: Singhi Chham Subramaniyam Tamil Nadu: Bharatanatyam, Kamandi or Kaman Kathak (Uttar Pradesh): Birju Maharaj, Shovana Pandigai, Devarattam, Kummi, Kolattam, Karagattam Narayan or Karagam, Mayil Attam or Peacock Dance, Paampu Kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh): Mallika Sarabhai, Attam or Snake Dance Yamini Krishnamurthy, T. Balasarswathi, Ragini Devi, Tripura: Hojagiri G. Sarala, Raja Reddy West Bengal: Gambhira, Nacni, Alkap, Domni, Chow Kathakali (Kerala): Mukunda Raja, Koppan Nair, Gharanas Gopinath Karishan Gwalior: Gwalior, Founder: Nathan Khan Odissi (Odisha): Guru Mayadhar Raut, Kelucharan Agra: Agra, Founder: Haji Sujan Khan Mohapatra Rangeela: Agra, Founder: Faiyyaz Khan Manipuri (Manipur): Jhaver Sisters, Rita Devi Jaipur Atroli: Jaipur, Founder: Alladiya Khan Sattriya (Assam): Anwesa Mahanta Kiran: Avadh, Founder: Abdul Wahid Khan Mohiniyattam (Kerala): Kalyani Amma, Shanta Rao Martial Art Forms Folk Dances Gatka: Punjab Andhra Pradesh: Kolattam Paika: Odisha Arunachal Pradesh: Bardo Chham Thang Ta: Manipur Assam: Bihu Dance, Jhumur Naach Kalaripayattu: Kerala Jharkhand: Karma/Munda Famous Musical Instruments and Their Exponents Chhattisgarh: Panthi, Raut Nacha, Gaur Maria, Sitar: Pt. Ravi Shankar, Ustad Vilayat Khan, Shujaat Dekhni Dance Khan, Anoushka Shankar Rahul Sharma 2 AFCAT Static GK Tabla: Ustad Shafat Ahmed Khan, Zakir Hussain, Features: Wooden architecture awareness; carvings Latif Khan, Allah Rakha Khan indicating the use of tabla (percussion instrument) Flute: Pannalal Ghosh, Hari Prasad Chaurasia for at least 2300 years Sarod: Ustad Amjad Ali Khan, Ustad Ali Akbar Khan, 6. Bedsa Caves Sharan Rani Location: Maval Taluka, Pune, Maharashtra Shehnai: Ustad Bismillah Khan, Daya Shankar Architecture: Chaitya resembling the great hall at Violin: Dr. Smt. N. Rajan, L. Subramaniam Karla but smaller Veena: S. Balacharan, Gopal Karishan, Asad Ali Features: Four pillars with carvings of horses, bulls, Santoor: Pt. Shiv Kumar Sharma, Tarun Bhattacharya and elephants; two main caves (Chaitya and Vihara) Sarangi: Ustad Bundu Khan 7. Ellora Caves Guitar: Vishwa Mohan Bhatt Location: Maharashtra Features: One of the world’s largest rock-hewn cave Important Rock-Cut Caves in India: complexes with Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain 1. Kanheri Cave monuments Location: Near Mumbai, Maharashtra Cave 16: Kailash Temple, the world’s largest single Period: 2nd-9th century AD monolith excavation Architecture: Hinayana Buddhist, with later Cave 15: Dashavatara Cave, depicting Lord Shiva and Mahayana additions (e.g., 5th-century Buddha Lord Vishnu statue) Cave 10: Vishvakarma (Carpenter’s Cave), a chaitya Features: About 100 caves on Salsette Island Jain Caves: Five caves of the Digambara school (9th- 2. Jogeshwari Cave 10th century) Location: Near Mumbai, Maharashtra 8. Ajanta Caves Period: Late 8th century Location: Sahyadri Mountains on the Wagora River Architecture: Final stage of Mahayana Buddhism; near Aurangabad, Maharashtra includes a Brahmin shrine Period: Constructed around 200 BC, developed till Features: Known for Lord Shiva’s shrine 650 AD 3. Mandapeshwar Caves Features: 29 caves (1 unfinished); Buddhist murals Location: Mount Poinsur, near Mumbai depicting Jataka stories; second phase associated Period: 8th century with Mahayana Buddhism Architecture: Originally Brahmanical, converted into 9. Elephanta Caves a Christian shrine Location: Mumbai Features: Three caves, formerly on the banks of the Period: 8th century AD Dahisar River Features: Ganesh Gumpha, three-faced image of 4. Karla Caves Shiva, sculptures of Ravana shaking Kailasa, Location: Balaghat hills near Mumbai, Maharashtra marriage of Shiva and Parvati, Shiva’s Tandava Period: Hinayana Buddhist period dance, and Ardhanarishvara 10. Udayagiri Caves Architecture: Largest chaityas in the country Location: Madhya Pradesh Features: Main cave is Cave No. 8 (Great Chaitya Cave); donations from Satavahana rulers Period: Gupta period 5. Bhaja Caves Features: Oldest surviving Hindu temples; portraits Location: Near Pune, Maharashtra of Vishnu, Durga, Matrikas, and Shiva; relief sculptures of Vishnu as Varaha; inscriptions of Period: 2nd century BC Gupta dynasty (Chandragupta II and Kumaragupta Architecture: Hinayana Buddhism I); 20 caves (1 Jain, rest Hindu) Rahul Sharma 3 AFCAT Static GK Famous Historical Monuments of India (State-Wise) Hawa Mahal: Built by Maharaja Pratap Singh in Uttar Pradesh 1799 AD, Jaipur. Agra Fort: Built by Akbar in 1573 AD, Agra. Nahargarh Fort: Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II Aram Bagh: Built by Babur in 1528 AD, Agra. in 1734 AD, Jaipur. Tomb of Itmad-Ud-Daula: Built by Noor Jahan in Jaigarh Fort: Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II in 1628 AD, Agra. 1726 AD, Jaipur. Jama Masjid: Built by Shah Jahan in 1648 AD, Agra. Vijaya Stambha: Built by Maharana Kumbha in 1448 Shish Mahal: Built by Shah Jahan in 1632 AD, Agra. AD, Chittorgarh. Taj Mahal: Built by Shah Jahan in 1653 AD, Agra. Dilwara Jain Temple: Built by Vimal Shah in 1582 AD, Akbar’s Tomb: Built by Akbar and Jahangir in 1613 Mount Abu. AD, Sikandra, Agra. Bharatpur Fort: Built by Raja Surajmal Singh, 19th Deewan-E-Khas: Built by Shah Jahan, Agra Fort, century, Bharatpur. Agra. Amber Fort: Built by Man Singh I in 1592 AD, Jaipur. Moti Masjid: Built by Shah Jahan in 1635 AD, Agra. Mehrangarh Fort: Built by Rao Jodha in 1460 AD, Anand Bhawan: Built by Motilal Nehru in 1930 AD, Jodhpur. Allahabad. Madhya Pradesh Bada Imambara: Built by Asaf-ud-daula in 1785 AD, Jantar Mantar: Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II Lucknow. (1724-1737 AD), Ujjain. Chhota Imambara: Built by Muhammad Ali Shah, Khajuraho Temples: Built by Chandelas (950-1050 Lucknow. AD), Khajuraho. Jantar Mantar: Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II Telangana (1724-1738 AD), Mathura. Char Minar: Built by Quli Qutub Shah in 1591 AD, Jantar Mantar: Built by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II Hyderabad. (1724-1739 AD), Varanasi. Macca Masjid: Built by Quli Qutub Shah in 1694 AD, Tamil Nadu Hyderabad. Rock Cut Temple: Built by Mahendravarman-I, 8th Golconda Fort: Built by Qutub Shahi rulers, 16th century, Mamallapuram. century, Hyderabad. Shore Temple: Built by Narasimhavarman-II, 8th Odisha century, Mamallapuram. Sun Temple: Built by Narsimhadeva I in 1250 AD, Kailasanathar Temple: Built by Narasimhavarman-II Konark. (685-705 AD), Kanchipuram. Jagannath Temple: Built by Anantvarman Ganga in Airavatesvara Temple: Built by Rajaraja I, 12th 1161 AD, Puri. century, Darasuram. Jammu and Kashmir Brihadeshwara Temple: Built by Rajaraja Chola I in Shalimar Garden: Built by Jahangir in 1619 AD, 1010 AD, Tanjore. Srinagar. Gangaikondacholapuram: Built by Rajendra I, 12th Bihar century, Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Golghar: Built by British Government, Patna. Saint George Fort: Built by East India Company in Pathar Ki Masjid: Built by Pervez Shah, Patna. 1644 AD, Chennai. Sher Shah’s Tomb: Built by Mir Muhammad Aliwal Meenakshi Temple: Madurai. Khan, Sasaram. Rajasthan Vishnupad Temple: Built by Rani Ahilyabai, Gaya. Adhai Din Ka Jhopra: Built by Qutubuddin Aibak in Delhi 1192 AD, Ajmer. Feroz Shah Kotla: Built by Ferozshan Tughlaq. Dargah Ajmer Sharif: Built by Sultan Shyasuddin, Humayun Tomb: Built by Empress Bega Begum. Ajmer. Jantar-Mantar: Built by Sawai Jai Singh. Rahul Sharma 4 AFCAT Static GK Lakshmi Narayan Temple: Built by Birla Family. Dehing Patkai: Celebrates Assam’s rich culture and President House: Built by British Government. heritage. Safdarjung Tomb: Built by Shuja-ud-daula. Bihar Gujarat Bihula: Worship of Devi Mansa for family welfare. Sabarmati Ashram: Built by Mahatma Gandhi, Chhath Pooja: Worship of the Sun God and his wife Ahmedabad. Usha. Jammu and Kashmir Madhushravani: Celebrated by Maithil Brahmins, Charar-E-Sharif: Built by Zainul Abedin, Budgam. marking monsoon arrival. Nishat Garden: Built by Asaf Ali, Srinagar. Chhattisgarh Maharashtra Bastar Dussehra: Longest Dussehra celebration (75 Ajanta-Ellora Caves: Built by Gupta rulers, days). Aurangabad. Goa Kanheri Fort: Built by Buddhists, Mumbai. Ladainha: Thanksgiving festival. West Bengal Mando Festival: Dance festival featuring Mando Belur Math: Built by Swami Vivekananda, Kolkata. dance. Victoria Memorial: Built by British Government, Chikalkalo: Monsoon mud festival. Kolkata. Gujarat Navratri: Nine-day festival worshiping nine forms of Important Festivals of India Devi with Garba and Dandiya dances. Andhra Pradesh Uttrayana: Celebrates the Sun’s transit northwards, Brahmotsavam: Nine-day festival at Venkateshwara marked by a kite festival. Temple, Tirupati. Haryana Ugadi: Telugu New Year. Baisakhi: Harvest festival of Rabi crops in Haryana Dasara: Celebrates the victory of good over evil. and Punjab. Makar Sankranti: Celebrated when the Sun transits Himachal Pradesh from Capricorn. Magha Saaji: Makar Sankranti of Himachal Pradesh. Arunachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Solung: Agriculture festival by the Adi tribe. Dosmoche Festival: Last day of New Year Losar: Tibetan New Year. celebrations in Leh. Murung: Prosperity festival by the Apatanis. Matho Nagrang: Celebrated on the 15th day of the Reh: Festival of the Idu-Mishmi tribe, worshiping Tibetan Calendar at Matho Monastery. goddess Nayani Inyitaya. Losar: Tibetan New Year in Ladakh. Mopin: Agricultural festival by the Galo tribe. Galdan Namchot: Celebrates the birthday of Boori Boot: Harvest festival by the Nyishi tribe. Buddhist saint Tsongkhapa in Leh. Monpa: New Year of the Monpa tribe. harkhand Myoko: Worship of the Sun and Moon. Sarhul: Spring festival marking new flowers on Saal Dhree Festival: Agricultural rite by Apatanis; trees. offerings to Sun and Moon Gods. Karma: Harvest festival dedicated to Karma dev. Assam Hal Punhya: Celebrates the beginning of ploughing. Ambubachi: Hindu festival at Kamakhya Temple, Rohini: Marks the start of the sowing season. celebrating Devi Kamakhya's menstrual cycle. Tusu: Harvest festival in January. Bihu: Three festivals (Rongali, Kati, Bhogali) marking Karnataka paddy harvesting. Makar Sankranti: Celebrated when the Sun transits Baishagu: Baisakhi of Assam by the Bodo tribe. from Capricorn. Kerala Rahul Sharma 5 AFCAT Static GK Onam: Important harvest festival in September. Vishu: New Year of Kerala. Sikkim Alpashi Utsavam: Annual bathing ritual at Sree Saga Dawa: Celebrates Sikkim’s rich culture. Padmanabhaswamy temple. Tendo Lho Rum Faat: Worship of mountains, rivers, Madhya Pradesh lakes, and caves. Bhagoria Haat Festival: Festival of love where young Tamil Nadu people entice each other with red powder. Pongal: Marks the last day of the Tamil Year. Maharashtra Thaipusam: Celebrates the victory of good over evil. Gudi Padwa: Maharashtrian New Year. Jallikattu: Traditional bullfighting. Manipur Natyanjali Festival: Annual dance festival devoted to Yaoshang: Holi of Manipur. Lord Shiva. Chavang Kut: Harvest festival by the Kuki-Chin-Mizo Telangana Tribes on November 1. Bonalu: Hindu festival dedicated to Goddess Sajibu Cheiraoba: Manipuri New Year. Mahakali. Meghalaya Batukamma: Nine-day floral festival starting on the Nongkrem Dance Festival: Harvest and thanksgiving first day of Navratri. dance festival by the Khasi tribe. Tripura Wangala Festival: Post-harvest festival of the Garo Kharchi Pooja: Worship of 14 Hindu Gods, including tribe. the Earth. Mizoram Uttar Pradesh Chapchar Kut: Harvest festival marking three stages Kumbha Mela: Mass Hindu pilgrimage and ritual of the agricultural cycle. bathing in the Ganges every 12 years. Nagaland Kicheri: Harvest festival with ritual bathing. Hornbill Festival: Celebrates Nagaland’s cultural Uttarakhand heritage and promotes inter-tribal harmony. Ganga Dusshera: Ten-day celebration in May-June Moatsu Festival: Harvest festival of the Ao tribe. marking the descent of the Ganga from heaven. Odisha West Bengal Jagannath Puri Rath Yatra: Famous festival Durga Pooja: Major festival worshiping Goddess dedicated to Lord Jagannath, also known as Durga, featuring women putting red powder on Gundicha Yatra. each other’s faces. Nukahai Festival: Harvest festival in August and September. Bharat Ratna Recipients Raja Praba: Three-day harvest festival with specific M.S. Subbulakshmi (1998): Vocalist (Carnatic) day names: Pahili Raja, Raja Sankranthi, and Basi Pt Ravi Shankar (1999): Sitar Raja. Bismillah Khan (2001): Shehnai Punjab Pt Bhimsen Joshi (2009): Vocalist (Hindustani) Lohri: Celebrated on January 13, marking the end of winter and worship of the Sun God. Musical Instrument and Associated Musicians Rajasthan Flute: Hari Prasad Chaurasia, Pannalal Ghosh, Gangaur: Festival by females, dedicated to Lord Palladam Sanjiva Rao Shiva and Parvati. Ghatam: T.H. Vinayakram, E.M. Subramaniam Teej: Marks the onset of monsoon; women wish for Guitar: Braj Bhushan Kabra their husbands’ well-being. Karthal: Gazi Khan Barna Braj Holi: Pre-Holi celebration in Bharatpur district, Mandolin: U Srinivas worshiping Lord Krishna. Rahul Sharma 6 AFCAT Static GK Mohan Veena: Pt. Vishwa Mohan Bhat (inventor of Shishunaga Dynasty (413-395 BC) Mohan Veena) o Founder: Shishunaag Mridangam: K.V. Prasad, S.V. Rajarao, o Last Ruler: Mahanandin Umalayapuram Sivaraman, Tiruvarur Vaidyanathan o Capital: Vaishali Nadaswaram (or Nagaswaram): TN Rajrathinam Nanda Dynasty (345-321 BC) Pillai, S. Kasim, S. Babu o Founder: Mahapadma Nand Pakhawaj: Totaram Sharma, Bhavani Shankar, o Last Ruler: Dhana Nanda Ayodhya Prasad o Capital: Patliputra Rudra Veena: Asad Ali Khan Mauryan Dynasty (323-184 BC) Saarangi: Shakoor Khan, Pt Ram Narayan, Ramesh o Founder: Chandragupta Maurya Mishra, Sultan Khan o Last Ruler: Brihadratha Maurya Santoor: Pt Shiv Kumar Sharma, Bhajan Sopori, o Capital: Patliputra Tarun Bhattacharya Shunga Dynasty (185-75 BC) Sarod: Allauddin Khan, Ali Akbar Khan, Amjad Ali o Founder: Pushyamitra Sunga Khan, Buddhadev Das Gupta, Tejendra Majumdar o Last Ruler: Devabhuti Shehnai: Bismillah Khan, Krishna Ram Chaudhary, Ali o Capital: Patliputra Ahmad Hussain, Rajendra Prasanna Kanva Dynasty (75-30 BC) Sitar: Pt Ravi Shankar, Shahid Parvez Khan, o Founder: Vasudev Budhaditya Mukherjee, Anushka Shankar o Last Ruler: Susharman Surbahaar: Annapurna Devi, Budhaditya Mukherjee, o Capital: Patliputra Pushpraj Koshti Satvahan Dynasty Tabla: Zakir Hussain, Allah Rakha, Sabir Khan, Pt. o Founder: Simuka Kishan Maharaj, Pt. Jnan Prakash Ghosh, Sandeep o Last Ruler: Pulumavi IV Das, Anuradha Pal o Capital: Pratithan/Amaravathi Veena: Zia Mohiuddin Dagar, Ayyagari Vakataka Dynasty Syamasundaram, Doraiswamy Iyengar, Suma o Founder: Vindhyashakti Sudhindra o Last Ruler: Prithivishena II Violin: M.S. Gopalakrishnan, Smt M. Rajam, N.R. o Capital: Vastagulam Muralidharan, M. Chandrasekharan, V.G. Jog, Kushan Dynasty Lalgudi Jayaraman, Lalgudi Krishnan o Founder: Kujala Kadfices Vocalist (Carnatic Music): S. Radhakrishna Srinivasa o Last Ruler: Vasudev I Iyer, M.S. Subbulakshmi, M. Balamuralikrishna, D. K. o Capital: Purushpur Pattammal, Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar, S Gupta Dynasty Pinakapani o Founder: Srigupta Vocalist (Hindustani Music): Kumar Gandharva, o Last Ruler: Vishnu Gupta Mallikarjun Bheemarayappa Mansur, Bhimsen Joshi, o Capital: Patliputra Pandit Jasraj, Gangubai Hangal, Kishori Amonkar, Pandya Dynasty Bade Ghulam Ali Khan, Rahim Fahimuddin Dagar, o Founder: Maravarman Sundara Chhannu Lal Mishra, Ramakant Gundecha, Umakant o Last Ruler: Maravarman Rajasimha II Gundecha, Rajan and Sajan Mishra o Capital: Korkari/Madurai Hun Dynasty Important Dynasties o Founder: Torman Haryanka Dynasty (544-413 BC) o Capital: Sialkot o Founder: Bimbisar Vardhan Dynasty o Last Ruler: Nagadashak o Founder: Pushyabhuti o Capital: Rajgriha o Last Ruler: Harshvardhan Rahul Sharma 7 AFCAT Static GK o Capital: Thaneswar/Kannauj Rashtrakut Dynasty Khilji Dynasty (1290-1320) o Founder: Dantidurga o Founder: Jalaluddin Khilji o Last Ruler: Kakka II o Last Ruler: Khusro Khan o Capital: Manyakhet o Capital: Delhi Chola Dynasty Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1413) o Founder: Vijayalaya o Founder: Gayasudin Tughlaq o Last Ruler: Rajendra Chola II o Last Ruler: Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah o Capital: Tanjore Tughlaq Pallava Dynasty o Capital: Delhi o Founder: Singh Varman IV Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451) o Last Ruler: Aparajitavaraman o Founder: Khizr Khan o Capital: Kanchipuram o Last Ruler: Ala-ud-din Shah Chalukya Dynasty [Badami] o Capital: Delhi o Founder: Pulakeshin I Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526) o Last Ruler: Kirtivarman II o Founder: Bahlol Lodi o Capital: Vatapi o Last Ruler: Ibrahim Lodi Chalukya Dynasty [Kalyani] o Capital: Delhi o Founder: Taelap-II Sangam Dynasty o Capital: Manyakhet/Kalyan o Founder: Harihar & Bukka Chalukya Dynasty [Bengi] o Last Ruler: Virupaksa Raya II o Founder: Vishnu Vardhan o Capital: Vijayanagar o Capital: Bengi Tuluv Dynasty Ganga Dynasty o Founder: Veer Narsimha o Founder: Mittavarman o Last Ruler: Sadashiv Raya o Last Ruler: Bhanu Deva IV o Capital: Vijayanagar o Capital: Danta pura/Kalinga Aravidu Dynasty Pal Dynasty o Founder: Tirumal o Founder: Gopala o Last Ruler: Sriranga III o Last Ruler: Ramapala o Capital: Penukoda o Capital: Munger Saluva Dynasty Chauhan Dynasty o Founder: Narsimha o Founder: Vasudev o Last Ruler: Narsimha II o Capital: Ajmer o Capital: Vijayanagar Parmar Dynasty Bahmani Dynasty o Founder: Upendra o Founder: Hassan Gangoo o Last Ruler: Mahlkadeva o Last Ruler: Mahmood Shah Bahmani II o Capital: Dhar nagari o Capital: Gulbarga (Bidar) Chandel Dynasty Mughal Dynasty o Founder: Nannuke o Founder: Babar o Last Ruler: Vira-Varman II o Last Ruler: Bahadur Shah Zafar-II o Capital: Khajuraho/Mahova o Capital: Agra / Delhi Slave Dynasty (1206-1290) o Founder: Qutubuddin Aibak Important Books and Their Authors List o Last Ruler: Muiz ud di Qaiqabad Books : Authors o Capital: Delhi Mudrarakshasa: Visakdatta Rahul Sharma 8 AFCAT Static GK Rajtarangini: Kalhana Al Hilal: Maulana Abdul Kalam Aazad Kathasaritsagar: Somdeva India Wins Freedom: Maulana Abdul Kalam Aazad Kamasutra: Vatsayana Gubare Khatir: Maulana Abdul Kalam Aazad Prashnottarmalika: Amoghavarsha Unhappy India: Lala Lajpat Rai Swapanvasdattam: Bhasa India Divided: Dr. Rajendra Prasad Buddha Charita: Asvaghosa Hints For Self Culture: Lala Hardayal Natyashastra: Bharata Bangali: Surendra Nath Banarji Abhigyan Shakuntala: Kalidasa A Nation In Making: Surendra Nath Banarji Vikramorvashi: Kalidasa War Of Indian Independence: Veer Savarkar Raghuvansan: Kalidasa Geetanjali: Rabindranath Tagore Amarkosa: Amarshmha Home and The World: Rabindranath Tagore Panchsidhantika: Varharmihara Gora: Rabindranath Tagore Brihat Samhita: Varharmihara Hungry Stones: Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sidhanta: Aryabhatta Chandalika: Rabindranath Tagore Aryabhatta: Aryabhatta Visarjan: Rabindranath Tagore Panch tantra: Vishnu Sharma Abhyuday: Madan Mohan Malviya Nitisara: Kamandaka Hindustan Leader: Madan Mohan Malviya Aihole Prasasti: Ravi Kriti Nation: Gopal Krishna Gokhale Indica: Megasthanese Indian Mirror: Gopal Krishna Gokhale Arthasastra: Kautilya Vaam Bodhini: Keshav Chandra Sen Charaka Samhita: Charaka Neel Darpan: Dinbandhu Mitra Lilawati: Bhaskara II Karmyogi: Swami Vivekananda Harshacharita: Harsha Vardhan Yugantar: Sri Aurobindo Kadambari: Banabhatta Savitri: Sri Aurobindo Nagananda: Harsha Vardhan Life Divine: Sri Aurobindo Ratnavali: Harsha Vardhan Essays On Gita: Sri Aurobindo Gathasaptashati: Hala Bande Matram: Arvind Ghosh Nitisara: Kamandaka Tarane Hind: Muhammad Iqbal Astadhyayi: Panini Baange Dara: Muhammad Iqbal Mahabhasya: Patanjali Commonweal: Annie Besant Naishadhacharitra: Sri Harsha New India: Annie Besant Mrichhakatika: Sudraka Indian Struggle: Subhash Chandra Bose Gitagovinda: Jayadev Kaal: Paranjape Navratna: Virasena Comred: Unknown Young India: M.K. Gandhi Hamdard: Muhammad Ali Harijan: M.K. Gandhi Samvad Kaumudi: Raja Ram Mohan Roy Navjivan: M.K. Gandhi Som Prakash: Ishwarchadra Vidyasagar Hindu Swarajya: M.K. Gandhi Independent: Motilal Nehru My Experiments With Truth: M.K. Gandhi Rust Guftgur: Dada Bhai Naurauji + Others Kesri: Bal Gangadhar Tilak Poverty And Un British Rule In India: Dada Bhai The Maratha: Bal Gangadhar Tilak Naurauji Gita Rahasya: Bal Gangadhar Tilak Amrit Bazar Patrika: Shishir Kumar Ghosh Discovery of India: Jawahar Lal Nehru Free Hindustan: Tarak Nath Das Glimpses of World History: Jawahar Lal Nehru The Revolutionary: Shachindra Sanyal Meri Kahani: Jawahar Lal Nehru Satyarth Darpan: Swami Dayanand Saraswati Rahul Sharma 9 AFCAT Static GK History Of Congress: Bhogaraju Pattabhi Confessions: Jean Jacques Rousseau Sitaramayya Count of Monte Cristo: Alexander Dumas Indian Unrest: Valentine Chirol Crime and Punishment: Dostoevsky India For Indians: Chittaranjan Das Das Kapital: Karl Marx Anand Math: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay David Copperfield: Charles Dickens Devi Chaudharani: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Discovery of India: Jawaharlal Nehru Bharat Durdasha: Bhartendu Harishchandra Divine Comedy: Dante Divine Life: Shivanand Don Quixote: Miguel de Cervantes A Voice Of Freedom: Nayantara Sahgal Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde: Stevenson Fatuhat-i-Firoz: Firoz Shah Tughlaq For Whom the Bell Tolls: Ernest Hemingway Khamsab: Amir Khusrau Freedom at Midnight: Dominique Lapierre Khazain-ul-Futuh: Amir Khusrau French Revolution: Thomas Carlyle Kitab-fi-Tahqiq: Alberuni Gathering Storm: Winston Churchill Nuh-Siphir: Amir Khusrau Geetanjali: Rabindra Nath Tagore Kitab-ul-Raha: Ibn Battuta Glimpses of World History: Jawaharlal Nehru Shah Namah: Firdausi Grammar of Politics: Harold T.Laski Tahquq-i-Hind: Alberuni Gulliver’s Travels: Jonathan Swift Tabaqat-i-Nasiri: Minhaj-us-Siraj Hamlet: Shakespeare Tughlaq-Nama: Amir Khusrau Hunchback of Notre Dame: Victor Hugo Chandayan: Maulana Daud Iliad: Homer Humayun Nama: Gulbadan Begum Invisible Man: H.G.Wells Bhavartha Dipika: Gyaneshwara In Search of Lost Time: Marcel Proust Safarnama or Rihla: Ibn Battuta Jungle Book: Rudyard Kipling Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri: Jehangir Kadambari: Bana Bhatt Tarikh-i-Shershahi: Abbas Sarwani King Lear: Shakespeare A Passage to India: E.M.Forster Les Miserable: Victor Hugo A Suitable Boy: Vikram Seth Lolita: Vladimir Nabokov A Tale of Two Cities: Charles Dickens Man and Superman: G.B.Shaw A Week with Gandhi: Louis Fisher Madame Bovary: Gustave Flaubert A Woman’s Life: Guy de Maupassaut Mein Kampf: Adolf Hitler Adventures of Sherlock Holmes: Arthur Conan Doyle Mother: Maxim Gorky Adventures of Tom Sawyer: Mark Twain My Experiments with Truth: Mahatma M.K.Gandhi Agni Veena: Kazi Nasrul Islam Odyssey: Homer Alice in Wonderland: Lewis Carrol Old Man and the Sea: Ernest Hemingway Anna Karenina: Tolstoy Oliver Twist: Charles Dickens Antony and Cleopatra: Shakespeare One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovitch: Alexander Arabian Nights: Sir Richard Burton Solzhenitsyn Arms and the Man: G.B.Shaw Origin of Species: Charles Darwin Around the World in Eighty Days: Jules Verne Othello: Shakespeare Arthashastra: Kautilya Panchatantra: Vishnu Sharma Avigyan Sakuntalam: Kalidas Paradise Lost: John Milton Ben Hur: Lewis Wallace Pickwick Papers: Charles Dickens China Passage: John Kenneth Galbraith Pride and Prejudice: Jane Austen Comedy of Errors: William Shakespeare Principia: Issac Newton Communist Manifesto: Karl Marx Robinson Crusoe: Daniel Defoe Rahul Sharma 10 AFCAT Static GK Shape of Things to Come: H.G.Wells International Bank for Reconstruction and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn: Mark Twain Development (IBRD – World Bank): Washington DC, The City of Joy: Dominique Lapierre US, 1944 The Class: Erich Byron International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): The Clown: Heinrich Boll Montreal, Canada, 1944 The Godfather: Mario Puzo International Chamber of Commerce: Paris, France, The Great Gatsby: F. Scott Fitzgerald 1919 The Merchant of Venice: William Shakespeare International Development Association: Washington The Other Side of Midnight: Sindye Sheldon DC, US, 1950 The Post Office: R.N.Tagore International Energy Agency: Paris, France, 1974 The Tempest: Shakespeare International Fund for Agricultural Development: The Vicar of Wakefield: Oliver Goldsmith Rome, Italy, 1977 Three Musketeers: Alexander Dumas International Finance Corporation: Washington DC, Time Machine: H.G. Wells US, 1956 Treasure Island: R.L.Stevenson International Labour Organization: Geneva, Ulysses: James Joyce Switzerland, 1919 Utopia: Sir Thomas Moor International Monetary Fund: Washington DC, US, War and Peace: Leo Tolstoy 1945 Waste Land: T.S.Eliot International Maritime Organization: London, UK, 1948 International Criminal Police Organization: Lyon, International Organizations France, 1923 Asian Development Bank (ADB): Manila, Philippines, International Olympic Committee: Lausanne, 1956 Switzerland, 1894 African Development Bank (non-regional members): International Telecommunication Union: Geneva, Tunis, Tunisia, 1964 Switzerland, 1864 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN International Solar Alliance: Gurugram, India, 2015 Regional Forum): Jakarta, Indonesia, 1967 Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR): Japan, Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical 1987 and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC): Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1997 Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): Jakarta, Indonesia, 1961 Bank for International Settlements (BIS): Basel, Switzerland, 1930 Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA): Hague, Netherlands, 1899 BRICS – Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa: Shanghai, China, 2006 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): Kathmandu, Nepal, 1985 Commonwealth of Nations: London, UK, 1931 Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Beijing, East Asia Summit (EAS): Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1950 China, 1996 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO): Rome, United Nations Organization (UNO): New York, 1945 Italy, 1945 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural G-15 – Group of 15: Geneva, Switzerland, 1989 Organization (UNESCO): London, UK, 1946 G-20 – Group of 20: Cancun, Mexico, 1999 World Health Organization (WHO): Geneva, G-77 – Group of 77: New York, 1964 Switzerland, 1948 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Vienna, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) - Austria, 1957 Nairobi, Kenya Rahul Sharma 11 AFCAT Static GK United Nations High Commission for Refugees 2. Padma Awards (UNHCR) - Geneva, Switzerland Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) - For exceptional and distinguished service in any New York, USA field, including government service United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural First Recipients (1954): Organization (UNESCO) - Paris, France Padma Vibhushan: Satyendra Nath Bose, Nandalal World Health Organization (WHO) - Geneva, Bose, Zakir Husain Switzerland Padma Bhushan: Jivraj Narayan Mehta, N. R. Pillai International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Washington Padma Shri: C.D. Deshmukh D.C., USA 3. Gallantry Awards Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries Param Vir Chakra (PVC), Ashok Chakra, Shaurya (OPEC) - Vienna, Austria Chakra World Wildlife Fund (WWF) - Gland, Switzerland For bravery and gallantry International Olympic Committee (IOC) - Lausanne, First Recipients: Switzerland PVC (1947): Major Somnath Sharma (posthumously) League of Arab States - Cairo, Egypt Ashok Chakra (1952): Flight Lieutenant Suhas Amnesty International - London, United Kingdom Biswas North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) - Shaurya Chakra (1952): Naik Nar Bahadur Thapa Brussels, Belgium 4. Nobel Prize African Union (AU) - Addis-Ababa, Ethiopia Prestigious award in literature, medicine, physics, International Police (INTERPOL) - Lyons, France chemistry, peace, and economics World Trade Organization (WTO) - Geneva, First Recipients (1901): Switzerland Literature: Sully Prudhomme World Bank - Washington D.C., USA Medicine: Emil Adolf von Behring United Nations Security Council (UNSC) - New York, Physics: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen USA Chemistry: Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff International Committee of the Red Cross - Geneva, Peace: Henry Dunant, Frédéric Passy Switzerland Economics (1969): Ragnar Frisch, Jan Tinbergen World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) - 5. Booker Prize Geneva, Switzerland Annual award for the best original novel in English, Transparency International - Berlin, German published in the UK Organization of Islamic Cooperation - Jeddah, Saudi First Recipient (1969): P. H. Newby for "Something Arabia to Answer For" Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF) - Gland, 6. Vyas Samman Switzerland Annual award by K.K. Birla Foundation for Hindi literary work published in the past 10 years Awards and Their First Recipients First Recipient (1991): Ram Vilas Sharma for "Bharat 1. Bharat Ratna ke Pracheen Bhasha Parivar aur Hindi" Highest civilian award of India 7. Moorti Devi Award Given for outstanding achievements in any field of Annual literary award by Bharatiya Jnanpith for human endeavour work emphasizing Indian philosophy and culture Maximum three awards per year First Recipient (1983): C. K. Nagaraja Rao for First Recipients (1954): C. Rajagopalachari, "Pauranic Pravaras" Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, C. V. Raman 8. Saraswati Samman Rahul Sharma 12 AFCAT Static GK Annual award by K.K. Birla Foundation for British prize for excellence in architecture by the outstanding prose or poetry in any of 22 Indian Royal Institute of British Architects languages First Recipient (1996): Stephen Hodder for the First Recipient (1991): Harivansh Rai Bachchan for Centenary Building, University of Salford his autobiography series 18. Aga Khan Award 9. Jnanpith Award Architectural prize for concepts addressing the Annual award by Bharatiya Jnanpith for outstanding needs of Islamic societies in contemporary design prose or poetry in any of 22 Indian languages and community development First Recipient (1965): G. Sankara Kurup for First Recipients (1980): Various projects including "Odakkuzhal" the Muslim school in Agadez, Niger; the restoration 10. Bihari Puraskar of the Walled City of Lahore, Pakistan Literary award by K.K. Birla Foundation for 19. Pritzker Prize outstanding work in Hindi or Rajasthani by a Annual award to honor a living architect Rajasthani writer First Recipient (1979): Philip Johnson First Recipient (1991): Dr. Sharad Pagare for "Yatrik" 20. Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize 11. The Oscar/Academy Awards Annual science award by CSIR for notable research Annual American awards honoring cinematic in various fields of science and technology achievements First Recipients (1958): Amar Nath Bhaduri, A. R. First Recipients (1929): Emil Jannings (Best Actor), Verma, K. Venkataraman, among others Janet Gaynor (Best Actress), "Wings" (Best Picture) 21. Kalinga Prize 12. Dadasaheb Phalke Award Award by UNESCO for exceptional skill in presenting India's highest award in cinema, presented annually scientific ideas to the public by the Directorate of Film Festivals First Recipient (1952): Louis de Broglie First Recipient (1969): Devika Rani 22. Grammy Award 13. Arjuna Award Award by the National Academy of Recording Arts For outstanding performance by sports persons and Sciences for outstanding achievement in the First Recipients (1961): Salim Durani (Cricket), music industry Pralhad Krishan Ingle (Athletics), Sarika Singh First Recipient (1959): Domenico Modugno for (Athletics) "Volare" (Song of the Year) 14. Dronacharya Award 23. Abel Prize For eminent coaches of any sport Annual international prize by the Government of First Recipients (1985): Bhalchandra Bhaskar Norway for outstanding mathematicians Bhagwat (Wrestling), Om Prakash Bharadwaj First Recipient (2003): Jean-Pierre Serre (Boxing) 24. International Gandhi Peace Prize 15. Dhyan Chand Award For contributions to social, economic, and political For veteran sports persons' lifetime achievements in revolution through non-violence and Gandhian their respective sports philosophy First Recipients (2002): Shahuraj Birajdar (Boxing), Includes Rs. 10 million in cash Ashok Diwan (Hockey), Aparna Ghosh (Basketball) First Recipient (1995): Julius Nyerere 16. Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award 25. Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award Highest honor for sports persons in India for their For Excellence in Public Administration, Academics, achievements and Management First Recipient (1991-1992): Viswanathan Anand First Recipient (1999): Verghese Kurien (Chess) 26. Green Star Awards 17. Stirling Prize Rahul Sharma 13 AFCAT Static GK Recognize efforts in responding to environmental Amartya Sen (1998): Economics disasters Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (2009): Chemistry First Recipients (2009): United Nations Environment Kailash Satyarthi (2014): Peace Programme, Fondation pour la Nature et l'Homme Abhijit Banerjee (2019): Economics 27. Magsaysay Award Pulitzer Prize - Indian Pulitzer Laureates For Public Service, Leadership, Journalism, Gobind Behari Lal (1937): Reporting Literature, creative arts, and international Jhumpa Lahiri (2000): Fiction understanding Geeta Anand (2003): Explanatory Reporting First Recipients (1958): Vinoba Bhave (Community Siddhartha Mukherjee (2011): General Non-Fiction Leadership), Ramon Magsaysay (Public Service) Ramon Magsaysay Award - Indian Awardees 28. Pulitzer Prize Vinoba Bhave (1958): Community Leadership For achievements in newspaper and online C.D. Deshmukh (1959): Government Service journalism, literature, and musical composition in Mother Teresa (1962): Peace and International the United States Understanding First Recipients (1917): Herbert Bayard Swope Satyajit Ray (1967): Journalism, Literature, and (Reporting), Jean Jules Jusserand (History), Laura E. Creative Communication Arts Richards, Maud Howe Elliott, Florence Hall M.S. Swaminathan (1971): Community Leadership (Biography) Kiran Bedi (1994): Government Service 29. Sahitya Akademi Award Arvind Kejriwal (2006): Emergent Leadership For books in Indian languages and English Man Booker Prize - Indian Awardees First Recipient (1955): R. K. Narayan for "The Guide" Salman Rushdie (1981): "Midnight's Children" (English) Arundhati Roy (1997): "The God of Small Things" 30. Manthan Award Kiran Desai (2006): "The Inheritance of Loss" Recognizes best practices in e-Content and Aravind Adiga (2008): "The White Tiger" Creativity in India Oscar Award - Indian Awardees First Awarded (2004) Bhanu Athaiya (1982): Best Costume Design for 31. FiFi Awards "Gandhi" Honors the fragrance industry’s creative Satyajit Ray (1992): Honorary Award achievements A.R. Rahman (2009): Best Original Score and Best First Awarded (1973) Original Song for "Slumdog Millionaire" 32. Sangeet-Natak Akademi Award Gulzar (2009): Best Original Song for "Slumdog For music, dance, and drama Millionaire" First Recipients (1952): Pt. Ravi Shankar (Sitar), Uday Resul Pookutty (2009): Best Sound Mixing for Shankar (Dance) "Slumdog Millionaire" 33. BAFTA Awards Guneet Monga (2019): Best Documentary Short For television, films, video games, and animation Subject for "Period. End of Sentence" First Recipients (1947): "The Best Years of Our Lives" Sydney Peace Prize - Indian Awardees (Best Film from Any Source) Arundhati Roy (2004): For her social campaigns and advocacy of non-violence Nobel Prize - Indian Nobel Laureates Goldman Environmental Prize - Indian Awardees Rabindranath Tagore (1913): Literature Medha Patkar (1992): For the Narmada Bachao C.V. Raman (1930): Physics Andolan Har Gobind Khorana (1968): Medicine Ramesh Agrawal (2014): For empowering villagers Mother Teresa (1979): Peace to protect their land and water Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1983): Physics Rahul Sharma 14 AFCAT Static GK UNESCO Einstein Medal - Indian Awardees 23. First Speaker of Lok Sabha - Ganesh Vasudev Amartya Sen (2004): For his work on welfare Mavalankar economics 24. First President of Indian National Congress - W.C. Goethe Medal - Indian Awardees Banerjee Amar Kanwar (2017): For his contemporary art 25. First Foreign Secretary of India - K.P.S Menon World Food Prize - Indian Awardees 26. First General Election in India - 1951-1952 M.S. Swaminathan (1987): For his role in India's 27. First Muslim President of the Indian National Green Revolution Congress - Badruddin Tayyabji Rattan Lal (2020): For his work on soil health 28. First Lok Sabha Member with a record highest Grammy Awards - Indian Awardees number of Votes - P.V. Narasimha Rao Ravi Shankar (1967, 1972, 2002): For his work in 29. First and Last Muslim Woman Ruler of India (Before world music and collaborations with Western Independence) - Razia Sultan musicians 30. First and Last Indian Governor-General of Independent India - C. Rajgopalachari List of First in India 31. First British Governor-General of Bengal - Lord Government and Politics Warren Hastings (1774-1885) 1. First President of India - Dr. Rajendra Prasad 32. First Indian Prime Minister who did not face the 2. First Prime Minister of India - Jawaharlal Nehru Parliament - Charan Singh 3. First Governor-General of India - Lord William 33. First Woman President of the United Nations Bentinck General Assembly - Mrs. Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit 4. First Vice-President of India - Sarvepalli 34. First Woman Speaker of a State Assembly - Shanno Radhakrishnan Devi 5. First Female President of India - Pratibha Patil Science and Technology 6. First Female Prime Minister of India - Indira Gandhi 1. First Hydroelectric Plant - Sidrapong (Darjeeling) 7. First Chief Election Commissioner of India - Sukumar 2. First Man in Space - Rakesh Sharma Sen 3. First Nuclear Reactor - Apsara (Maharashtra) 8. First Viceroy of India - Lord Canning 4. First Satellite - Aryabhatta 9. First Home Minister of India - Sardar Vallabhai Patel 5. First Successfully Indigenous Launch Vehicle - SLV-3 10. First Chief Justice of India - H.J Kania 6. First Genetically Modified Food Product in India - Bt. 11. First Female Chief Justice of India - Leila Seth Eggplant Hybrid [Banned] 12. First Education Minister of India - Maulana Abul 7. First to Pass the Examination of the Indian Medical Kalam Azad Service (IMS) - Surjo Kumar Chakroborty 13. First Dalit President of India - K.R. Narayana 8. First Indian to be Appointed as the Deputy Director- 14. First Transgender Mayor of India - Madhu Bai Kinnar General of Programmes (DDP) of the World Health 15. First Muslim President of India - Zakir Hussian Organization (WHO) - Dr. Soumya Swaminathan 16. First Female Governor of India - Sarojini Naidu 9. First Satellite Earth Station for Domestic 17. First Finance Minister of India - R.K. Shanmukham Communications - Secunderabad Chetty 10. First Indian to Get Nobel Prize in Physics - C.V. 18. First Woman Chief Minister of a State - Sucheta Raman Kripalani India Defence 19. First NHRC of India - Ranganath Misra 1. First Defence Minister of India - Baldev Singh Chokkar 20. First Cabinet Secretary of India - N.P. Pillai 2. First Commander-in-Chief of Free India - Kodandera 21. First Minister of Information and Broadcasting - Madappa Cariappa Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 3. First Commander-in-Chief, Indian Air Force - Subroto 22. First Woman Minister of External Affairs - Sushma Mukherjee Swaraj 4. First Field Marshal - Sam Manekshaw Rahul Sharma 15 AFCAT Static GK 5. First Param Vir Chakra Winner - Major Somnath 4. First Judge in International Court of Justice - Dr. Sharma Nagender Singh 6. First Female Jawan in the Army - Shanti Tigga 5. First Muslim President of the Indian National 7. First Indian Woman to Fly Fighter Aircraft Without Co- Congress - Badruddin Tayyabji pilot - IAF Officer Avani Chaturvedi 6. First Post Office Opened in India - Kolkata (1727) 8. First Cosmonaut - Sqn Ldr Rakesh Sharma 7. First Wax Statue of a Living Indian - Mahatma Gandhi 9. First Woman in the Indian Army Awarded the Coveted at Madame Tussaud’s in 1939 ‘Sword of Honour’ Prize - Divya Ajith Kumar 8. India’s First Lok Sabha Member to Be Elected with a India Sports Record Maximum Number of Votes - P.V. Narasimha Rao 1. First Olympics Team Medal - Gold in Field Hockey 9. India’s First Open University - Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open (1928, Summer Olympics) University 2. First Indian Woman Wrestler to Win an Asian Gold 10. India’s First University - Nalanda University Medal - Navjot Kaur 11. India’s First Man in Space - Rakesh Sharma 3. First Indian Woman Badminton Player to Win an 12. First Speaker of the Lok Sabha - Ganesh Vasudeva Asian Games Medal - Saina Nehwal Mavalankar 4. First Indian Woman to Win a Medal at Asian Games - 13. First and Last Muslim Woman Ruler of India - Razia Santhi Soundarajan Sultan 5. First Person to Win the International Bronze Medal in 14. First and Last Indian to Be Governor-General of Free Skiing - Aanchal Thakur India - C. Rajgopalachari 6. First Woman to Win an Olympic Silver Medal - P.V. 15. First British Governor-General of Bengal - Lord Sindhu in Badminton Warren Hastings (1774-1885) 7. First Female to Represent India at the Summer 16. First British Governor-General of India - Lord William Olympics - Nora Polley, 1924 Summer Olympics Bentinck (1833-1835) 8. First Individual Gold Medal Won by - Abhinav Bindra, 17. First British Viceroy of India - Lord Canning 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing 18. First Chief Election Commissioner - Sukumar Sen 9. First Woman to Win a Medal in Wrestling - Sakshi 19. First Chief Justice of Supreme Court - Justice Hirala J. Malik (Bronze in the 2016 Summer Olympics) Kania 10. First Win in Cricket World Cup for India - 1983 20. First Chief of Army Staff - Gen. Maharaj Rajendra 11. First Woman to be Awarded the Padma Shri - Arati Singhji Saha 21. First Education Minister - Abdul Kalam Azad 12. First Chess Grandmaster of India - Viswanathan 22. First Field Marshal of India - S.H.F. Manekshaw Anand 23. First Governor-General of Free India - Lord India Architecture Mountbatten 1. First Temple Constructed from a Single Rock - Kailasa 24. First Home Minister of India - Sardar Vallabh Bhai temple at Ellora Patel 2. First Church in India - St. Thomas Church, Palayoor 25. First Indian Air Chief Marshal - S. Mukherjee 3. First Mosque in India - Cheraman Juma Mosque in 26. First Indian Commander-in-Chief of India - General Methala Cariappa 4. First Dam in India - Kallanai Dam 27. First Indian Member of the Viceroy’s Executive 5. First Indian Temple with Many Interconnected Council - S.P. Sinha Structures - Brihadeeswarar Temple, Tamil Nadu 28. First Indian Naval Chief - Vice-Admiral R.D. Katari First in India 29. First Indian Pilot - J.R.D. Tata (1929) 1. First British to Visit India - Thomas Roe 30. First Indian to Cross English Channel - Mihir Sen 2. First Chinese Pilgrim to Visit India - Fa-Hien/Faxian 31. First Indian to Get Nobel Prize in Physics - C.V. 3. First Indian to Reach Antarctica - Lt. Ram Charan Raman Rahul Sharma 16 AFCAT Static GK 32. First Indian to Join the Indian Civil Services - Murugappa Gold Cup (Hockey) Satyendra Nath Tagore Nehru Trophy (Boat Race) 33. First Indian to Receive Bharat Ratna Award - Dr. Nizam Gold Cup (Horse Racing) Radhakrishnan Rangaswami Cup (Hockey - National Championship) 34. First Indian to Win Nobel Prize - Rabindranath Ranji Trophy (Cricket - National Championship) Tagore Rovers Cup (Football) 35. First Judge of International Court of Justice - Dr. Santosh Trophy (Football) Nagendra Singh Sheesh Mahal Trophy (Cricket) 36. First Lady to Become Miss World - Rita Faria Subroto Mukherjee Cup (Football) Vittal Trophy (Football) International Sports Cups and Trophies Vijay Hazare Trophy (Cricket) American Cup (Yacht Racing) Vizzy Trophy (Cricket) The Ashes (Test Cricket) Yadavindra Cup (Hockey) Colombo Cup (Football) Corbillon Cup (World Table Tennis - Women) 4 Grand Slam Timing and Courts Davis Cup (Tennis - Men) Australian Open– hard courts (Mid-January) Lord Derby Cup (Rugby) French Open (also known as Roland Garros)– clay Billi Jean King Cup (Tennis - Women) Court (late May to early June) Holker Trophy (Bridge) Wimbledon (also known as UK Open)- grass Courts Jules Rimet Trophy (World Football) (June–July) Merdeka Cup (Football - Asian Cup) US Open- August– hard courts (September) Ryder Cup (Golf - Men) Important Sports Terminology Solheim Cup (Golf - Women) Athletics- Relay, Track, Lane, Photofinish, Hurdles, Sudirman Cup (Badminton) Shotput, Discuss Throw, Hammar Throw, High Jump, Sultan Azlan Shah Cup (Field Hockey - Men) Triple Jump Cross Country, etc. Swaythling Cup (World Table Tennis - Men) Badminton-Shuttle cock, Deuce, Game, Double Thomas Cup (Badminton - Men) Fault, Service Court, Forehand, Back Hand, Smash, Tunku Abdul Rahman Cup (Asian Badminton) Hit, Drop, Net, Let, Love. U. Thant Cup (Lawn Tennis) Baseball- Pitcher, Diamond, Pinching, Bunting Home Uber Cup (Badminton - Women) run, Base runner, Throw, Perfect game, Strike, Put Yonex Cup (Badminton) out Walker Cup (Golf) Basketball- Free throw, Common foul, Under head, Wightman Cup (Tennis - Women) Technical foul, Overhead, etc. William Jones Cup (Basketball) Boat Race – Cox. Wimbledon Trophy (Tennis) Billiards & Snooker- Pull, In Off, Jigger, Cue,Scratch, Beighton Cup (Hockey) Hit, Object ball, Break shot, In Baulk, Pot,Scoring, Ezra Cup (Polo) Cannons, Cushion billiards. Deodhar Trophy (Cricket) Boxing –Knock out, Jab, Round, Hook, Punch, Dhyan Chand Award (Lifetime Achievement in India) Uppercut, Kidney punch, Timing, Footwork. B. C Roy Trophy (Football - National Junior) Bridge – Revoke, Ruff, Dummy, Little Slam, Grand Duleep Trophy (First Class Cricket) Slam, Trump, Diamonds, Tricks. Durand Cup (Football) Guru Nanak Dev Gold Cup (Hockey) Chess – Gambit, Checkmate, Stalemate, Check, E. L. Z. R. Irani Cup (Cricket) O. rating, Grand Master, international master, Kings Maharaja Ranjit Singh Gold Cup (Hockey) Indian Defence, etc. Rahul Sharma 17 AFCAT Static GK Cycling- Sprint, Time trial, Trackrace, Point race, etc. Wrestling – Freestyle, Point, Hal Nelson, Heave, etc Cricket – Toss, Run, Wicket, Pitch, Stump, Bails, Weight Lifting– Jerk, Snatch, etc Crease, Pavilion, Gloves, Wicket Keeper, Over, Ancient Olympics Followon, Rubber, Spin, Ashes, Catch, Bowled, Religious and athletic festival held every four years Stump out, Run out, L. B. W, Hit Wicket, Googley, at Olympia, Greece. Not out, No ball, Wide ball, Dead ball, Maiden over, Honored Zeus, the supreme god of Greek Over Throw, Bye, Leg by, Cover drive, Late cut, Hook, mythology. Glance, Stroke, Shot, Pull, Sixer, Followthrough, Competitions included running, jumping, javelin Turn, Bouncer, Hattrick, Round the wicket, Over the throw, wrestling, horse, and chariot racing. wicket, Seamer, Boundry line, Slip, Square leg, Heracles first named the Games "Olympic" and set Runner, Cover, Yorker, Gully, Long on, Silly point, them to occur every four years. Midwicket, Mid-on, Forward short leg, Deep/mid- Religious rituals honored Zeus and Pelops (divine wicket, etc. hero and mythical king). Crocquet – Mallett, Hoops. Winners immortalized in poems and statues. Football – Kick, Head, Penalty kick, Dribble, Offside, Success peaked in the 5th and 6th centuries BC, Hattrick, Foul, Left out, Goal, Right out, Stopper, declined with Roman influence. Defender, Move, Pass, Comer bick, Baseline, Modern Games Rebound. Cotswold Games: Annual event in Chipping Golf – Hole, Bogey, Put, Stymie, Caddie, Tee, Links, Campden, England, organized by Robert Dover Putting the green. (1612-1642). Gymnastics –Parallel bar, Horizontal bar, Push up, L’Olympiade de la République: Held annually in Floor exercise, Uneven bar, Sit up. etc. Revolutionary France (1796-1798). Hockey – Bully, Short corner, Hattrick, Goal, Penalty Wenlock Olympian Games: Started by William Corner, Penalty stroke, Pushin, Cut, Scoop, Dribble, Penny Brookes in Shropshire, England (1850). Centre forward, Halfback, Astroturf, Sudden death, 1896 Games Left in, Left out, Off-side, Tiebreaker, Carried, Stick, Greece gained independence from the Ottoman Striking circle, Undercutting, etc. Empire in 1821 and revived the Olympic Games. Horse Racing – Punter, Jockey, Place, Win, Protest. Sponsored by Greek Romanian philanthropist Kho-Kho – Runner, Chaser, Poleby, Out, Foul. Zappas, the first Olympic Games were held in Lawn Tennis – Volley, Smash, Service, Back-hand- Athens. drive. Baron Pierre de Coubertin inspired by the Wenlock Polo – Chukker , Bunker , Mallet. Olympian Games to form the International Olympic Rifle Shooting – Bull’s eyes. Committee (IOC). Rugby Football – Drop Kick, Screen. First modern Olympics held in Panathenaic Stadium, Skiing – Tobogganing. Athens (1896). Shooting – Rapidfire Pistol, Standard rifle, Free The Olympic Flag pistol, Air rifle, Range, Bull’s eye, etc. Created under Baron de Coubertin's guidance. Swimming – Back Stroke Freestyle, Butterfly, First hoisted at the 1914 Pan-Egyptian Games, Breaststroke, Lane, Pool. Alexandria, Egypt. Tennis –Service, Grandslam, Deuce, Advantage, Made of white silk with five intertwined rings (blue, Game Point, Breakpoint, Smash, Shot, Break, Grass yellow, black, green, red) representing continents. Court, Drop shot, Netplay, Baseline, etc. Blue for Europe, Black for Africa, Red for Americas, Table Tennis -Volley, Late service, Drive spin, Half Yellow for Asia, Green for Oceania. volley, Backhand, Chop, etc. IOC head office in Lausanne, Switzerland. Volleyball – Deuce Booster, Spikers, Service, Love. Motto Rahul Sharma 18 AFCAT Static GK Original: "Citius, Altius, Fortius" (Swifter, Higher, Known as: British Empire Games (1930-1950), Stronger). British Empire and Commonwealth Games (1954- Updated (2021): "Citius, Altius, Fortius – 1966), British Commonwealth Games (1970-1974). Communiter" (Swifter, Higher, Stronger – Together). Current Federation: Commonwealth Games Evolution of Olympic Games Federation (CGF). Summer Olympic Games: Held every four years; first Members: 54 Commonwealth nations; 71 teams in 1896, Athens. Most recent in 2021, Tokyo. participated. Increased from 42 events and 250 competitors in India: Participated in 14 of 18 Commonwealth 1896 to 339 events and 11,420 competitors in 2021. Games; hosted in Delhi (2010). Winter Olympic Games: Held every four years for Asian Games snow and ice sports. First in 1924, Chamonix. Multi-sport event held every 4 years among athletes Alternates with Summer Olympics since 1992. from Asia. Expanded events include luge, freestyle skiing, and Regulated by the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA), snowboarding. under IOC supervision. Paralympic Games: For athletes with physical First held: 1951 in New Delhi, India. disabilities. First held in 1960, Rome. Expanded from 18th Games: 2018, Jakarta, Indonesia. 400 athletes to 4,520 from 163 countries by 2020. India: Participated in 14 of 18 Games; hosted in Sports include archery, wheelchair basketball, and Delhi (2010). para ice hockey. World Cup Cricket Youth Olympic Games: For athletes aged 15-18, held First Venue: Lord's Cricket Ground, London, England. every four years. First Summer version in 2010, First Winner: West Indies. Singapore; first Winter version in 2012, Innsbruck. Year: 1975. World Games: For non-Olympic sports, held every Indian Winners: four years. First in 1981, Santa Clara, California. o First Win: 1983. Includes air sports, American football, and bowling. o Venue: Lord's Cricket Ground, London, India at Olympic Games England. First Participation: 1900, Norman Pritchard won two o Opponent: West Indies. silver medals in athletics. Second Win: 2011. First Individual Medallist: K. D. Jadhav (1952 o Venue: Wankhede Stadium, Mumbai, Helsinki, Wrestling, Bronze). India. First Gold Medallist: Men's Field Hockey Team (1928 o Opponent: Sri Lanka. Amsterdam, Gold). FIFA World Cup First Individual Gold Medallist: Abhinav Bindra (2008 First Venue: Stadium I, Montevideo, Uruguay. Beijing, Shooting, Gold). First Winner: Uruguay. First Individual Multi-medallist: Norman Pritchard Year: 1930. (1900 Paris, Athletics, Silver). Indian Winners: First Female Medallist: Karnam Malleswari (2000 o Note: India has not won the FIFA World Sydney, Weightlifting, Bronze). Cup. First Female Multi-medallist: P. V. Sindhu (2016 Rio, Silver; 2020 Tokyo, Bronze). SAF Games (South Asian Federation Games) Commonwealth Games First Venue: Kathmandu, Nepal. First held: 1930 in Hamilton, Canada. First Winner: India. Participating countries: 11 countries, 400 athletes, 6 Year: 1984. sports, 59 events. Indian Winners: Rahul Sharma 19 AFCAT Static GK o Notable Wins: India has been a Year: 1824-1865 dominant force in most editions of the 4. Theory of Relativity SAF Games. Discoverer: Albert Einstein Asian Games Year: 1905-1915 First Venue: New Delhi, India. 5. Periodic Table First Winner: India (by overall medals count). Discoverer: Dmitri Mendeleev Year: 1951. Year: 1869 Indian Winners: 6. Plate Tectonics o Notable Wins: India has been successful Discoverer: Alfred Wegener in various sports including athletics, Year: 1912 wrestling, and shooting across multiple 7. Big Bang Theory editions. Discoverer: Georges Lemaître Hockey World Cup Year: 1927 First Venue: Barcelona, Spain. 8. Quantum Mechanics First Winner: Pakistan. Discoverers: Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Year: 1971. Schrödinger, Paul Dirac Indian Winners: Year: 1900-1930s o First Win: 1975. 9. Higgs Boson o Venue: Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Discoverers: Peter Higgs and François Englert o Opponent: Pakistan. Year: 2012 Types of Vitamins 10. Black Holes A (Retinol) Discoverers: John Michell and Albert Einstein Deficiency Disease: Night blindness Years: 1783, 1916 B1 (Thiamine) 11. Exoplanets Deficiency Disease: Beri-beri Discoverers: Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail B2 (Riboflavin) Year: 1992 Deficiency Disease: Retarded growth, bad skin 12. Continental Drift B12 (Cyanocobalamin) Discoverer: Alfred Wegener Deficiency Disease: Anaemia Year: 1912 C (Ascorbic acid) 13. Electron Deficiency Disease: Scurvy Discoverer: J.J. Thomson D (Calciferol) Year: 1897 Deficiency Disease: Rickets 14. Radioactivity K (Phylloquinone) Discoverers: Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, and Henri Deficiency Disease: Excessive bleeding due to injury Becquerel List of Important Discoveries Years: 1896-1898 1. Structure of DNA 15. Neutron Discoverer: James Watson and Francis Crick Discoverer: James Chadwick Year: 1953 Year: 1932 2. Evolution by Natural Selection 16. Proton Discoverer: Charles Darwin Discoverer: Ernest Rutherford Year: 1859 Year: 1917 3. Laws of Thermodynamics 17. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Discoverers: Sadi Carnot, James Prescott Joule, Discoverers: Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson Rudolf Clausius Year: 1965 Rahul Sharma 20 AFCAT Static GK 18. Gravitational Waves Inventor: Dr. Felix Hoffman Discoverer: LIGO Scientific Collaboration Year: 1899 Year: 2015 7. Airplane 19. Ozone Hole Inventors: Wilber and Orville Wright Discoverers: Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner, and Year: 1903 Jonathan Shanklin 8. Adhesive Tape Year: 1985 Inventor: Richard G. Drew 20. Greenhouse Effect Year: 1923 Discoverers: Joseph Fourier, John Tyndall, and 9. Bifocal Lens Svante Arrhenius Inventor: Benjamin Franklin Years: 1824, 1861, 1896 Year: 1779 21. Dark Matter 10. Barometer Discoverer: Fritz Zwicky Inventor: Evangelista Torricelli Year: 1933 Year: 1643 22. Dark Energy 11. Barbed Wire Discoverers: Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt, and Inventor: Joseph F. Glidden Adam G. Riess Year: 1873 Year: 1998 12. Blood Group 23. First Supermassive Black Hole Inventor: Karl Lansdsteiner Discoverer: Maarten Schmidt Year: 1900s Year: 1963 13. Ball Point Pen 24. First Black Hole Merger Inventor: John Loud Discoverer: LIGO Scientific Collaboration Year: — Year: 2015 14. Bicycle Tyres 25. First Gravitational Lens Inventor: John Boyd Dunlop Discoverers: J. H. Oort and F. Zwicky Year: 1888 Year: 1937 15. Pedal Driven Bicycle Inventor: Kirkpatrick Macmillan List of Inventions & Discoveries Year: 1839 1. Automatic Calculator 16. Celluloid Inventor: Wilhelm Schickard Inventor: Alexander Parkes Year: 1623 Year: 1861 2. Air Conditioner 17. Chloroform Inventor: Willis Carrier Inventor: Sir James Young Simpson Year: 1902 Year: — 3. Anemometer 18. Cine Camera Inventor: Leon Battista Alberti Inventor: Wm. Friese-Greene Year: 1450 Year: 1889 4. Animation 19. Circulation of Blood Inventor: J. Stuart Blackton Inventor: William Harvey Year: — Year: 1628 5. Atom Bomb 20. Clock Mechanical Inventor: Julius Robert Oppenheimer Inventors: Hsing and Ling-Tsan Year: 1945 Year: 1725 6. Aspirin 21. Diesel Engine Rahul Sharma 21 AFCAT Static GK Inventor: Rudolf Diesel Inventor: Henry Cavendish Year: 1892 Year: 1766 22. Centigrade Scale 37. Helicopter Inventor: Anders Celsius Inventor: Igor Sikorsky Year: 1742 Year: 1939 23. Chlorine 38. Hovercraft Inventor: Carl Wilhelm Scheele Inventor: Christopher Cockerell Year: 1774 Year: 1959 24. Dynamite 39. Hot Air Balloon Inventor: Alfred B. Nobel Inventors: Josef & Etienne Montgolfier Year: 1867 Year: 1783 25. Diesel Engine 40. Helium Inventor: Rudolf Diesel Inventor: Jules Janssen Year: 1895 Year: 1868 26. Electric Stove/Cooker 41. Insulin Inventor: William S. Hadaway Inventor: Sir Frederick Banting Year: 1896 Year: 1923 27. Electroscope 42. Jet Engine Inventor: William Gilbert Inventor: Hans Von Ohain Year: 1600s Year: 1936 28. Electric Fan 43. Lightning Conductor Inventor: Schuyler Wheeler Inventor: Benjamin Franklin Year: 1882 Year: 1752 29. Electric Battery 44. Locomotive Inventor: Volta Inventor: George Stephenson Year: 1800 Year: 1804 30. Elevator 45. Laser Inventor: Elisha G. Otis Inventor: Theodore Maiman Year: 1852 Year: 1960 31. Electric Motor (DC) 46. Light Bulb Inventor: Thomas Davenport Inventor: Thomas Edison Year: 1873 Year: 1854 32. Electromagnet 47. Motorcycle Inventor: William Sturgeon Inventor: Gottlieb Daimler Year: 1824 Year: 1885 33. Fountain Pen 48. Microscope Inventor: Petrache Poenaru Inventor: Zacharis Janssen Year: 1827 Year: 1590 34. Fluorine 49. Microphone Inventor: André-Marie Ampère Inventor: Alexander Graham Bell Year: 1810 Year: 1876 35. Gramophone 50. Machine Gun Inventor: Thomas Edison Inventor: Richard Gatling Year: 1878 Year: 1861 36. Hydrogen 51. Neon Lamp Rahul Sharma 22 AFCAT Static GK Inventor: Georges Claude Inventor: Guglielmo Marconi Year: 1915 Year: 1894 52. Oxygen 67. Richter Scale Inventor: Joseph Priestley Inventor: Charles Richter Year: 1774 Year: 1935 53. Ozone 68. Ship (Turbine) Inventor: Christian Schonbein Inventor: Charles Parsons Year: 1839 Year: 1894 54. Piano 69. Steam Ship Inventor: Bartolomeo Cristofori Inventor: Robert Fulton Year: 1700 Year: 1807 55. Printing Press 70. Steam Boat Inventor: Johannes Gutenberg Inventor: Robert Fulton Year: 1440 Year: 1786 56. Parachute 71. Submarine Inventor: Louis-Sebastien Lenormand Inventor: Cornelis Drebbel Year: 1783 Year: 1620 57. Polio Vaccine 72. Stethoscope Inventor: Jonas Edward Salk Inventor: Rene Laennec Year: — Year: 1816 58. Periodic Table 73. Saxophone Inventor: Dmitri Mendeleev Inventor: Adolphe Sax Year: 1869 Year: 1846 59. Penicillin 74. Sewing Machine Inventor: Alexander Fleming Inventor: Elias Howe Year: 1928 Year: 1846 60. Pacemaker 75. Steam-Powered Airship Inventor: Rune Elmqvist Inventor: Henri Giffard Year: 1952 Year: 1852 61. Petrol for Motor Car 76. Soft Contact Lenses Inventor: Karl Benz Inventor: Otto Wichterle Year: 1885 Year: 1961 62. Refrigerator 77. Synthesizer Inventor: William Cullen Inventor: Dr. Robert Arthur Moog Year: 1748 Year: 1964 63. Radium 78. Thermometer Inventors: Marie & Pierre Curie Inventor: Galileo Year: 1898 Year: 1593 64. Rubber (Vulcanized) 79. Theory of Evolution Inventor: Charles Goodyear Inventor: Charles Darwin Year: 1841 Year: 1858 65. Rocket Engine 80. Typewriter Inventor: Robert H. Goddard Inventor: Christopher Latham Sholes Year: 1926 Year: — 66. Radio 81. Transistors Rahul Sharma 23 AFCAT Static GK Inventors: John Bardeen, William Shockley & Walter o Study of grasses Brattain Algology/Phycology Year: 1948 o Study of algae 82. Telephone Anemology Inventor: Graham Bell o Study of wind Year: 1874 Angiology 83. Valve Radio o Branch deals with the blood vessels and Inventor: Sir J.A Fleming the lymphatic system Year: 1904 Anthology 84. Vacuum Cleaner o Study of flowers Inventor: Hubert Cecil Booth Anthropology Year: 1901 o Study of human societies, cultures, and 85. Vitamin A their development Inventor: Frederick Gowland Hopkins Apiology Year: 1912 o Study of bees 86. Vitamin B Archaeology Inventor: Christiaan Eijkman o Study of past culture of humans Year: 1897 Arthrology 87. Vitamin C o Study of joints Inventor: Albert Szent-Gyorgi Year: — Astrology 88. Vitamin K o Study of stars (for making predictions) Inventor: Henrik Dam Astronomy Year: 1929 o Study of celestial bodies 89. Vitamin E Bacteriology Inventors: Herbert McLean Evans & Katherine Scott o Study of bacteria Bishop Biochemistry Year: — o Study of chemical reaction 90. Windshield Wipers Biogeography Inventor: Mary Anderson o Study of the living organisms’ Year: 1903 geographic distributions 91. World Wide Web Biology Inventors: Tim Berners-Lee with Robert Cailliau o Study of life Year: 1989 Biophysics 92. X-ray o Study of physical aspects of living Inventor: Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen systems Year: 1895 Biotechnology 93. Xerox Machine o Technology based on biological Inventor: Chester Carlson processes of organisms Year: 1928 Bryology o Study of bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts Study Names and Field Names Cardiology Agriology o Study of heart and its functioning