Day 2 Hum Finals PDF

Odoacer - Gothic king of Italy Theodoric - - A goth raised among the court of Constantinople Given free reign to depose Odoacer by the Eastern Roman Emperor - Eastern Roman Emperor always influencing what’s going on in Western Europe - Helps to raise up Theodoric Eventually deposed Odoacer He ki...

Odoacer - Gothic king of Italy Theodoric - - A goth raised among the court of Constantinople Given free reign to depose Odoacer by the Eastern Roman Emperor - Eastern Roman Emperor always influencing what’s going on in Western Europe - Helps to raise up Theodoric Eventually deposed Odoacer He kills odoacer Creates his own stable Italian kingdom - Has the support of the Constantinople Emperor (eastern roman emperor) Coins were minted with his face He’s a christian, but doesn’t believe Jesus was god - aka. an Aryan Christian 500 CE – Loose Western Kingdoms - Barbarians are in charge in these loose western kingdoms. No domination Roman stability is gone Lack o Western Roman has to figure out what will they do after Rome collapses Eastern Roman empire will last for a long time 500 CE to 1500 CE: The Middle Ages - The Western Middle Ages The middle of 2 heights 3 major successors to Rome has come out of this time: - Byzantine Empire - The Eastern half of the Roman Empire - Refers to themselves as Roman - Called the Byzantine Empire as Constantine’s name was Byzantine - The Islamic Empire - Spreads to North Africa and even to Spain - Conquers a lot of cities - Western European Kingdoms Successors to Rome Tried to be like Rome in one way or the other. Sometimes referred to Byzantine Empire Eastern part of rome. - - - - Eastern Empire: Byzantium The Roman Empire in the East Byzantium – the ancient name of Constantinople Referred to themselves as ‘Romans’ not ‘Byzantines’, They called themselve - Hence, the emperor of Byzantine refers himself as the Roman emperor he is the Roman Empire Far smaller than Octavian’s empire as big as it will ever get, it does not explore. Succession from Constantine’s rule - Constantine converted to Christianity. - The byzantium took expectation from the constanin empire. Solidly Christian – paganism outlawed. No other religion is allowed. Islam is about to rise. Eastern is Orthodox. Western is Catholic. Pressure from Persia, then Islam - Has to deal with a revived Persian empire; the Sasanians - There’ll be an islamic Persian empire - Persia is converted to Islam The problem with byzantine they will create a clash with the islamic people. Finally falls in 1453 CE - Collapses fully in 1543 CE (HUM 212) - Causes the Rise of the Ottoman Empire The Emperor Justinian (527-565 CE) - Byzantine. - - He expanded the byzantine empire to its largest point Born to a very low-standing family by the name of Peter the Serb - Outskirts of Byzantine From a low birth to Emperor Justinian’s uncle (Justin) was a highly influential member of the court in Constantinople - Justin didn’t have legitimate heirs in his family - Justin brings young Justinian to Constantinople to learn about the empire - Educated in Constantinople, Becoming a law degree semi. The emperor died, and Justin (Justinians Uncle) was appointed to be the emperorr. Justin was chosen as a co-emperor of the Byzantine empire - Rite of passage to be raised up to be emperor When Justin is of older age, he raises up Justinian to be co-emperor of the Byzantine empire - Justinian eventually becomes Justinian, emperor of Rome - - - - - Justinian became emperor in 527 CE, and takes over from his uncle because he was getting old. His Conquest: - Reconquers North Africa from Vandals. - Reconquers Italy from the Goths. The only emperror to reconquer italy. Re-establishes rule in Italy and North Africa Briefly re-conquers Italy The one Byzantine emperor that significantly expands the Byzantine empire Failed to unite the old Roman Empire and he was sad. This desire was abandoned. Justinian’s Law Code: Codification of Roman Law - Founded on God’s guidance; based on Christianity, the Holy trinity. - In the name of our lord, Jesus Christ. - Established the sovereign’s power - What pleases the price has the force of the law - Powers delegated by the people - What has been given can be taken away - Early interpretation and idea that the emperor has responsibilities to his people and free speech. - He opened the door for riots. - State is a public entity, not a private possesion. - Not your private bank account for the emperor, the soldiers are not a private army - Its a public good. - Foundation for many modern law codes - Napoleonic code. Viewed as ‘second Rome’- Constaninople. Borders recede in the west and the east - Too much pressure from North Africa and the Sasanian Empire - Taken over by the islamic empire Sassanid empire conquers former Persia and ANE Centralized and efficient bureaucracy Strong trade of luxuries and coins Mosaics of Justinian and his wife are found in Ravena, Italy – supports the idea that Justinian successfully re-conquers Italy Orthodox Christianity – eastern side of Roman empire, Byzantine Empire - Tends to utilize Greek - Iconoclast Controversy - Image of religious figures - In the East, the Byzantine argue whether or not iconoclasts should be allowed - They argue that Christians shouldn’t depict the figures as icons Catholic Christianity – western side of Roman empire - Tends to utilize Latin Hellenistic Education - Hagia Sophia - The Great Church of Holy Wisdom - Architecture - It’s now a mosque - Begun by Justinian, when it was finished, he (allegedly) proclaimed: Solomon I have surpassed thee - Tracing it back to King Solomon - Example of imperial christianity The Rise of Islam The Arabian Peninsula - Nomadic tribes Mecca and the Kaaba - Has been big for trade for many countries - Close proximity to the Red Sea - The Kaaba – a religious site - Originally a polytheistic religious site - The Quraysh – the tribe in charge of the Kaaba during the time of Muhammad The Life of Muhammad - - - - Born in 570 CE in Mecca Married a wealthy widow - A wealthy trader Became a prosperous trader Most likely to be polytheistic 610 CE – Muhammad receives spritual visions - Visions sent by the angel Gabriel - Visions are the conviction that there aren’t multiple gods, but only one all-powerful god - Led to his revelation that there’s only one god His revelations are first rejected in Mecca - Including the Quraysh Muhammad was kicked out of Mecca and travels to the town of Yathrib (Medina) - The Hijra – marks the beginning of time - Changes the name from Yathrib to Medina – ‘city of the prophet’ Followers begin to raid Mecca’s traders - Intentionally disrupting the trade routes of Mecca - Set off a large civil war between Mecca and Medina 630 CE – Muhammad gains control of Mecca - The Kaaba became an Islamic holy site 632 CE – Muhammad dies Muslim Conquest - The first caliph (deputy): Abu Bakr – Muhammad’s father-in-law - The successor 630s – Islamic armies conquer Arabian Peninsula 646 – Conquer Roman Egypt 651 – Conquers Persia By early 700s – North Africa and Spain are under Islami control Shi’ite and Sunni Split - - Who should be Muhammad’s successor? Shi’ites – only a relative of Muhammad through his daughter can be true caliphs - Daughter: Fatimah - Only descendents of Fatimah - Shi’ites – translates to something like a faction Sunnis – a general consensus leader - More of looking for the most apt person - The person doesn’t necessarily need to be part of Muhammad’s family - Most of modern day muslims are Sunnis Islamic Dynasties Umayyad Empire - The ones that are considered to have ‘spearheaded’ the movement Not closely related to the Muhammad family The empire is centered in Damascus (Syria) A Roman successor state Many Byzantine and Roman architecture Umayyad spreads Islam to Spain Attempted 2x to conquer Constantinople Abbasid Empire - Rose from the Persian side of the Islams Opposition of Umayyads Claimed authority through Muhammad’s uncle - Sunnies; Fatimah’s descendants Overthrew the Umayyad Empire Heavily stressed Persian Culture - Moved the capital city to Ctesiphon (Mesopotamia) Spreads quickly and begin to push the Umayyad empire back Revolt from within the Umayyad empire More conservative with their theology 800 CE – Umayyads in Spain; Abbasids in North Africa and ANE Muhammad and the Qur’an - - Islam – submission to Allah - Submitting to Allah is the primary mission of Muslims Same god of Judaism and Christianity Muhammad is the greatest prophet Qur’an means ‘recitations’ - Qur’an has many poetic features - A recital of what Gabriel said to him - Muhammad’s direct revelations - Its exactly what Gabriel said to Muhammad Focus on a day of Judgment - Escatological Religion (focused on the end times) - Human choice: submit to Allah or follow your path