History Unit 3 Notes: Rome PDF
Document Details
Tags
Summary
These notes cover various aspects of the Roman Empire, from its early stages to its Republic and the rise of Christianity. They include details on geography, politics, and societal structures. The document contains information about early Rome, its expansion, and the Punic Wars.
Full Transcript
SECTION ONE: EARLY ROME he largest empire ever built was the Roman Empire T In the beginning of Rome’s history, they are going to be under someone else's control 509 bc – Romans defeat the Etruscans, who had control of Rome Rome h...
SECTION ONE: EARLY ROME he largest empire ever built was the Roman Empire T In the beginning of Rome’s history, they are going to be under someone else's control 509 bc – Romans defeat the Etruscans, who had control of Rome Rome has to now gain control of the Italian peninsula They are going to eventually step outside of the peninsula, and that is how they begin their empire Italy had a lot of fertile land The mountain range in Italy, The Apennines, do not create isolation. The city states are still fairly close and easy to get to because there is no rugged terrain to get over The Greeks had to colonize somewhere where there was fertile land, so they moved over to Italy. The Italians did not have to colonize to find fertile land because the land in Italy was fertile North of the Apennines are the Swiss Alps, and they help protect the Italian peninsula Nobody ever marched an Army through the Swiss Alps to try to invade Italy The Romans assumed that the only way to invade Italy is through the water The advantage the Romans had with the Mediterranean was that they were in the middle of it, so they had a little more flexibility to trade, and made it a little easier for them Rome had a geographical advantage in Italy because they were in the middle of Italy Etruscans used a monarchy After the Romans defeated the Etruscans they did not want to use a monarchy, so they decided to use a republic Rome sets up a senate. People can run for senate and they are elected by the people The only people who can run and become members of the senate are Patricians Patricians = lawn-owning upper class citizens. Similar to a aristocracy/oligarchy because the rich are in control of laws Plebeians = middle class citizens Tribunes = members of the senate from the middle class. They are voted there by the middle class and they represent the middle class Wealthy were senators and the middle class were tribunes. This was because the upper class wanted to be identified differently from the middle class In early Rome there was only upper class and middle class citizens, and there were hardly any poor people Rome had individual people with titles, like Consuls Steps to creating the Roman Empire: Freedom, creating a government Rome developed quicker and easier than Greece because it was flat land so it was easier to access and conquer SECTION TWO: REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE R ome conquered civilizations and gave the conquered people citizenship to Rome 270 bc - Conquered most of Italy, many became loyal to Rome because they are now citizens Benefits of being a citizen of Rome: They got the protection of Rome because they are now citizens. There were also more chances to get a job or be a part of the senate If you chose to fight the Romans, you better not lose because they will either enslave you or kill you if you lose Rome in Italy's advantage was that they were in the middle of the peninsula Carthage=Phoeniacians The Greeks were the only Roman conquered people who were not offered citizenship 3 Punic Wars - Rome vs Carthage, lasted from 264-146 bc. First punic war - 264-241 bc. Rome invades Sicily. Rome wins sicily and Corsica Second punic war - 218-201 bc. Rome was the first people who beat Carthage, and the Carthianians want revenge. Because of the Swiss Alps, which made the Romans feel safe, so they decided to prepare for a naval attack from Carthage. During the 23 years in between the first two Punic Wars, Rome was dealing with Macedonia and Greece, and Carthage had their own problems in their empire. Rome encourages for people in Europe to rebel against Carthage Hannibal - General for Carthage that decides to attack through the Alps, and then attack Italy through the North. It took a very long time to travel this distance, and he lost many soldiers and elephants. The Carthians looked like they were going to win the 2nd punic war. When the Romans heard Hannibal was in the north they sent legions of soldiers Legion = 5,000 soldiers Rome decides to attack Carthage as Carthage is attacking Italy, forcing Hannibal and the bulk of his army to go back to Carthage The Romans circled around Carthage waiting for Hannibal’s return, and when he returned, he turned right around. The Romans would chase him, and this would lead to Hannibal committing suicide In the first two punic wars, Rome has taken control of all of the Carthaginian European territories. Called the punic wars because it ties back to the Phoneancians Third punic war - 149-146 bc. Rome destroys Carthage and gains North Africa Cause of the first punic war: Carthage had Sicily, but the Romans wanted it and thought it should be theirs, so they went to Sicily and fought over it. 52 years between the 2nd and 3rd punic wars After the 2nd punic war, Carthage is done as a power. They are not a threat to Rome or the Mediterranean, and Rome controlled the Mediterranean. Rome made Carthage pay a lot of taxes to try and stay alive. The Romans destroyed the Carthigian fleet, telling them that they can never make a military again. M any people in North Africa picked away at Carthage and their resources. They kind of fought back at Carthage a little bit. Carthage starts to fight back, and Rome views this as a violation of their conditions, and this leads to the third punic war. They destroy Carthage as a whole. They burn the city down. The Romans either kill or enslave everyone in Carthage. 3rd punic war was 3 years long (149-146 bc) After the 3rd punic war, Carthage is wiped off of the map. They are now non-existent Rome also made Carthage infertile because they poured salt on their land. They wanted no cities on the land that used to be Carthage. Rome wanted to make a statement to every other country, basically saying that they will enslave or kill you if you get into their way or try to fight them. By defeating Carthage the way they did, the Romans made it clear to everyone that they were a power you should not mess with. After the war the Romans took full control of North Africa. Punic Wars lasted from 264-146 bc Consuls = an official appointed by a government to live in a foreign city and protect and promote the government's citizens and interests there. Impact of Expansion = Like Rome beating Carthage, and it expands their territories. When they conquered people they were slaves. Rome mainly only granted conquered people on the Peninsula citizenship As Rome was expanding, they brought back slave labor. Slave labor is free. The wealthy gets the slaves When Patricians got slaves from Rome, they fired the Plebeians that they were paying Plebeians can own farms, but they cannot own slaves Many Plebeians lost their jobs because slaves were given to Patricians and they did not get paid They benefited Patricians because they did not have to pay workers anymore Farmers can now lower prices of their product because they did not have to pay workers anymore A Domino Effect used by Patricians was to lower their prices because they did not have to pay workers anymore, forcing Plebeian farmers to lower their prices, but would lose money because they still had to pay workers When people went out of a job, they would go to Rome Rome became infested with Plebeians that needed jobs The jobs that were available in the cities also had very low wages Expansion and Slave labor destroyed the Roman Republic because it made it like it never was before. The help that the Plebeians wanted from the senate was not getting delivered, even with the Tribunes begging the rest of the senate for help. This led to violence. The wealthy Roman farmers only got wealthier, while the middle class farmers went out of business, and the Roman laborers lost their jobs Civilizations need a middle class to survive because they are the majority of people, and when there are a lot of them and they help the economy thrive E xpansion hurt the republic because most of the republic was middle class, the middle class lost their jobs, forcing them to go bankrupt and lose their homes. This led to middle class citizens protesting. The people like the fact that Julius Caesar is dominating and protecting Rome, and expansions, but they still hate the effects of the expansion The people of Rome like Caesar, and the senate does not because they are jealous because he is more popular than them Roman law said that Roman legions cannot cross the Rubicon river, and they cannot enter Rome When Caesar was told to go back to Rome by the senate, his armies went with him and all charges that the senate was going to charge him with Sparticus = slave that broke out and helped start the Roman slave revolt. He led an army of 100,000 slaves, and they were defeating Roman legions First Triumvirate = Crassus, Pompey, Caesar First Civil War = Pompey’s Roman legion vs Caesar’s Roman legion, Caesar wins 44 BC - Assassination of Caesar, because his enemies wanted him out of the picture, because they were worried he would make himself king of Rome. They wanted to avoid a monarchy because of the Etrsucans The senators that assassinated Caesar knew that they were going to be hated Julius Caesar was appointed Dictator, but the power lasts for a very short time typically, but the senate made him Dictator for 10 years When Caesar was killed, people who were loyal to him were very upset Octavian = Caesar’s nephew. In Caesar’s will, Octavion was his son and heir Marc Anthony = One of Caesar’s military leaders Lepidus was also loyal to Caesar Ultimately, these three get revenge on the people who assassinated Caesar Second Civil War = Second Triumvirate against the people who assassinated Caesar. Second Triumvirate wins, and Octavian and Marc Anthony take over Rome Octavian controlled Rome and all of the Roman provinces in the west Marc Anthony controlled Egypt and all of the Roman provinces east, including Greece Marc Anthony and Octavion have a falling out over Cleopatra, because Marc Anthony fell in love with her, but Octavion and people of Rome found that as rude and led to debates and disagreements The third member of the Second Triumvirate, Lepidus, got pushed aside by Marc Anthony and Octavion, and became irrelevant Octavian and Marc Anthony's armies go to war, and Octavian’s armies win, leading to Marc Anthony and Cleopatra killed themselves Octavian is now considered the hero of Rome, as he has ended the Second Civil War, and is now given the title Augustus Augustus = the exalted one Octavian, like Caesar, was very popular with the Roman people The end of the Roman republic was the moment that the Senate gave Augustus control. This was the moment that the Roman Empire began T he senate gave Octavian control because the Roman republic was not working the way that it had been, and they felt that Octavian was the right person to lead Rome. They also felt that they would be killed if they fought Octavian over power Pax Romana = golden age March Aurelius was the last Roman Emperor in the Pax Romana Purpose of Census = See the wealth so Augustus can tax SECTION THREE: ROMAN SOCIETY R ome continued to learn, grow, innovate The Romans were polytheistic, but there were monotheistic people in their civilization Virgil wrote the Aeneid. The Aeneid is also about the Trojan War, and it is about Aenaes, who escaped the Trojan War and becomes a hero of Rome, and he is one of the people who founded Rome Virgil was influenced by a lot of things that Homer did He tried to start some patriotism in Rome by doing something similar to what Homer did with the Iliad and the Odyssey Aenaes is believed to be a real person Stoicism – made by Persian philosopher Zeno, which is about acceptance of fate, and Rome also added the importance of duty in the philosophy of being Stoic The importance of duty applied more to the Legions, to do what you were asked to do as a soldier, and to protect the Rome Engineering – Aqueducts, roads, bridges, harbors. These are things that the Roman Engineers thought of, and these were all new inventions at the time Aqueducts were built to move water to the cities, so it can be used for the people Moving water to the cities allowed the Romans to also create new inventions that can be used by the people Bringing moving water into the cities allowed a sewer system to be made, and it also allowed them to have pipes Running water either ran into homes or a bath house It also allowed the people to be more clean because now they can shower without worrying about a well running out of water The aqueducts worked without electricity because of gravity There was an incredible amount of labor that went into making the roads The roads connected their empire It wasn't all slaves that built the Roman roads, it actually allowed them to create more job opportunities for the people They also had trading opportunities on these roads too Rome was not the first civilization to try and move water from A to B, but they mastered the idea of the aqueduct. Aqueducts were somewhat a Greek structure, but Rome just did it better Not all Roman values were good values Roman positive values – Valued justice and proven guilty, guilt by “clearer than daylight”, and fairness R oman negative values – lower class punished more harshly, advantage to wealth and privileged, influence of politics Example of lower class punished more harshly – If a Patrician and Plebeian committed the same offense, the Patrician would be treated more leniently because of his wealth, but Plebeians would be treated pretty harshly because they are not as wealthy Roman always valued wealth, and the liked the upper class more than the middle class in majority of their history Early Politicians in Rome (senate in the republic) were upper class citizens, so that also showed that the Roman society was favored towards the upper class because they fought the middle class being part of the senate in the republic Roman Civil Law – Protected the citizens of Rome wherever you live, as long as you are a Roman citizen Law of Nations – They wanted to create a legal system for non-citizens in their empire They wanted to protect everyone that was involved in Rome, citizen or non-citizen Roman law is a great legacy to Rome because Roman Civil Law is one of two law systems that are still used today SECTION FOUR: RISE OF CHRISITIANITY J ews in the Roman Empire were not abused or punished. The Romans did not force the Jews to worship any of Rome’s religious figures. The only reason that the Romans allowed this is because the Jews were not rebelling or causing any problems in the Roman Empire, they just wanted to worship their religion, and the Romans decided to just leave them alone. The teachings of Jesus were rooted in Jewish traditions and new beliefs Jesus backed up the Jewish idea that there was only one powerful true God He also reinforces the idea of the Ten Commandments, the laws given to Moses from God He never laid the claim to break Roman laws He said you can follow Roman law, but you have to live by the 10 commandments Jesus claims that he is the Messiah (son of God) Some Jews accepted that Jesus was the Son of God and became Christians who got baptized. Some Jews did not accept that Jesus was the Son of God, and they stayed being Jews Christians were not accepted in Rome, they were persecuted. For 300 years, Christians had to hide their identity, because they could be killed or tortured The Chrisitans were persecuted becasue Jewish religious leaders saw Christ as a threat because he was creating division in the Jewish population because he was pulling Jewish people away to Chrisitianity, but the Jewish leaders think that he was a liar and a false God The Jews went to Rome and told them that there was a problem happening involving the Christians The Jewish religious leaders were scared that Christ was right and that he would pull everyone away and he would be the ultimate authority ero = Emperor of Rome when Peter and Paul and the Apostles did most of their work N Many people that think Paul was just as important as Jesus in establishing Chrisitianity They think this because because Paul spread Chrisitanity Paul did 3 missionary trips in his life Paul also taught to Gentiles Gentile = Non-Jew Paul spread the Word of God were there were no Jews, and introduced the idea of Monotheism to people who only knew Polytheism Peter also brought Christianity to Rome Peter did not feel that he was worthy to be crucified the way that Christ was crucified, so he asked to be crucified upside down The first 300 years of Chrisitianity’s existence, they were being crucified in Rome The Roman empire turns from perscutuing Christians to becoming a Christian empire Early Problems of Christianity that the Church could not have avoided: Persecucted by Rome for refusal to honor the Emporer or Roman Gods Scapegoats for social and economic problems, many Christians were killed If anything big went bad, then Christians would get blamed by Nero (Roman Emporer) This would lead to the death of Christians There was a big fire in Rome, and the Christians and God got blamed for the fire happening Scapegoat = people who get blamed for things that they don’t have control over Early Problems of Christianity that the Church could have avoided: They banned women from having offical roles in the Church Patriarch = highest ranking church official in the early Christian Church Patriarch’s are Bishops Patriarch = A title given to Bishops, meaning that you are the highest ranking Bishop in a certain region Constantine passes a law that says that you can no longer persecute certain religions SECTION FIVE: THE LONG DECLINE D iocletian splits the Roman Empire in two (Rome on one side, Constantinople on the other side) Saint Sebastian was a big figure in the church in the time of Diocletian, and he was tied to a tree, shot by arrows, survived, went to Diocletian to tell him to spologize to God, and then Diocletian beat Sebastian to death The Huns were a very aggressive group of people Came from the east The Huns started to invade people around the Roman Empire Germanic speaking people are fleeing the Huns and going into the Roman Empire The Huns themselves went into Rome CALL THE GERMANIC SPEAKING PEOPLE GERMANIC SPEAKING PEOPLE ON THE TEST Great Britian = the biggest of the british islands ritian is a part of the Roman Empire B One of the first territories Rome said that they were going to leave Rome had to build a wall to protect in Britian and then they left the island They left because it was too out of control and too expensive Mercenary = somebody you pay to fight for you Citizens are more loyal than a Mercenary Rome would pay the mercenaries ahead of time and they wouldn’t show – huge waste of money To raise money, the Romans started to charge taxes The middle class begins to suffer economically A lot of the mercanaries were a lot of Germanic speaking people, becuase the Romans paid them to stop raiding their empire and to fight for them instead
