NeuroEndocrine System Notes PDF

22/02/2023...

22/02/2023 Introduction The nervous system is a network of specialized cell that communicate information about animals surroundings and itself. The Nervous System It is composed of neurons and other specialized cells called glia, that aid in the function of the neurons. Dr. Renato SA. Vega The nervous system is divided broadly into two Professor categories; the peripheral nervous system and Animal Physiology Division the central nervous system. IAS, CAFS, U.P. Los Baños The peripheral nervous system is composed of sensory neurons and the neurons that connect them to the nerve cord, spinal cord, and brain, which make up the central nervous system. 1 2 3 Physiological Divisions The Central Nervous System The Basic Unit of the Nervous Systems (Brain and Spinal Cord) Peripheral Nervous System (Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves) Sensory (Afferent) Division (Somatic and Visceral Motor (Efferent) Division Sensory Nerves) (Motor Nerve Fibers) Sympathetic Division Autonomic Somatic Nervous Nervous System System *Visceral Motors * Somatic Motor (involuntary) Parasympathetic Division (voluntary) 4 5 6 1  22/02/2023 Important Central Regulation (Brain) Feed Intake Regulation Introduction Ventromedial = satiety center (voracious eating) Endocrine System, group of specialized organs and body Lateral = feeding center (loss of appetite) tissues that produce, store, and secrete chemical Preoptic Area = Thermoregulatory Center The Endocrine System substances known as hormone The Golden Circle Functions 1. regulating the body's growth and development, Dr. Renato S.A. Vega 2. controlling the function of various tissues, Professor 3. supporting pregnancy and other reproductive functions, and Animal Breeding & Physiology Division 4. metabolism (catabolism and anabolism) ADSC, College of Agriculture, U.PL.B Endocrine organs are sometimes called ductless glands Neuroendocrine = involvement of nerve cells because they have no ducts connecting them to specific that releases of chemical messenger, especially body parts neurohormone, directly into the bloodstream 7 8 9 Definition of Terms Components of the Endocrine Systems Endocrinology is s branch of physiology dealing with the The primary glands that make coordination of various body tissues by chemical mediators up the human endocrine (hormones) produced by restricted area of the body system are the hypothalamus, (endocrine gland) and transported through circulatory system pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, to the target organ or tissue. adrenal, pineal body, and reproductive glands—the Hormone a substance or chemical mediator produced by the ovary and testis. endocrine glands and carried by the blood to some distant part of the body where it exerts its effect. The pancreas, an organ Classifications of hormones: often associated with the 1. Simple protein digestive system, is also 2. Glycoprotein considered part of the 3. Steroid endocrine system 10 11 12 2  22/02/2023 The Pituitary Gland and their Hormones Thyroid Gland A. Anterior Lobe or the Adenohypophysis Located at the neck area below the Larynx, the two lobes 1. Growth Hormone (GH) connected by a bridge of tissue called Isthmus. 2. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) 3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Secretes hormone thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyroxine (T3) 4. Prolactic (PRL) Function: 1. Stimulates O2 consumption of most of the cells 5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 2. Helps regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism 3. Necessary for normal growth and maturation 6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 4. Increase the basal metabolic rate of an individual B. Intermediate Lobe or Pars Intermedia Melanin Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Disorders: 1. Thyrotoxicosis – over activity of the gland (high T4 secretion) C. Posterior Lobe or Neurohypophysis 2. Hypothyrodism – lack of the T4 secretion, due to lack of Iodine (TSH is stimulated resulting to enlargement of the gland) 1. Oxytocin 2. Vasopressin or ADH 13 14 15 The Pancreas Adrenal Gland The Parathyroid Gland Located at the duodenal loop. It is both an exocrine and A. Adrenal Medulla endocrine gland. Acinar cells secrete pancreatic juices containing digestive enzymes, the endocrine function is limited to the islet of Two distinct type of cells: Epinephrine = Adrenalin 1. Chief cells = secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) Langerhans. Norepinephrine = Noradrenalin 2. Oxyphil cells = less abundant cells with large amount of Alpha cells = glucagon mitochondria Beta cells = insulin Hyperparathyroidism = hypersecretion of PTH, resulting to Somatostatin = pancreatic GH inhibitor B. Adrenal Cortex hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypercalciura and hyperphosphaturia. Facilitate transport of blood glucose into the cells, thereby increasing its utilization and to the adipose cells (stored fats). Aldosterone = reabsorb Na from Kidney tubules. The secretion is stimulated by extra cellular fluid volume (ECF) Calcitonin or Thyrocalcitonin = the hormone that lowers calcium level in the blood. Types of Diabetes Glucocorticoid = stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis Type I – insufficient insulin secretion Type II – tissues resistance to insulin action 16 17 18 3  22/02/2023 Summary 1. At the palm of our hands and feet are the terminal endings of the nerve cells. 2. The brain is primarily composed of the cortex, limbic and the mid sections, which represents the what, how and why of the human mind, respectively. 3. The neuropeptide from hypothalamus stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary hormones but not the intermediate and posterior lobe. 4. Liver secretes IGF-1 and its binding proteins for bone, organs, meat and milk synthesis (Posilac® a synthetic from of bST). 5. Pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine gland (glucose and glucagon stimulate and breakdown the storage of glucose in the liver and other tissue, respectively) It is what you learn after you know it all that counts. 19 4