neuroendocrine system.pdf

neuroendocrine system cranial nerves neurology – study of neuroendocrine structures - nerves arising from the brain nervous system - it can extend up to thoracic, up to...

neuroendocrine system cranial nerves neurology – study of neuroendocrine structures - nerves arising from the brain nervous system - it can extend up to thoracic, up to abdominal the neuro endocrine system is made-up of two body systems the 12 cranial nerves in dog: - nervous - neuro - responsible for regulation and coordination of 1 - olfactory - sense of smell body functions 2 - optic - sense of sight or vision - endocrine system - secrets metabolically active hormones for 3 - oculomotor - movement of most eyeball muscles various body processes the dog can able to retain its eyeball and that is due to the stimulation coming from the oculomotor nerve neuron 4 - trochlear - movement of superior oblique muscle of the eyeball - - structural and functional unit of the nervous system shortest cranial nerve - has the property of irritability - property of a tissue, even an 5 - trigeminal - ophthalmic maxillary and mandibular structures - organism, to respond to any forms of stimuli largest cranial nerve 6 - abduscent or abducens - lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball for description, a typical neuron presents: 7 - facial - movement of facial muscles a. soma or the cell body - interprets neuronal impulses 8 - acoustic or vestibulocochlear - sense of audition or hearing an coming from the dendrites equilibrium or balance b. neuronal processes - include the axon and the dendrites 9 - glossopharyngeal - pistons - responsible for the sense of taste or axon - transmit impulses away from the cell body gustation - sense of smell dendrites - transmit impulses toward the cell 10 - vagus - thoracic and some abdominal organs - it can extend up body for interpretation to the thoracic and abdominal region of the body of animal - longest cranial nerve divisions of the nervous system: 11 - spinal accessory - cranial accessory nerve - pharyngeal, neck central nervous system - brain and spinal cord (connected to the and some shoulder strctures caudal portion of the brain) - nerves arising from the CNS or the 12 - hypoglossal - movement tongue muscle nerves are rising from the brain peripheral nervous system - nerves are rising from the spinal cord; spinal nerves can be voluntary or involuntary - nerves arising from the spinal cord - cranial and the spinal nerves - can be voluntary or involuntary - sympathetic or thoracolumbar nerves - parasympathetic or the craniosacral nerves sympathetic thoracolumbar nerves - autonomic nerves arising from the thoracic and lumbar portion of brain - one of the vital organ in the body protected by the skull spinal cord for description, brain presents: - excitatory effects to affect our organs a. cerebrum - rostral and the largest brain compartment; the seat of all conscious activities, memory and intelligence parasympathetic nerves also known as craniosacral nerves b. cerebellum - nerves arising from the brain and the sacral segment of spinal cord - caudal portion and is regarded as the "arbor vitae" or the tree of - have inhibitory effects to organs life brain compartment - due to presence of this arborization or branching structures 5 segments for spinal nerves: cervical spinal nerve, the thoracic - usually associated with involuntary function and for balance spinal nerve, lumbar spinal nerve, sacral spinal nerve, and the caudal c. brain stem - is composed of pons and medulla oblongata - where spinal cord the respiratory centers are present including the pneumotaxic center and apneustic center endocrine system - it connects the forebrain structures (cerebrum and cerebellum) and - secretes hormones medulla spinalis or spinal cord caudally - released directly from the cell into the circulation d. hypothalamus - the hormone secreted endocrine gland is directly poured out into - thirst and hunger center the blood for redistribution throughout the body into the target organ - thermoregulatory center - controls sexual behavior exocrine gland - photo periodicity - has secretion which passes through ducts or channels and these are - osmolarity of the blood usually secreted or even excreted to the exterior - circardian rhythm - biological clocks endocrine glands e. pituitary gland - ductless glands - located just below or ventral to the hypothalamus - hormone secretion are directly transported or poured out into blood - also known as hypothesis vessels for distribution to the target organ - secrets hormones - stimulating hormones (SH) and prolactin f. pineal body the hormone secretion are directly transported into the bloodstream - secretes melatonin into the target cell or the target organ - located almost close to the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland - also known as the epiphysis cerebrum classification of hormones g. hippocampus 1 peptides - in dog: site of tissue collection for demonstration of negrade - composed of complex protein molecule bodies - inclusion bodies in rabies infection - includes hypothalamic, pituitary, pancreatic and parathormone - part ng brain na tinetest for rabies 2 monoamines - one type of amino acid is present in the molecular wave spinal cord also known as medulla spinalis - it could be tyrosine amino acid or it could be tryptophan amino acid - composed of five segments: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and tyrosine derived hormones - epinephrine, norepinephrine the caudal spinal cord and thyroid hormones: the T3 and the T4 tryptophan derived hormones - melatonin and serotonin 3 steroidal hormones - adrenal cortex hormone and also all gonadal - this developing follicle secretes estrogen - responsible for induction or reproductive hormones except relaxin of signs of issues - vulvar swelling and bleeding due to rupture of relaxin hormone - promotes relaxation of pelvic ligaments vaginal capillaries, especially at day 1 of proestrus during parturition of animals; peptide type hormone - bitches at puberty - vaginal or vulvar bleeding - represents the 4 lipid hormone - prostaglandin first day of pro estrus - rupture of capillary is due to elevated estrogen level endocrine glands - 11th to 13th day from estrus represents the proestrus stage - 1 hypothalamus pwede na magpa stud ng aso - situated ventral to the thalamus - progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum - derived from - secrete RH or releasing hormones - have direct effect to hormones ruptured graafian follicle secreted by the pituitary gland - upon ovulation or upon rupture of the graafian follicle to release the 2 hypophysis or the pituitary gland mature ovum, this graafian follicle will turn into corpus luteum and - attached to the base of the hypothalamus this corpus luteum will secrete progesterone if there is successful - secretes SH or stimulating hormones fertilization pituitary gland is composed of four parts: - however, it will regress in the absence of fertilization a. pars distalis - eventually it will become scar like tissue in the form of corpus secretes 6 hormones: albicans - made up of fibroblast and other connective tissue - GH or the growth hormone or somatotropine - promotes the growth 9 testes of the bones - two organs or paired structures covered and protected by the - ACTH or the adrenocorticotropic scrotum hormone - secretes testosterone - FSH or the follicle stimulating - leydig cells in between the semeniferous tubules - secretes hormone testosterone - responsible for development of secondary sexual - TSH or the thyroid stimulating characteristic of males hormone - dot like structures - developing sperm cells from the primary - LH or the luteinizing hormone spermatocytes, spermatogonia and then if eventually it will become - prolactin - promotes lactogenesis or the primary and secondary spermatocytes to become spermatid and milk production in the mammary gland then this is spermatid are released into the lumen of the seminiferous b. pars tuberalis tubule c. pars nervosa - seminiferous tubule is responsible for spermatocytogenesis d. pars intermedia - separates the pars distalis from the - more immature sperm cell, nasa periphery ng seminiferous tubule, pars nervosa; separates the anterior pituitary portion from habang nagmamature they travel to the lumen of seminiferous tubule the posterior pituitary portion 3 thyroid gland - composed on 2 distinct lobes connected to the isthmus near the thyroid cartilage - secretes T3 or triiodothyronine and T4 or thyroxine - regulates the basal metabolic rate of animals 4 parafollicular cells of thyroid - scattered among the follicular cells of the thyroid gland - under the microscope you can see the parafollicular cells between the follicular cells of the thyroid - secretes calcitonin - lowers blood calcium by promoting calcium deposition into bones 5 parathyroid gland - small aggregates of endocrine tissue near the thyroid gland - secretes PTH or parathormone - increases blood calcium by promoting calcium withdrawal from bones into blood 6 pancreas - located between the duodenal loop or the 1st segment of the small intestine - scattered throughout this bile of blood are small masses of endocrine tissue called the islet of Langerhans cells of the islet of Langerhans - secretes insulin and glucagon Insulin - beta cells - lowers blood glucose or blood sugar levels Glucagon - alpha cells - elevates blood glucose or blood sugar levels 7 adrenal gland - located close to the kidney and it is composed of outer adrenal cortex and inner medulla outer adrenal cortex - secretes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids inner medulla - secretes the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine 8 ovary - paired ovoid structures - secretes estrogen in the ovarian follicle - primary, primordial follicle secondary, mature or graafian follicle