Day 1. 2023 NeuroEndocrine System PDF

The Nervous System Dr. Renato SA. Vega Professor Animal Physiology Division IAS, CAFS, U.P. Los Baños Physiological Divisions Introduction...

The Nervous System Dr. Renato SA. Vega Professor Animal Physiology Division IAS, CAFS, U.P. Los Baños Physiological Divisions Introduction The Central Nervous System The nervous system is a network of specialized (Brain and Spinal Cord) cell that communicate information about animals surroundings and itself. Peripheral Nervous System (Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves) It is composed of neurons and other specialized cells called glia, that aid in the function of the neurons. The nervous system is divided broadly into two Sensory (Afferent) Division (Somatic and Visceral Motor (Efferent) Division categories; the peripheral nervous system and Sensory Nerves) (Motor Nerve Fibers) the central nervous system. The peripheral nervous system is composed of sensory Sympathetic Division Autonomic Somatic Nervous neurons and the neurons that connect them to the Nervous System System *Visceral Motors nerve cord, spinal cord and brain, which make up the (involuntary) * Somatic Motor Parasympathetic Division (voluntary) central nervous system. The Basic Unit of the Nervous Systems Important Central Regulation (Brain) Feed Intake Regulation Ventromedial = satiety center (voracious eating) Lateral = feeding center (loss of appetite) Preoptic Area = Thermoregulatory Center The Endocrine System The Golden Circle Dr. Renato S.A. Vega Professor Animal Breeding & Physiology Division ADSC, College of Agriculture, U.PL.B Neuroendocrine = involvement of nerve cells that releases of chemical messenger, especially neurohormone, directly into the bloodstream Introduction Definition of Terms Endocrinology is s branch of physiology dealing with the Endocrine System, group of specialized organs and body coordination of various body tissues by chemical mediators tissues that produce, store, and secrete chemical (hormones) produced by restricted area of the body substances known as hormone (endocrine gland) and transported through circulatory system to the target organ or tissue. Functions 1. regulating the body's growth and development, Hormone a substance or chemical mediator produced by the 2. controlling the function of various tissues, endocrine glands and carried by the blood to some distant 3. supporting pregnancy and other reproductive functions, and part of the body where it exerts its effect. 4. metabolism (catabolism and anabolism) Classifications of hormones: Endocrine organs are sometimes called ductless glands 1. Simple protein because they have no ducts connecting them to specific 2. Glycoprotein body parts 3. Steroid Components of the Endocrine Systems The primary glands that make up the human endocrine system are the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal body, and reproductive glands—the ovary and testis. The pancreas, an organ often associated with the digestive system, is also considered part of the endocrine system  The Pituitary Gland and their Hormones A. Anterior Lobe or the Adenohypophysis 1. Growth Hormone (GH) 2. Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) 3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 4. Prolactic (PRL) 5. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) B. Intermediate Lobe or Pars Intermedia Melanin Stimulating Hormone (MSH) C. Posterior Lobe or Neurohypophysis 1. Oxytocin 2. Vasopressin or ADH Thyroid Gland The Pancreas Located at the duodenal loop. It is both an exocrine and Located at the neck area below the Larynx, the two lobes endocrine gland. Acinar cells secrete pancreatic juices containing connected by a bridge of tissue called Isthmus. digestive enzymes, the endocrine function is limited to the islet of Langerhans. Secretes hormone thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyroxine (T3) Alpha cells = glucagon Function: 1. Stimulates O2 consumption of most of the cells Beta cells = insulin 2. Helps regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism Somatostatin = pancreatic H inhibitor 3. Necessary for normal growth and maturation 4. Increase the basal metabolic rate of an individual Facilitate transport of blood glucose into the cells, thereby increasing its utilization and to the adipose cells (stored fats). Disorders: Types of Diabetes 1. Thyrotoxicosis – over activity of the gland (high T4 secretion) Type I – insufficient insulin secretion 2. Hypothyrodism – lack of the T4 secretion, due to lack of Iodine Type II – tissues resistance to insulin action (TSH is stimulated resulting to enlargement of the gland) Adrenal Gland The Parathyroid Gland A. Adrenal Medulla Two distinct type of cells: Epinephrine = Adrenalin 1. Chief cells = secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) Norepinephrine = Noradrenalin 2. Oxyphil cells = less abundant cells with large amount of mitochondria Hyperparathyroidism = hypersecretion of PTH, resulting to B. Adrenal Cortex hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, hypercalciura and hyperphosphaturia. Aldosterone = reabsorb Na from Kidney tubules. The secretion is stimulated by extra cellular fluid volume (ECF) Calcitonin or Thyrocalcitonin = the hormone that lowers calcium level in the blood. Glucocorticoid = stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis Summary 1. At the palm of our hands and feet are the terminal endings of the nerve cells. 2. The brain is primarily composed of the cortex, limbic and the mid sections, which represents the what, how and why of the human mind, respectively. 3. The neuropeptide from hypothalamus stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary hormones but not the intermediate and posterior lobe. 4. Liver secretes IGF-1 and its binding proteins for bone, organs, meat and milk synthesis (Posilac®). 5. Pancreas is both an exocrine and endocrine gland (glucose and glucagon stimulate and breakdown the storage of glucose in the liver and other tissue, respectively)