Cytogenetics: Cell Structures, Functions & Cell Division (PDF)

BSMT: CYTOGENETICS Chapter 2: CELL STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS AND CELL DIVISION 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y 2024-2025 National University - Medical Technology Program...

BSMT: CYTOGENETICS Chapter 2: CELL STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS AND CELL DIVISION 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y 2024-2025 National University - Medical Technology Program ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM CELL STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS AND CELL DIVISION Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum CELLS ○ Membranous tubules and flattened sacs with attached ribosomes - Basic unit of the unit of the human body ○ Synthesizes proteins and transports them to - Cells undergoes cell differentiation which the cells golgi apparatus become efficiently organized in tissues with specialized ○ Site for synthesis of most membrane-bound functions and usually changing their shapes protein - approx. 68 Trillion (human (30 Trillion & bacterial For secretion, incorporation into the cells) plasma membrane, and as enzymes - RBC (80%) within your lysosomes - Most abundant type of cell in the human body Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - Neurons (100 B) ○ Membranous tubules and flattened sacs with no attached ribosomes ROBERT HOOKE - First scientist to discover a cell–Plant cell ○ Manufactures lipids and carbohydrates; - He observed cell wall detoxifies harmful chemicals; stores calcium ○ Lack bound polyribosomes PLASMA MEMBRANE (Cell ○ Site of phospholipids and stereos synthesis, as well as carbohydrate metabolism \ Membrane / Plasmalemma) A selective barrier regulating the passage of materials in an out of the cell GOLGI APPARATUS Facilitates the transport of the specific molecules Flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other MEMBRANE PROTEINS Modifies, packages, and distributes proteins Specific for recognition and signaling functions and lipids for secretion or internal use They a key role in the interactions of the cell with its Completes post-translational modification of environment proteins which are produced in the Rough ER ○ MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS Golgi apparatus has 2 distinct functional side/phases : Amphiphilic - it has hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts. ○ Cis - receive region ○ trans - shipping region EMBEDDED IN THE PHOSPHOLIPIDS Proteins Cholesterol LYSOSOMES ○ Responsible for restricting the movements, and modulates fluidity of all the membrane Membrane-bound vesicles pinched of golgi apparatus components Contains digestive enzyme Channel pore Site of intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular Glycocalyx component ○ Responsible for cell adhesion and cell ○ Contains 40 hydrolytic enzymes recognitions Lysosomes are abundant in cells who has phagocytic ○ A very delicate surface coating.Composed of : activity: Glycolipids ○ Macrophage Outer lipids that includes ○ Neutrophils oligosaccharide chains Glycoproteins PROTEOSOME Proteins that are being liked with sugar chains. Tubelike protein complexes in the cytoplasm Breakdown proteins in the cytoplasm RIBOSOMES Degrade denatured non-functional polypeptides Recognizes proteins with attached molecules “ubiquitin” Important in the production of proteins Attached to rough ER or cytoplasm MITOCHONDRIA Assembles polypeptides from amino acids on molecules of your tRNA in a sequence specified by mRNA Major site for ATP synthesis It engage in the protein synthesis 1  BSMT: CYTOGENETICS Chapter 2: CELL STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS AND CELL DIVISION 1ST SEMESTER | A.Y 2024-2025 National University - Medical Technology Program An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of the respiration and MITOSIS energy production occur. The cell cycle phase that can be routinely distinguished It has a double membrane; the inner part being folded with the use of light microscope inwards to form layers (cristae) Cell division that occurs in a cells except sex cells Forms 2 daughter cells CYTOSKELETON COMPONENTS OF MITOSIS Provide support ○ Chromatid Holds organelles in place 2 strands of chromosome that are Enables cell to change shape genetically identical Composed of : ○ Centromere a. Microtubules Where 2 chromatids are connected i. Largest diameter, provides cell structions. ○ Centrioles ii. From cilia and flagella Small organelles composed of 9 b. Intermediate filaments triplets i. Larger diameter than microfilaments. 4 STAGES ii. Responsible for maintaining the cell shape c. Microfilaments Prophase +- 1hr i. Smallest diameter Metaphase