Cytology PDF

🦠 Cytology Created @November 10, 2024 9:08 AM Class SCIENCE Cytology is the study of cells, which are the building blocks of living organisms responsible for all life processes. Cells are classified based on...

🦠 Cytology Created @November 10, 2024 9:08 AM Class SCIENCE Cytology is the study of cells, which are the building blocks of living organisms responsible for all life processes. Cells are classified based on size (microscopic unicellular and macroscopic multicellular), organism type (plant and animal AI cells), and the presence of a true nucleus (prokaryotic and eukaryotic). Key cell summary components include the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, and various organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi complex, mitochondria, lysosomes, vacuoles, and chloroplasts, each serving specific functions in cellular processes. Multi- select Cytology - Study of Cells Cell Discovery: Robert Hooke What is a cell? Cytology 1  - building blocks of living organisms (where we came from) - responsible for all life processes Classifications of Cells A. Based on size a. microscopic (small) / unicellular organisms (uni = 1 cell only) b. macroscopic (big) / multicellular organisms (multi = many cells) B. According to the organism they form a. Plant cells b. Animal Cells C. According to presence / absence of true nucleus a. Prokaryotic Cells → no true nucleus bacteria archaea b. Eukaryotic cells → with true nucleus animals - the nucleus is always on the middle plants - the nucleus is always on the side fungi Main Parts of a cell A. Cell covering 1. Cell Wall - only in plant cels 2. Cell Membrane B. Cytoplasm and it's organelles Cytology 2  C. Nucleus Parts/ Structures of a cell 1. Cell Wall made of cellulose → Insoluble form of carbs. gives plants it's shape and used for protection Found in bacteria, fungi, algae and plants walls fence of a factory. 2. Cell Membrane can also be called plasma membrane made of Glycerophospholipids found in all cells aka shipping/receiving dept. 3. Cytoplasm - thick solution - made of water, salt, and proteins - contains different organelles (eukaryotic) (little organ) - aka factory floor Cell Organelles 1. Endoplasmic Reticulum - Transportation route for proteins → product of cells - Smooth or Rough - aka conveyor Cytology 3  2. Ribosomes - attached or free - synthesize proteins - aka assembly area 3. Golgi Complex - named after Camillo Golgi - packaging proteins into vesicles - aka finishing/packaging dept. - sausage like 4. Mitochondria/Mitochondrion - powerhouse of a cell - produces ATP(adenosine triphosphate) → only form of energy that cells use - aka powerplant/generator 5. Lysosome - contains digestive enzymes - breaks down worn out cell parts - aka recycling center 6. Vacuole - stores water and food - bigger in plant cell than in an animal cell - stockroom/warehouse 7. Nucleus - has heredity of cells (DNA - cellular metabolism - protein synthesis - cell division and growth Cytology 4  - aka brain/main office 8. Chloroplast - contains chlorophyll - used for photosynthesis - found only in green plants - powerplant/generator Cell division process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells Types of cell division 1. Mitosis (somatic cells) for cell and organisms to grow Cytology 5  repair/replaces damaged cells produces 2 daughter cell (diploid) 2. Meiosis formation of sex cells/gametes produces 4 daughter cells (haploid) Cytology 6