History Of Nursing PDF

 PERIODS OF NURSING HISTORY Intuitive Period Apprentice Period Dark period of Nursing Educative Period Contemporary Period  INTUITIVE PERIOD Prehistoric 🡪 Early Christian Era More on intuition NOMADS – travel from one place to another Survival of th...

 PERIODS OF NURSING HISTORY Intuitive Period Apprentice Period Dark period of Nursing Educative Period Contemporary Period  INTUITIVE PERIOD Prehistoric 🡪 Early Christian Era More on intuition NOMADS – travel from one place to another Survival of the fittest “Best for the most” – motto Sickness is due to “voodoo” Performed out of feeling of compassion for others  INTUITIVE PERIOD SHAMAN – uses white magic to counteract the black magic They are the doctors during those time. TREPHINING – drilling the skull Used to treat Psychotic patients Psychotic patients are believed to be possessed by evil spirits.  RISE IN CIVILIZATION From the mode of Nomadic life 🡪 agrarian society 🡪 gradual development of urban community life Existence of means of communication Start of scientific knowledge 🡪 more complex life 🡪 increase in health problems 🡪 demand for more nurses  RISE IN CIVILIZATION Near East – Birthplace of 3 religious ideologist: Judaism Christianity Mohammedism or Islam  RISE IN CIVILIZATION New World – a tiny area known as birth of monotheism that lies between Tigris and Euphrates River in the Nile River arose the cultures of Babylonia, Egypt and Hebrew. MONOTHEISM – believer of one God  BABYLONIANS CODE OF HAMMURABI 1st recording on the medical practice Established the medical fees Discouraged experimentation Specific doctor for each disease  EGYPTIANS ART OF EMBALMING Mummification Removing the internal organs of the dead body Instillation of herbs and salt to the dead “THE 250 DISEASES” Documentation about 250 diseases and treatments  HEBREW Teachings of MOSES Created Leviticus Father of sanitation Practice the values of “Hospitality to strangers” and the “Act of Charity” – contained in the book of Genesis LEVITICUS – 3rd book of the Old Testament Laws controlling the spread of communicable diseases MOSAIC LAW Meant to keep Hebrews pure so that they may enter the sanctuary without affronting God Meant as a survival for health and hygienic reason only  CHINA Use of pharmacologic drugs “MATERIA MEDICA” Book that indicates the pharmacologic drug used for treatment Use of wax to preserve the body of the dead Method of paper making FACTORS THAT HAMPERED THE ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE: Baby boys given girl’s name  INDIA SUSHURUTO 1st recording on the nursing practice Hampered by Taboos due to social structures and practices of animal worship Medicine men built hospitals Intuitive form of asepsis There was proficient practice of Medicine and Surgery NURSES QUALIFICATIONS: Lay Brothers, Priest Nurses, combination of Pharmacist, Masseurs, PT, cooks  GREECE AESCULAPUS Father of medicine in Greek mythology HIPPOCRATES Father of modern medicine 1st to reject the idea that diseases are caused by evil spirits 1st to apply assessment Practice medical ethics CADUCEUS Insignia of medicine Composed of staff of travellers intertwined with 2 serpent (the symbol of Aesculapus and his healing power). At the apex of the staff are two wings of Hermes (Mercury) for speed.  ROMANS Proper turnover for the sick people “If you’re strong, you’re healthy” – motto Transition from Pagan to Christianity FABIOLA Was converted to Christian and later she converted her home to a hospital and used her wealth for the sick. 1st hospital in the Christian world  APPRENTICE PERIOD 11th century 🡪 1836 On-the-job training period Starts from the founding of Religious Orders in the 6th century through the Crusades in the 11th century (1836 – when the deaconesses School of Nursing was established in Kaiserswerth, Germany by Pastor THEODORE FLEIDNER)  APPRENTICE PERIOD There was a struggle for religious, political, and economic power Crusades took place in order to gain religious, political, and economic power or for adventure During the Crusade in this period, it happened as an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turk who obtained and gain control of the region as a result of power struggle. Christians were divided due to several religious war and Christians were denied visit to The Holy Sepulcher.  MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THEIR WORKS KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM (ITALIAN) Also called as “Knights of the Hospitalers” Established to give care TEUTONIC KNIGHTS (GERMAN) Took subsequent wars in the Holy Land Cared for the injured and established hospitals in the military camps KNIGHTS OF ST.LAZARUS Care for those who suffered Leprosy, syphilis, and chronic skin diseases  ALEXIAN BROTHERS A monasteric order founded in 1348. They established the Alexian Brothers School of Nursing, the largest School under religious auspices exclusively in US and it closed down in 1969 ST. VINCENT DE PAUL He organized the charity group called the “La Charite” and the “Community of Sisters of Charity” composed of women dedicated in caring for the sick, the poor, orphaned, and the widowed. He founded the “Sisters of Charity School of Nursing” in Paris, France where Florence Nightingale had her 2nd formal education in Nursing. LOUISE de GRAS Was the 1st Superior and co-founder of the Community of Sisters of Charity  NURSING SAINTS ST. CLAIRE OF ASSISI Took vows of poverty, obedience to service and chastity Founded the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi “the poor Claire” ST. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY The patroness of Nursing A princess Sees her calling to give care for the sick Fed thousands of hungry people St. CATHERINE OF SIENA “Little Saint” – took care of the sick as early as 7y/o “1st Lady with a Lamp”  RISE OF RELIGIOUS NURSING ORDER Orders of St. Francis of Assisi 1st order – founded by St. Francis 2nd order “the poor Claire” – founded by St. Claire 3rd “the tertiary order” Beguines Oblates Benedictines Ursulites Augustinians  DARK PERIOD OF NURSING From 17th century – 19th century Also called the Period of Reformation until the American Civil War Hospitals were closed Nursing were the works of the least desirable people (criminals, prostitutes, drunkards, slaves, and opportunists) The American Civil War was led by Martin Luther, the war was a religious upheaval that resulted to the destruction in the unity of Christians.  THEODORE FLIEDNER (a pastor) reconstituted the Deaconesses and later be established the School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany where Florence Nightingale had her 1st formal training for 3 months as nurse FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Practiced her profession during the Crimean War “Lady with a Lamp” From a well-known family Went to Germany to study  EDUCATIVE PERIOD Florence Nightingale era Began in June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St. Thomas Hospital in London England, where 1st program for formal education of Nurses began and contributed growth of Nursing in the US FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION: Social forces Trends resulting from war Emancipation of women Increased educational opportunities  EDUCATIVE PERIOD FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Became the Superintendent of the Establishment for Gentle Women during the Illness (refers to the ill governess or instructors of Nursing She disapproved restriction on admission of patient and considered this unchristian and contrary to health care. Upgraded the practice of Nursing and made Nursing a honorable profession She reduced the casualties of war by 42%-2% thru her effort by improving the practice of sanitation techniques and procedure in the military barracks  EDUCATIVE PERIOD THE CONCEPTS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ON NURSING SCHOOL: School of Nursing should be self-supporting not subject to the whimps of the Hospital. Have decent living quarters for students and pay Nurse instructors Correlate theories to practice Support Nursing research and promote continuing education for nurses Opposed central registry of nurses Wrote Notes on Nursing, “What it is and what it is not.” Wrote notes on hospitals  EDUCATIVE PERIOD OTHER SCHOOLS OF NURSING Bellevue Training School for Nurses – New York City Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in US exclusively for men. It opened in 1348 and it closed down in 1969. LINDA RICHARDS – the first graduate nurse in US. Graduated in September 1, 1873. 2 NURSING ASSOCIATION / ORGANIZATIONS THAT UPGRADED NURSING PRACTICE IN US: American Nurses Association National League for Nursing Education  CONTEMPORARY PERIOD World War II – present This refers to the period after World War I and the changes and development in the trends and practice of Nursing occurring since 1945 after World War II. Includes scientific and technological development, social changes occurring after the war. Nursing is offered in College and Universities  CONTEMPORARY PERIOD DEVELOPMENT AND TRENDS: W.H.O established by U.N to fight diseases by providing health information, proper nutrition, living standard, environmental conditions. The use of Atomic energy for diagnosis and treatment. Space Medicine and Aerospace Nursing Medical equipment and machines for diagnosis and treatment Health related laws Primary Health Care – Nurses involvement in CHN  CONTEMPORARY PERIOD FACTORS AFFECTING NURSING TODAY: Economics Consumer’s Demand Family Structure Information and Telecommunications Legislation  NURSING LEADERS Florence Nightingale Clara Barton Lillian Wald Lavinia L. Dock Margaret Higgins Sanger Mary Breckinridge  NURSING LEADERS FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Contributions are well documented Lady with the Lamp She was the 1st nurse to exert political pressure on government Notes on Nursing: What It is and What It Is Not – her greatest achievement ; made her be recognized as nursing’s 1st scientist-theorist Born on a wealthy and intellectual family She was given an honorarium of 4500 and used it to develop Nightingale Training School for Nurses, which was opened in 1860.  NURSING LEADERS CLARA BARTON A school teacher who volunteered as nurse during the American Civil War Her responsibility was to organize the nursing services Established the American Red Cross LILIAN WALD Founder of Public Health Nursing Wald and Mary Brewster were the 1st one to offer trained nursing services to the poor in the New York slums  NURSING: DEFINITIONS NURSING (as an art) Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in assisting sick and well individual in their recovery and in the promotion and maintenance of health NURSING (as a science) Is the scientific knowledge and skills in assisting individual to achieve optimal health. It is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential problem  NURSING: DEFINITIONS FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Nursing is the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery. VIRGINIA HENDERSON Nursing is the act of assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.  NURSE: DEFINITION NURSE Comes from a Latin word “to nourish” or “to cherish One who cares for the sick, the injured, and the physically, mentally, and emotionally disabled One who advise and instruct individuals, families, groups and communities in the prevention, treatment of illness and diseases and in the promotion of health. An essential member of a health team who cares for individuals, families and communities in disease and illness prevention and in the promotion of health and healthy environment.  PATIENT: DEFINITION PATIENT Comes from a Latin word, “to Suffer” or “to Bear” An individual who is in the state of physical, mental, and emotional imbalance An individual who seeks for nursing assistance, medical assistance, or for surgery due to illness or a disease. Is an individual who is waiting or undergoing medical or surgical care. One who is physically or mentally disabled.  ROLES OF A NURSE Caregiver Communicator Teacher Client Advocate Counselor Leader Manager Case Manager Research Consumer Role Model Administrator Expanded Career Roles  ROLES OF A NURSE Teacher Nurses help clients learn about their health and the health care procedure they need to perform to restore or maintain their health. Client Advocate Acts to protect the client Nurses assist clients in exercising their rights and help them speak up for themselves Counselor Helping a client recognize and cope with stressful psychologic or social problems, to develop improved interpersonal relationships, and to promote personal growth. Involves providing emotional, intellectual and psychologic support.  ROLES OF A NURSE Caregiver Primary goal TYPES OF CARE: Full Care 🡪 for completely dependent patient Partial Care 🡪 for partially dependent patient Supportive-Educative care 🡪 to assist clients in attaining their highest possible level of health and wellness; for learnings Communicator Nurses communicate with the client, support persons, other health professionals, and people in the community  ROLES OF A NURSE Leader Influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal. Can be employed at different levels: individual client, family, groups of clients, colleagues, or the community Case Manager Work with the multidisciplinary health care team to measure the effectiveness of the case management plan and to monitor outcomes. Works with primary or staff nurses to oversee the care of a specific caseload.  ROLES OF A NURSE Manager The role is demonstrated when the nurse discusses work assignment during change of shift -of- shift report in the unit. Research Consumer Often use research to improve client care Have some awareness of the process and language of research Participate in the identification of significant researchable problems Role Model Has good physical appearance Practices proper hygiene Practices healthy lifestyle  ROLES OF A NURSE Administrator Assumes middle management position Connects the patient to other services of the hospital Expanded Career Roles Nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, nurse midwife, nurse educator, nurse researcher, and nurse anesthetist All of which allow greater independence and autonomy.  SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE FOUR AREAS: Promoting Health and Wellness Preventing Illness Restoring Health Care of the Dying  SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE ❏ PROMOTING HEALTH AND WELLNESS ❏ Wellness – state of well-being. Engaging in attitudes and behavior that enhance the quality of life and maximize personal potential ❏ For both healthy and ill. ❏ PREVENTING ILLNESS ❏ The goal is to maintain optimal health by preventing diseases  SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE ❏ RESTORING HEALTH ❏ Focuses on the ill client ❏ Extends from early detection of disease to helping the client during the recovery period ❏ CARE OF THE DYING ❏ Involves comforting and caring for people of all ages who are dying ❏ Includes helping clients live as comfortable as possible until death and helping support persons cope with death.  BIOETHICAL ISSUES IN NURSING “DO NOT RESUSCITATE” ORDER (DNR) Physician may order “no code” or “do not resuscitate” for client who are in stage of terminal, irreversible illness, or expected death. DNR order that no effort be made to resuscitate the client in the event of respiratory or cardiac arrest. ABORTION Termination of pregnancy before the fetus reaches the stage of viability. EUTHANASIA “mercy killing” The act of painlessly putting to death persons suffering from incurable or distressing disease. HUMAN CLONING Human reproduction / replication SEX TRANSPLANT Sex change  PROFESSIONAL CRIMES CRIME – act committed in violation of Public Law and punishable by a fine and/or imprisonment FELONY – serious in nature (ex. Murder) MISDEMEANOR – less serious in nature (ex. Negligence) MANSLAUGHTER – 2nd degree crime; unintentional TORT – civil wrong against a person TYPES: Intentional unintentional  Types of Law Private / Civil Public Law Criminal Law Contract Law Torts Felony Misdemeanor Unintentional Intentional Negligence/ Assault / Battery Common Elements Malpractice False Imprisonment Willful Action Failure to Invasion of Privacy Intended to meet bring about standard of Defamation consequences care Must be present Causation Libel Slander Duty Breach of Duty Foreseeability Causation Harm/Injury Damage  PROFESSIONAL CRIMES NEGLIGENCE The doing of that thing, which a reasonably prudent person would not have done, or the failure to do that thing which a reasonably prudent person would have done, in like or similar circumstance. Act of omission or commission THEORIES OF NEGLIGENCE: Respondeat Superior – let the superior answer ; let the principal answer for the acts of his agent Res Ipsa Loquitur – the thing speaks for itself; talks about the evidence; you cannot deny the negligence because of the presence of evidence. Force Majeure – irresistible or superior force. It is a fact or accident which human prudence can neither foresee nor prevent  PROFESSIONAL CRIMES MALPRACTICE Any professional misconduct, or any unreasonable lack of skill, or fidelity in the performance of the professional or fiduciary duties. For Nurses, Malpractice refers to the failure to follow a reasonable professional standard of care, thereby, resulting to injury of patient ELEMENTS OF NEGLIGENCE/MALPRACTICE: Duty Breach of Duty Foreseeability Causation Harm/Injury Damage  PROFESSIONAL CRIMES INVASION OF PRIVACY Violation on the right of an individual to withhold herself and her life from public scrutiny. Violation on the right to remain alone and the right to keep information. FRAUD False presentation of some facts with the intention that will be acted upon by another person. Willful misrepresentation  PROFESSIONAL CRIMES DEFAMATION Derogatory remarks about a person Making false statements about a person that can result to the injury of his reputation KINDS OF DEFAMATION: Slander – oral defamation Libel – written defamation ASSAULT Attempt or threat or to touch another person unjustifiably  PROFESSIONAL CRIMES BATTERY Assault that is carried out Willful touching of a person (without consent) that may or may not cause harm Performing procedures without consent INCOMPETENCE Lack of knowledge or skills FALSE IMPRISONMENT Prevention of movement without consent Unlawful restraint or detention of another person against his or her wishes  CONSENT KINDS OF CONSENT: Informed Consent Implied Consent INFORMED CONSENT Agreement by the client to accept a course of treatment or a procedure after complete information, including the risk of treatment and facts relating to it, has been provided by the physician ELEMENTS OF INFORMED CONSENT: Consent must be given voluntarily Consent must be given by an individual with the capacity, competence, and understanding. The client must be given enough information to be the ultimate decision maker.  CONSENT NURSE’S RESPONSIBILITY Witnessing the exchange between the client and the physician. Establish that the client really did understand, that is, was really informed Witnessing the client’s signature PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT ALLOWED TO PROVIDE CONSENT: Minors – below 18 years old; except for married and already a parent Mentally ill Unconscious or injured in such a way that they are unable to give consent. IMPLIED CONSENT In a life threatening situations and consent can not be obtained from the client or relatives, the law generally agrees that consent is assumed.