Nursing History: A Comprehensive Overview PDF

NURSING / CARING  a caring, unique profession, that is practiced with an earnest concern for the art of care and the science of health  involves a humanistic blend of scientific knowledge, and holistic nursing practice  the result of changes in the...

NURSING / CARING  a caring, unique profession, that is practiced with an earnest concern for the art of care and the science of health  involves a humanistic blend of scientific knowledge, and holistic nursing practice  the result of changes in the scientific, technological, political, social and economic climate  FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE –(often considered as the 1st nursing theorist) defined nursing as “the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery” (1860)  Virginia Henderson- on of the 1st modern nurses to define nursing in 1960 as o “The unique function of the nurse is to assist individual, sick or well in the performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to peaceful death) that he would perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, & knowledge and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible  Martha Rogers- a humanistic science dedicated to compassionate concern with maintaining and promoting health, and preventing illness, and caring for and rehabilitating the sick and disabled  Sr. Calista Roy- a theoretical system of knowledge that prescribes a process of analysis and action related to the care of the ill person ANA- (American Nurses Association) - describe nursing practice as direct, goal oriented, adaptable to the needs of the individual, family, & community, during health & illness.(1973); Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems. (1980); Nursing is the protection, promotion, optimization of health and abilities, preventions of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of the individuals, families, communities and populations” (2003) HISTORY- is the study of current human thought and actions as they become the patterns of our lives, a branch of knowledge that deals systematically with the past. ERAS IN NURSING HISTORY I. INTUITIVE PERIOD- ( direct ,knowing, learning, of something without the conscious use of reasoning, immediate understanding)  Was practiced since Prehistoric times among tribes and lasted through the early Christian era approximately the 11th century. Untaught and instinctive  It was performed out of compassion for others, out of the wish to help others.  BELIEFS and PRACTICES of Prehistoric Man a. He was NOMAD. Philosophy in life was “the best for the most” and he was ruled by the law of self preservation. b. Nursing was for woman, to take good care of the children, the sick, and the aged c. Believed that illness was caused by the invasion of the victim’s body by evil spirit through the use of black magic or voodoo  d. He believed in Medicine man called SHAMAN or witch doctor- healing power by the use of white magic e. TREPHINING- (drilling a hole in the skull with a rock or stone without the benefit of anesthesia as a last resort to drive evil spirits from the body of the afflicted)  Nursing in the NEAR EAST a. Mode of living changed from nomadic style to an agrarian society to an urban community life b. Development of communication and the beginnings of a body of scientific knowledge c. Nursing still equivalent to duty of slaves, wives, sisters or mothers d. Care of the sick was still closely related to religion, superstition, and magic. e. Astrology and Numerology were also used in the medical practice f. This period saw the birth of three great religious ideologies: JUDAISM, CHRISTIANITY, ISLAM  Rise of the Early Civilization Sumerians- the earliest record of healing practices is a 4000 year old clay tablet I. Babylonian- CODE OF HAMMURABI- provided laws that covered every facet of Babylonian life including Medical Practice, regulations related to sanitation, Public Health, Practice of Surgery, differentiation between practice of human medicine and veterinary medicine. II. Egyptian- introduced the art of embalming which enhanced their knowledge of human anatomy a. Make keen observation, and left a record of 250 recognized diseases III. Israelites- MOSES- is recognized as the “Father of Sanitation”. Wrote the 5 books of the Old Testament (Pentateuch) a. Practice of hospitality to strangers and acts of charity b. Promulgated laws of control on the spread of communicable diseases and the ritual of circumcision of the male child c. Referred to nurses as midwives, wet nurses or child’s nurses whose acts were compassionate and tender  NATIONS/CITIES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO THE FIELD OF MEDICAL PRACTICE I. CHINA -they strongly believed in spirit and demons such practices as: a. Using girl’s clothes for male babies to keep from evil sprit b. Ancestor worship-thereby, prohibiting dissection of dead human bodies c. Concoctions of animal organs, and excretions d. DIOSCARIDES prepared “de Materia Medica”(PHARMACOLOGY), which scientifically discussed 600 different plants as substances intended to treat in the 1st century until the 16th century e. OPIUM-the most important Chinese drug f. External treatment included massage and dry cupping-a form of counter irritation  2 special form of Counter Irritation 1. ACUPUNCTURE- puncture of the skin by needles to relieve pain and congestion 2. CAUTERY- searing of the skin by the application of burning ,a preparation of oil –soaked leaves of Chinese wormwood II. INDIA -men of medicine built hospitals, practiced an intuitive form of asepsis, and were proficient in the practice of medicine and surgery Vedantic or Hindu medicine (1000-1500) BC i. CHARAKA ii. SUSRUTA- describe malaria, tuberculosis, and diabetes and wrote: 1. Indian Hemp (CANNABISSATIVA) 2. Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)- plants used for inducing anesthesia as well as treating insect bites , (hyoscyamine and scopolamine) RAUWOLFIA- root of an Indian plant used as a source material for the first modern tranquilizer iii. SUSHURUTU-made a list of function and qualification of nurse, for the 1st time in recorded history there was a reference to the nurse’s taking care of the patient’s, they were described as combination of physical therapist and a cook. III. GREECE  Nursing was a task of untrained slaves  Care of the sick & injured was advanced in mythology a. CADUCEUS- the insignia of the medical profession today b. HIPPOCRATES- the Father of Scientific Medicine (4th century) c. KOS AND CNIDUS- Greek medical schools in 5th century BC d. ARISTOTLE- the Father of Comparative Anatomy e. ALEXANDRIA- famous medical school in the 3rd century BC and became the center of Greek medical science because of: 1. Herophilus- anatomist, performed the first public dissection 2. Erasistratus- physiologist- did an important work on the anatomy of the brain, nerves, veins, arteries f. HYGEIA- goddess of health/ healthy living to prevent illness, revered by some as embodiment of nurse g. PANACEA- sister goddess of Hygeia, noted for treating illnesses with nature’s remedies h. ASKLEPIOS- Greek god, chief healer i. EPIGONE- the soother, IV. ROMANS a. Transition from materialistic Pagan society to spiritual Christian philosophy b. Regard Illness as a sign of weakness c. Slaves and Greek physicians took care of the sick, and are regarded as inferior by the Roman society d. FABIOLA- a worldly, beautiful Roman matron who was converted to Christianity by her friends, MARCELLA & PAULA, and made her house as the first hospital in the Christian world e. Roman contributions were in the fields of public health and hygiene, organization of street sanitation, water supply and public hospitals II. APPRENTICE PERIOD- Extends from the founding of the religious nursing orders in the crusades, which began in the 11th century and ended in 1836  Pastor THEODOR FLIEDNER and his wife founded the KAISERSWERTH INSTITUTE FOR THE TRAINING OF DEACONESSES in Germany  ‘ON THE JOB TRAINING’ period  The word Nursing was derived from the Latin word Nutrire/ Nutrix which means to nourish. Nursing was done without formal education and by people who were directed by more experienced nurses. RELIGIOUS ORDERS OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH was responsible for the development of this kind nursing  ORDERS-group of persons constituting an association formed for some special purpose, a community of monks, nuns. a. Beginning of religious wars  During the middle ages, POPE URBAN II called for Christians to take back the Holy Land- (name for Palestine) from the Muslims and called themselves as Crusaders.  The Crusades were Holy wars in an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turks who denied Christ’s pilgrims permission to visit the Holy Sepulcher-(vault for burial, tomb, receptacle for religious relics in a flat rectangular, square stone, forming the top or part of an altar)  KNIGHTS/MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDER- composed of brothers in arms who provided nursing care to their sick and injured comrades 1. KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM (Italian.)-devoted to religious life and nursing. An organization of ranks- Priest, knights, brothers 2. TEUTONIC KNIGHTS (German)- established tent hospitals for the wounded 3. KNIGHTS OF ST. LAZARUS-nursing care for the lepers in Jerusalem  ALEXIAN BROTHERS- member of the monastic order in 1938/1431 Established the ALEXIAN BROTHERS HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING-the largest under religious order and exclusively for men in US. Closed in 1969 AGUSTINIAN SISTERS- was the first purely nursing order  It was the Christian Value: “Love thy neighbor as thyself” that had significant impact on the development of Western Nursing  The principle of caring was established with Christ’s “the Parable of the Good Samaritan”- tired and injured PARABOLANI BROTHERHOOD- organization of men during the 3rd century A.D. who provided care to the sick and dying during the great plague in Alexandria  RISE OF SECULAR ORDERS- secular (layman) religious nursing orders for men & women were founded by queens, princesses, etc.  Secular-(Happening only once in an age or century continuing for a long time, from age to age)  SECULAR ORDERS FOUNDED DURING THE PERIOD OF THE CRUSADES 1. Order of St. Francis of Assisi(1200-present)-devoted their lives for poverty and service to the poor a. First order- founded by St. Francis himself b. Second order(Poor Clares)- founded by St. Clare c. Third order- composed of members-caring for the sick was one of their important activities 2. The Beguines (1170)- founded by a priest, Lambert Le Begue. Composed of lay nurses who devoted their lives to the service of suffering humanity 3. The Oblates- (12th century)-a person dedicated to religious life especially a person living in or associated with a religious community but not bounded by vows 4. The Benidictines of St. Benedict-monastic order 5. The Ursulines (1535)- any member of a teaching order of nuns 6. The Augustinians of St. Augustine of Hippo  PERSONAGES DURING THE APPRENTICE PERIOD OF NURSING 1. Camillus de Lellis (16th century)-  Considered the Patron saint of Nurses.  Founder of the Nursing Order of ministries of the sick  Focused on preparing nurses to provide care for the sick, imprisoned, dying 2. St. Elizabeth of Hungary- Patroness of nurses  Daughter of a Hungarian King yet lived her life frugally  Fed the sick with her own hand an made beds for them  3. St. Catherine of Sienna- “little Saint”-because she pledged her life to service at age 7  First Lady with a lamp  A hospital nurse, prophetess, researcher, reformer 4. St. Vincent de Paul- organized a group- Le Charite. And the community of the Sisters of Charity addressed problem on poverty & poor health 5. Louise de Gras- the first superior and co-founder of the Order of the Sisters of Charity- composed of uncloistered women dedicated to doing God’s work through caring of the sick, poor, orphaned, widowed & sent nursing sisters to provide care in the New World- CANADA, UNITED STATES, AUSTRALIA B. RISE OF PROTESTANTISM -swept away everything connected with Religion Catholicism in schools, orphanage, hospital Protestantism- any of a group of German princes and cities presenting a defense of freedom of conscience against an edict of the Diet of Spires in 1529 intended to suppress the Lutheran movement, any member of any of several church denominations denying the universal authority of the Pope and affirming the Reformation principles of justification by faith alone, the priesthood of all believers, and primacy of the Bible as the only source of revealed truth. In England- hundreds of hospitals were closed, and there were no provisions for the sick, no one to care for the sick. c. DARK PERIOD OF NURSING  Extends from 17th century to 19th century from the period of reformation until the US civil war (1861-1865)  Martin Luther- led the religious upheaval that destroyed the unity of the Christian Faith o A Reformist, German Theologian, translator of the Bible, leader of the Protestant Reformation in Germany  Nursing became the work of the least desirable women  Sairey Gamp -personified women in Charles Dickens  Betsy Preg- novel; as women who took bribes from Patients, used alcohol as tranqulizers   LEADERS WHO BROUGHT ABOUT REFORMS IN NURSING 1. Pastor Theodor Fliedner and Frederika Munster- founder of the Kaiserwerth Institute (Germany) 2. John Howard- a prison reformer, improved living conditions in prisons, gave prisoners new hope 3. Mother Mary Aikenhand- established the Irish Sisters of Charity (Ireland) 4. Madame Jeanne Mance (1644)- founded Hotel Dieu in Montreal (Canada) 5. The Duchesse d’ Aiguillon- founded the Hotel Dieu Hospital in Quebec staffed by 3 hospital sisters from the order of St. Augustine (Canada) 6. Mrs. Elizabeth Seton- founded the Sisters of Charity in Emmitsberg, Maryland in 1809 d. Establishment of the 1st Training School Of Nursing- i. Germany was the site of the 1st organized nursing school ii. In 1836 Ptr. Theodor Fliedner a Protestant pastor in Kaiserswerth Germany, opened a Hospital in a vacant textile factory, with one patient, one nurse, a. Then converted it to a school when he realized there was no workforce b. Gertrude Reichardt- became the 1st matron of the Deaconess of School of Nursing, daughter of a physician. e. NIGHTINGALE ERA  Was born on May 12, 1820 in Florence Italy to a wealthy and intellectual family  According to Sir Thomas Cook- Nightingale’s biographer, Nightingale was a linguist, had a broad knowledge of science, mathematics, literature, and the arts  Was well read in Philosophy, history, politics, economics and knowledgeable about the workings of the government  She believed she “was called by God to help others”  Visited Kaiserswerth Institute in 1847 (Kozier),  Entered the institute on July 6, 1851 to October 7, 1851- 3 months of training  Studied in Paris with the Sisters of Charity (1853)  She was asked by a friend from the British War Department to recruit a contingent of female nurses to provide care to the sick & injured in the Crimea. With Mary Grant Seacole, a Jamaican nurse  She arrived in Scutari on November 5, 1854 accompanied by 38 nurses and after 6 months the MORTALITY rate dropped form 42.7-2.2% , on August 5, 1856  She used her knowledge in data/statistics to influence the decision of the war department on her written manuscript to Sir Sidney Herbert,   Notes on Nursing- her most frequently cited work, is an essay on the manipulation & organization of the environment  Notes on Hospitals- introductory notes on Lying in institutions III. EDUCATION PERIOD-  Began from the establishment of Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St. Thomas Hospital in London (St. Thomas Hospital School of Nursing) June 15, 1860.  When she returned to England from Scutari a grateful English public gave Nightingale an honorarium of £ 4,5oo, which she later used to develop the school  The school served as a model for other training school and its graduates traveled from other countries to manage hospital and institute nursing training program a. CONCEPTS IN THE NIGHTINGALE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION I. NURSING- “what nursing has to do..is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him. i. Nursing “ought to signify the proper use of fresh air, light warmth, cleanliness, quiet, & the proper selection and administration of diet. II. HUMAN BEINGS- she defined him in relationship to their environment III. ENVIRONMENT- physical environment is stressed by Nightingale in her writing. Ventilation, noise, and cleanliness, warmth, light. Nightingale’s writings reflect a community health model. IV. HEALTH- she did not defined health specifically. Nursing is an art- “unmake what God had made disease”  NURSING DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 1. HARRIET TUBMAN-(1820-1913) provided care and safety to slaves to the North on the Underground Railway (Moses of her people) 2. SOJOURNER TRUTH- (1797-1883)-abolitionist, Underground railway agent, preacher, & women’s right advocate. 3. DOROTHEA LYNDE DIX- appointed as Superintendent of the North Female nurses of the Union army in 1861 4. JEAN HENRI DUNANT of Switzerland (1864)- organized the International Conference that founded the Red Cross- emblem of relief to suffering in time of war and disaster 5. CLARA BARTON- (1812-1912)- founded the American Red Cross 6. LUCY OSBORNE (1868)- developed Australia’s 1st school for nurses, became superintendent at Sydney Hospital 7. ISABEL HAMPTON ROBB- a school teacher in Canada & entered Bellevue Hospital Training School in New York. She worked as a nurse in Rome for 2 years and became superintendent at Illinois Training School at age 26 a. She organized the John Hopkins Hospital & School of Nursing  b. Also an author of nursing textbooks which became the standard for nursing schools in America 8. MARY ADELAIDE NUTTING- a graduate of John Hopkins School of Nursing. She reduced the nursing student hour from 12 hours to 8 hours and made nurses training to 3 years 9. MARY AGNES SNIVELY- 1st president of the Canadian Nurses Association 10. LILIAN D. WALD- founded the Henry Street Settlement & visiting Nursing Service with Linda L. Rogers and Mary Brewster. Considered as the founder of Public Health Nursing (PHN) 11. LAVINIA DOCK (1858-1956)- Nursing Leader & suffragist, feminist, prolific writer, was active in the protest movement for womens right that resulted in the US constitution amendment allowing woman to vote. 12. MARGARET HIGGINS SANGER- considered as the founder of Planned parenthood, nurse activist. 13. LINDA RICHARDS- cited by many historians as America’s 1st trained nurse, graduated on September 1, 1872 from the New England Hospital for Women & Children Training School for Nurses in Boston. Reformed nursing in 12 major hospitals, some specialized in mental health. Founded training school for nurses in Japan 14. HARRIET NEWTON PHILLIPS- from Women’s Hospital of Philadelphia. Some suggest that Phillips was the 1st trained nurse to receive a certificate form that hospital in 1864. 1 st trained nurse in America to do Community Nursing missionary service and to take Post- graduate training 15. MARY MAHONEY- 1ST trained black nurse graduated in 1879 New England Hospital for Women and Children  In 1893- NIGHTINGALE’S PLEDGE was written and administered to the graduating class of FARRAND (Nurse) training school in Detroit, Michigan. 16. Dr. WILLIAM HALSTEAD- designed the first rubber gloves 17. CAROLINE HAMPTON ROBB- first nurse to wear gloves 18. CLARA LOUISE MAAS- engaged in medical research on yellow fever during the Spanish- American War. Died of Yellow fever. 19. EDITH CAVELL- known as “MATA HARI”. served the wounded soldiers during World War (between the English and Russian) and suspected as a spy. 20. MARY BRECKINRIDGE- established Frontier Nursing Service, she worked in France in 1918, distributed food, clothing, supplies to rural villages & care of sick children. Started the 1st midwifery training school in the US  By 1920’s – Post Basic course was being offered at Teacher’s College in Columbia University NY. To prepare nurses to be teachers  Early decades of 20th century- concept of clinical nurse specialist arose. Most advanced nursing curriculum were prepared in nursing school administration,  teaching, supervision in Public Health and hospital administration (extended, expanded role)  Today the clinical nurse is a graduate of Master’s and Doctorate-responsible for increasing their own clinical knowledge & competence & for enhancing the quality of nursing care the quality of the organizational climate for learning and research. IV. CONTEMPORARY NURSING- period after World War II to present (1945- present). Scientific and technological as well as social changes marked this period.  Establishment of who- world health organization by the United Nations  Use of Nuclear and atomic energy for diagnosis and treatment  Use of computers  Aerospace Nursing at Cape Kennedy developed by Colonel Pearl Tucker  Health being a fundamental human right HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES  EARLY BELIEFS AND PRACTICES  Evil spirits, herb doctors (herbolarios),  Herbmen-“Herbicheros”  Bewitched- “mangkukulam”, ‘manggagaway’  “Pamao”- difficult childbirth and some diseases  EARLIEST HOSPITALS ESTABLISHED IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. HOSPITAL REAL DE MANILA (1577)- Founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande. Established mainly to care for the Spanish King’s soldier, but later civilians 2. SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL (1578)- Founded by Brother Juan Clemente, administered by Hospitallers of San Juan de Dios, built exclusively for lepers 3. HOSPITAL DE INDIO (1586)- by the Franciscan order, service by alms and contributions from charitable persons 4. HOSPITAL DE AGUAS SANTAS (1590)- in Laguna, near a medicinal spring, foundedby Bro. J. BAUTISTA of the Franciscan order 5. SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL (1596)- founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia, administered by the Hospitallers of San Juan de Dios  DURING THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION 1. JOSEPHINE BRACKEN- installed field hospitals in an estate house in Tejeros 2. ROSA SEVILLA DE ALVERO- made her house into quarters for Filipino soldiers during the Philippine-American War in 1899 3. DONA HILARIA DE AGUINALDO- organized the Filipino Red Cross in Malolos, Bulacan 4. DONA MARIA AGONCILLO DE AGUINALDO- president of Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas 5. MELCHORA AQUINO (Tandang Sora)- shelter and food for the Filipino soldiers 6. CAPITAN SALOME- revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija 7. AGUEDA KAHABAGAN- revolutionary leader in Laguna 8. TRINIDAD TECSON- “Ina ng Biac na Bato” HOSPITALS AND SCHOOLS OF NURSING ILOILO MISSION HOSPITAL AND SCHOOOL OF NURSING (Iloilo city (1906) by Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America  Miss Rose Nicolet- 1st superintendent nurse, a graduate of NEHWC  Miss Flora Ernst- American nurse who took charge of the hosp March 1944- 22 nurses graduated, April 1944 held the 1st Nursing Board Examination at the Iloilo Mission Hospital ST.PAUL HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (Manila 1907)  Established by the Archbishop of Manila, the Most Reverend Jeremiah Harty under the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres in Intramuros Manila  Opened its training school for nurses in 1908- with Rev. Mother Melanie as superintendent and Miss E. Chambers as Principal PHILIPPINE GENERAL HOSPITAL (PGH) School of Nursing  Began as a small dispensary in 1901 for “Civil officers and employees” to a Civil Hospital  Mrs. Mary Coleman Masters- advocated the idea of training Filipino girls for the profession of Nursing, opened a dormitory for girls at the Philippine Normal Hall and University of the Philippines  With Governor Gen. Forbes & the Director of Health she opened classes in nursing under the auspices of Bureau of Education  Entrance examination & completion of 7th grade  Julia Nichols & Charlotte Clayton- taught nursing subjects & American physician as lecturers  In 1910 Act 1976 put the school under the Department of Health, the civil hospital was abolished and PGH was established and the school became known as PGH School of Nursing  Elsie McCloskey Gaches- became the Chief Nurse, she made the course more attractive and practical  Anastacia Giron Tupas- 1st Filipino nurse to occupy the position of Chief Nurse and Superintendent in the Philippines St. LUKE’S HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING- (Quezon City 1907)  An Episcopalian institution- started as a small dispensary  The school opened with 3 Filipino girls  The girls in the 1st year combined classes with students of PGH & St. Paul  Miss Helen Hicks- was the 1st principal  Mrs. Vitaliana Beltran- 1st Filipino Superintendent of Nurses  Dr. Jose Fores- 1st Filipino medical director of the Hospital  CENTRAL SCHOOL IDEA- students of St. Paul, St. Luke’s and PGH had common 1st year course  REQUIREMENTS OF THE 3 SCHOOL a.Educational preparation- 7th grade completion b. Sound physical & mental health c. Good moral character d. Good family and social standing e. Recommendations from 3 different person well known in the community  Later, they were fused in one class, lived in same dorm and received same instruction in Anatomy & Physiology, massage, PN, material medica, Bacteriology & English MARY JOHNSTON HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (Manila 1907)  Small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (Avenida, Rizal)  Called Bethany dispensary- founded by the Methodist Mission for the relief of suffering women and children.  Sister Rebecca Parrish with Nurses Rose Dudley and Gertrude Dreisback- organized the Mary Johnston School of Nursing with 3 Filipino girls from elementary grade  Mr. DSB Johnston of Minnesota donated as a memorial to his wife $ 12,500 for the hospital Building  In 1911, the Philippine Assembly appropriated P 500 per month as appreciation for its services during the cholera epidemic. Later the PA provided P 11,000 for the construction of maternity & milk dispensary  In WW II, it became an Emergency Hospital, and burned down in 1945  Reconstructed by the Methodist Church of America and reopened as Harris Memorial in 1945  Miss Librada Javalera- the 1st Filipino Director of the School  PHILIPPINE CHRISTIAN MISSION INSTITUTE SCHOOL OF NURSING  The United Christian Missionary Society of Indianapolis Indiana, a Protestant organization of the Disciples of Christ operated 3 schools a.Sallie Long Read Mem. Hosp. School of Nursing (Laog City Ilocos Norte 1903) b. Mary Chiles Hosp. School of Nurisng (Manila 1911) established by Dr. WN Lemon in a small house on Azcarraga Sampaloc Manila in 1913. Ms MARY CHILES of Independence, Montana donated large sum of money with which the present building brought at Gastambide street. Ms. Esperanza Tuazon- donated for the Annex bldg. c. Frank Dunn Mem. Hospital (Vigan, Ilocos Sur 1912) SAN JUAN DE DIOS HOSPITAL SCHOOL OF NURSING (Manila 1913)- through the initiative of Dr. Benito Valdez- the school of nursing was opened, run by the Daughters of Charity  Sister Taciana Trinanes-1st directress of the school Dr. Gregorio Singian-made reforms in 1920 Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz 1913)  Dr. PHJ Lerrigo was sent by ABFMS to open a hospital with Ms Nicolet. Offered 3 year training course with an annual fee of 100  Ms. Ciara Pedrosa-1st Filipino principal SOUTHERN ISLANDS HOSP. SCHOOL OF NURSING (Cebu 1918)  The hospital opened in 1911 by the Bureau of Health.  Ms. Anastacia Giron Tupas organized the school. Ms. Visitacion Perez as the 1 st principal  1921- Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing  1923- Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing  1930- Manila Sanitarium Hospital School of Nursing  1946- St. Paul School of Nursing (Iloilo) North General Hospital School of Nursing  1947- Siliman University School of Nursing FIRST COLLEGES OF NURSING 1. University of Santo Tomas (College of Nursing)/ School of Nursing Education 1947- (February 11, 1941)  Sr. Taciana Trinanes- 1st directress 2. Manila Central University (1947) served as the clinical field for practice  Ms.Consuelo Gimeno- 1st principal 3. University of the Philippines College of Nursing (1948)-   Ms. Julita Sotejo- 1st Dean; UP President Gonzales  NURSING LEADERS IN PHILIPPINES 1. Anastacia Giron Tupas- founder of PNA 2. Cesaria Tan- 1st Filipino to receive a Master’s degree 3. Socorro Sirilan- pioneered Hospital Social Service in San Lazaro, where she was chief nurse 4. Rosa Militar- pioneered in school health education 5. Sr. Ricarda Mendoza- nursing education 6. Socorro Diaz- 1st editor of the PNA magazine “the Message” 7. Conchita Ruiz- full time editor of the newly named PNA magazine “The Filipino Nurse” 8. Loreto Tupaz- Dean ofPhilippine Nursing, Nightingale of Iloilo EVALUATION OF NURSING EDUCATION Types of Educational Program 1. Practical Nursing Program (Vocational)- in community college vocational schools, hospitals & other independent health agencies a. 9-12 months both classroom & clinical experience b. LPN/LVN- practice under a supervision of a nurse in a hospital, nursing home, rehabilitation center & home health agency. Provide basic direct technical care to clients c. RN- knowledge & skill make more sophisticated nursing judgment & assessing the client’s condition & planning care & evaluating the outcome effect of care 2. ASSOCIATE DEGREE PROGRAM- a. Arose in the 1950’s- developed through planned research and experimentation. Several Trends & events influenced the development of the program i. Cadet Nurse Corps ii. Community College Movement iii. Earlier Nursing Studies iv. Dr. Montag’s Proposal for an associate degree b. Was financed during the WW II to provide additional nurses to meet both military & civilian needs. They could be educated in less time than 3 years c. In US.- it started when Dr. Mildred Montag published her dissertation in 1951 “ The Education of Nursing Technician” i. Conceptualized a nursing technician or bedside nurse d. Students was to be rewarded an AND & be eligible to take the state boards for RN e. It started in Columbia University Teachers College in 1952 under the direction of Dr. Montag from 3 students in 1958 to 880 in 2001 3. DIPLOMA NURSING PROGRAM (DNP)- a. Idea of training school as a source of free/ inexpensive staffing for the hospital was welcomed b. Nursing education in the years largely took the form of apprenticeship c. Little formal classroom instruction, students learned by doing d. No standardization of curriculum, no accreditation e. Programs were designed to meet the service needs of the hospital not the educational needs of the students f. Initial program was 1860…,(New England Hospital.., Bellevue Hospital,, Women’s Hospital, John Hopkins Hospital g. In US-DNP are hospital based educational programs that provide a rich clinical experience for nursing students h. In 1965 the ANA recommended that Baccalaureate Degree Education- should be the minimal prep for beginning professional nursing practice. DEFINITIONS OF NURSING:  Nursing is a caring profession, one that combines human compassion with sophisticated technology of modern health care.  Nursing is “Putting the patient in the best condition for nature to act upon him”.(Nightingale)  It is a helping profession that assists individuals and groups in society to attain, maintain and restore health, if it’s not possible, help individuals die with dignity. (King)  A humanistic science dedicated to compassionate concern with maintaining and promoting health and preventing illness and caring for and rehabilitating the sick and disabled. (Rogers)  The unique function of the nurse is to assist the individuals, sick or well, in the performance of those activities contributing to the health or recovery that he should perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible. (Henderson)  An art and science by which people are assisted in learning to care for themselves whenever possible and cared for by others when they are unable to meet their own needs. PROFESSION – an occupation that requires extensive education.  An organization of an occupational group based on the application of special knowledge which establishes its own rules and standards for the protection of the public and the professionals.   An occupation or calling requiring advanced training and experience in some specific or specialized body of knowledge which provides service to society in special field. PROFESSIONAL NURSING – as an art and science, dominated by an ideal of service in which certain principles are applied in the skillful care of the well and the ill. PROFESSINAL NURSE – is one who has acquired the art and science of nursing through her basic education, who interprets her role in nursing in terms of the social ends for which it exists. Primary Characteristics of a Professional Nurse: 1. Education-as a profession, nursing is establishing a well defined body of knowledge & expertise. 2. Theory & Ongoing Research- it has a theoretical body of knowledge leading to defined skills and abilities. Increasing research to nursing is contributing to nursing practice. 3. Service- serves the society and not the specific interest of a group. 4. Autonomy – it regulates itself and sets standards for its members. 5. Code of Ethics – nurses have traditionally placed a high value on the worth and dignity of others. 6. Caring – the unique characteristic of nursing as a profession. NURSING (as an art)  Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in assisting sick and well individual in their recovery and in the promotion and maintenance of health NURSING (as a science)  Is the scientific knowledge and skills in assisting individual to achieve optimal health. It is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential problem NURSE  Comes from a Latin word “to nourish” or “to cherish  One who cares for the sick, the injured, and the physically, mentally, and emotionally disabled  One who advise and instruct individuals, families, groups and communities in the prevention, treatment of illness and diseases and in the promotion of health. An essential member of a health team who cares for individuals, families and communities in disease and illness prevention and in the promotion of health and healthy environment  PATIENT  Comes from a Latin word, “to Suffer” or “to Bear”  An individual who is in the state of physical, mental, and emotional imbalance  An individual who seeks for nursing assistance, medical assistance, or for surgery due to illness or a disease.  Is an individual who is waiting or undergoing medical or surgical care. One who is physically or mentally disabled. ROLES OF A NURSE Caregiver  Primary goal  TYPES OF CARE: Full Care  for completely dependent patient Partial Care  for partially dependent patient Supportive-Educative care  to assist clients in attaining their highest possible level of health and wellness; for learnings Communicator  Integral to all nursing roles  Nurses communicate with the client, support persons, other health professionals, and people in the community  Nurses identify client problems and then communicate these verbally or in writing to other members of the health team Teacher  Nurses help clients learn about their health and the health care procedure they need to perform to restore or maintain their health.  Nurses assesses the client’s learning needs and readiness to learn, sets specific learning goals in conjunction with the client, enacts teaching strategies, and measures learning.  Nurses also teaches unlicensed assistive personnel to whom they delegate care, and they share their expertise with other nurses and health professionals.  Client Advocate  Acts to protect the client  Nurse may represent the client’s needs and wishes to other health professionals, such as relaying the client’s wishes for information to the physician.  Nurses assist clients in exercising their rights and help them speak up for themselves Counselor   Helping a client recognize and cope with stressful psychologic or social problems, to develop improved interpersonal relationships, and to promote personal growth.  Involves providing emotional, intellectual and psychologic support.  Nurses counsel primarily healthy individuals with normal adjustment difficulties and focuses on helping the person develop new attitudes, feelings, behaviors by encouraging the client to look at alternative behaviors, recognizing the choices, and develop sense of control. Leader  Influences others to work together to accomplish a specific goal.  Can be employed at different levels: individual client, family, groups of clients, colleagues, or the community Case Manager  Work with the multidisciplinary health care team to measure the effectiveness of the case management plan and to monitor outcomes.  Works with primary or staff nurses to oversee the care of a specific caseload.  Primary nurse or provides some level of direct care to the client and family  Helps ensure that care is oriented to the client, while controlling costs. Administrator  Assumes middle management position  Connects the patient to other services of the hospital  Expanded Career Roles  Nurse practitioner, clinical nurse specialist, nurse midwife, nurse educator, nurse researcher, and nurse anesthetist  All of which allow greater independence and autonomy. SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE PROMOTING HEALTH AND WELLNESS  Wellness – state of well-being. Engaging in attitudes and behavior that enhance the quality of life and maximize personal potential  For both healthy and ill.  Involve individual and community activities to enhance healthy lifestyle, such as improving nutrition and physical fitness, preventing drug and alcohol misuse, restricting smoking, and preventing accidents and injury in the home and workplace. PREVENTING ILLNESS   The goal is to maintain optimal health by preventing diseases  Nursing activities includes immunizations, prenatal and infant care, and prevention of sexually transmitted disease. RESTORING HEALTH  Focuses on the ill client  Extends from early detection of disease to helping the client during the recovery period  NURSING ACTIVITIES: Providing direct care to the ill person: administering medications, baths, and specific procedures and treatments Providing diagnostic and assessment procedures: measuring BP and examining feces for occult blood Consulting with other health care professionals about client’s problems Teaching clients about recovery activities: exercise that will accelerate recovery after a stroke Rehabilitating clients to their optimal functional level following physical or mental illness, injury, or chemical addiction CARE OF THE DYING  Involves comforting and caring for people of all ages who are dying  Includes helping clients live as comfortable as possible until death and helping support persons cope with death.  Work in homes, hospitals, and extended care facilities  Hospices are specifically designed for this purpose.