History of Nursing 1st lecture.pdf

UNIT I History of Health Care and Nursing Misbah Khan Lecturer DION&M, DUHS Misbah Khan 1 Objectives At the completion of this unit learners will be able to Define the nursing Introduce about the founder of Nursing Elaborate the concept of I...

UNIT I History of Health Care and Nursing Misbah Khan Lecturer DION&M, DUHS Misbah Khan 1 Objectives At the completion of this unit learners will be able to Define the nursing Introduce about the founder of Nursing Elaborate the concept of Islam and nursing Summarize the ancient cultures Discuss the site of health care in ancient cultures Discuss the Historical Perspective and Nursing in Mogual period Explain the types of nursing educational programs Describe the history of nursing education in Pakistan 9/17/2024 Misbah Khan 2  Nursing Nursing is the art and science of assisting individuals in learning to care for themselves whenever possible and of caring them when they are unable to meet their own needs. Nursing focuses on the clients response to illness rather than on the illness. Goal of Nursing The goal of nursing is optimum client wellness, and the maximum level of functioning. The nursing interventions are evidence-based and stem from their core knowledge. The professional nurse must appreciate the role of informatics. Misbah Khan 3 Nursing Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings. It includes the promotion of health, the prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled and dying people. World Health Organization (WHO) Misbah Khan 4  American Nursing Association (ANA) “Nursing integrates the art and science of caring and focuses on the protection, promotion and optimization of health and human functioning; prevention of illness and injury; facilitation of healing; and alleviation of suffering through compassionate presence. Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and in recognition of the connection of all humanity.” Misbah Khan 5  Concept of Nursing The tasks of nursing are: a) To promote health b) To prevent disease c) To help ill-person to healing (to assist healing) d) To assist the dying patient to pass away with quietude, peace, and dignity.(To ease suffering) e) The client is a holistic human being, including suffering person and healthy person. The working place is not only in the hospital, but also in family, community and whole society. Misbah Khan 6 NURSE The word nurse originated from the Latin word nutrix, meaning “to nourish.” The nurse as a person who nourishes, fosters, and protects and who is prepared to take care of sick, injured, and aged people. Misbah Khan 7 Misbah Khan 9 History of Nursing Misbah Khan 10  A- Evolution of nursing 1. Primitive times: Primitive humans may very well derived early nursing care practices from observation the animal world. Many animals care for their sick injured (ex. wild turkeys feed their young wild berries to ward off the chill of inclement weather, much as we used vitamin C (found in wild berries). 2- Early civilization: Nursing dates back to 4000 B.C. to the primitive sociality where mother-nurses worked with priests. The use of wet nurses in Babylonia and Assyria is recorded in 2000 B.C. 3-Ancient Greece: Temples to honor Hygeia, the goddess of health, were built by the ancient Greeks. Misbah Khan 11 4. Roman Empire: The first hospital were established in the Eastern Roman Empire, (sheltered), the caregiver who volunteered their time to nurse the sick had no formal training in therapeutic modalities. 5. Middle Age: In western Europe, medical practices remained basically unchanged until the 11th and 12th centuries. 6. Renaissance: Interest in the arts and science emerged during the (A.D.1400- 1550).(Time of geographic explorations), Universities were established because of renewed interest in science, but there were no formal nursing school Misbah Khan 12 7. Industrial Revolution: This led to a proliferation of factories because the condition of workers, long hours, unsafe condition prevailed in the workplace – Royal college of surgeons in London and other medical schools were founded in 1800. – In mid-1800s women be nurses, most nursing care was still performed in the home by female relatives of the ill Misbah Khan 13  B-Religious Influences Religion has a strong influence on the development of nursing beginning in India in 800-600B.C. Religious order were established by the catholic church to care for the sick and poor. Need for nurses in the mid-19th century and changing social conditions set the stage for Florence Nightingale’ s reforms Misbah Khan 14  C- Florence Nightingale (1820-1910). The founder of modern nursing is Florence Nightingale (, who grew up in a wealthy, upper- class family in England. She always had an interest in relieving suffering and caring for the sick. She received encouragement from a family visitor, Dr. Samuel Gridley Howe, however, she became a nurse over the objections of society and her family. On completion of a 3-month course of study at Kaiserswerth Institute, Nightingale worked to reform health care. Misbah Khan 15  Britain’s war in the Crimea presented her with the opportunity to volunteer with 38 other nurses to serve in the battle-site hospital. When battle casualties mounted, the nurses had a chance to prove their worth. They worked around the clock, caring for the wounded and carrying oil lamps to light their way in the darkness. The symbol of the oil lamp is still used today in nursing and is the reason Florence Nightingale is called the “Lady with the Lamp.” Misbah Khan 16  Florence Nightingale persisted in advocating cleanliness, good nutrition, and fresh air. Identifying personal needs of patient and the role of nurse in meeting those needs. Nightingale Environmental Model Health House Ventilation Light. Bed and bedding. Personal cleanliness. Nutrition and taking food. Chattering hopes and advice Social considerations Misbah Khan 17  Nightingale worked to further develop the public’s awareness of the need for educated nurses to care for British soldiers. At St. Thomas’ Hospital in London, she established the Nightingale Training School of Nurses. This was the first school for nurses providing both theory- based knowledge and clinical experience. Florence nightingale elevated the status of nursing to a respected occupation, improved the quality of nursing care, and founded modern nursing education Misbah Khan 18  Nightingale’s beliefs’ about nursing Some of Nightingale’s unique beliefs’ about nursing and nursing education were the need for the following. 1- A holistic framework inclusive of illness and health. 2- A theoretical basis for nursing practice. 3- A liberal education as a foundation of nursing practice. 4- An environment that promotes healing. 5- A body of nursing knowledge distinct from medical knowledge. Nightingale’s recommended: 1- A systematic method of assessing clients. 2-Individualized care based on the client’s needs and preferences 3-confidentiality. ( All concept are still used today) Misbah Khan 19  D- The Civil War and Nursing During the civil war (1861-1865), American’s need for nurses increased dramatically. The sister of Holy (12 sisters caring for wounded soldiers). These sisters, although influenced by the roles assigned to women during the 19th century, were willing to take risks when human rights were threatened. Other women also volunteered to care for the soldiers of both the Union and the Confederate armies. These women implemented sanitary conditions in field hospitals and performed various other duties Misbah Khan 20  E- The Women’s Movement: The beginnings of social unrest in 1848 with the Women’s Rights convention in Seneca falls, new York. Women were not considered equal to men, did not have the right to vote, and society did not value education for women More women were being accepted in to colleges and universities by the mid- 1990s. A few university-based nursing programs available Misbah Khan 21  Twentieth Century In the early twentieth century a movement toward developing a scientific, research-based defined body of nursing knowledge and practice was evolving. Nurses began to assume expanded and advanced practice roles. Mary Adelaide Nutting was instrumental in the affiliation of nursing education with universities. She became the first professor of nursing at Columbia University Teachers College in 1906. Misbah Khan 22  Twenty-First Century Nursing practice and education continue to evolve to meet the needs of society. In 1990 the ANA established the Center for Ethics and Human Rights , The Center provides a forum to address the complex ethical and human rights issues confronting nurses and designs activities and programs to increase ethical competence in nurses. Nurses and nurse educators are revising nursing practice and school curricula to meet the ever-changing needs of society. Misbah Khan 23  Nursing Organization National league for nursing(NLN): established in 1893 American Nurses Association(ANA).established:1911 National association for practical nurse education and service(NAPNES): established 1941 National federation of licensed practical nurses(NFLPN) Pakistan Nursing Council (PNC), 1973. National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) established:1973 Misbah Khan 24  The First Muslim Nurse Rufaida al- aslamiyah was the first professional muslim female nurse in history. Rufaida al- aslamiyah was born into the Bani Aslam tribe in Madinah. It is for this reason that she was called al-aslamiyyah. Her father, sa’ad al-aslamiy, was a physician, whom she gained much of her knowledge growing up alongside. She was amongst the first people in Madinah to accept Islam and was honoured to witness the arrival of prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬ into madinah during the Hijrah (migration from Makkah to Madinah). Misbah Khan 25  After the Muslim state was established in Medina, she would treat the ill in her tent set up outside the mosque During times of war, she would lead a group of volunteers to the battlefield and would treat casualties and injured soldiers Rufaidah is described as a woman possessing the qualities of an ideal nurse: compassionate, empathetic, good leader and a great teacher, passing on her clinical knowledge to others she trained. Furthermore, Rufaidah’s activities as someone greatly involved in the community, in helping those at the more disadvantaged portions of society symbolize the ethos of care identified above. Misbah Khan 26  Nursing in Mughal Period The woman in Mogual wet nurses to Princess and Princeesses with the title Royal Nurse Angah and Maham Angah. These women were usually represented prominently in the Mughal sources providing care to mignificent and children. Mogual imperial family have to rely on the services of wet - Nurses with an open mind and with warmth. Then never judge their practice. Mughal history writers wrote that we nurses should be pious woman. Abdul fazal in his akbar nama explains that before selection wet nurses have to be "even tempered spiritually- minded" Misbah Khan 27  NURSING IN MOGUL PERIOD (1000 AD) 'Unani' system of medicine developed during the Arab civilization. It was practiced in Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. The basic framework are consists of blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. Temperament, strengthening of body and nature are the real physician. Not believed in eradication of disease greatly depend on defense mechanism of the body and self-care and positive health habits. Therefore, it becomes part of Indian medicine practice. Misbah Khan 28  Nursing Education The practice of nursing is controlled from within the profession through state boards of nursing and professional nursing organizations. The focus of nursing education was to teach the knowledge and skills that would enable a nurse to practice in a hospital setting Misbah Khan 29  Types of Education Programs Education programs available for nurses include: – Practical or Vocational Nursing – Registered Nursing – Graduate Nursing – Continuing Education Misbah Khan 30  Licensed Practical (Vocational) Nursing Programs Practical or vocational nursing programs are housed in community colleges, vocational schools, hospitals, or other independent health agencies Practical nurses work under the supervision of a registered nurse in numerous settings, including hospitals, nursing homes, rehabilitation centers, and home health agencies. Misbah Khan 31  Baccalaureate Degree Programs The first school of nursing in a university setting was established at the University of Minnesota in 1909. This program’s curriculum, however, differed little from that of a 3-year diploma program. It was not until 1919 that the University of Minnesota established its undergraduate baccalaureate degree in nursing. Most of the early baccalaureate programs were 5 years in length. They consisted of the basic 3-year diploma program plus 2 years of liberal arts education. In the 1960s, the number of students enrolled in baccalaureate programs increased marked. Misbah Khan 32  Graduate Nursing Programs Although graduate schools differ, typical requirements for admission to a graduate program in nursing include the following: – Licensure as a registered nurse or eligibility for licensure. – A baccalaureate degree in nursing from an approved college or university. – Some graduate programs accept individuals with a diploma or associate degree in nursing and a baccalaureate degree in another field of study. Some accept individuals with an associate degree in nursing as their only postsecondary education. Evidence of scholastic ability (usually a minimum grade point average of 3.0 on a 4.0 scale) Misbah Khan 33  Master’s Degree Programs The growth of baccalaureate nursing programs encouraged the development of graduate study in nursing. In 1953, the newly established NLN encouraged educators to develop programs for master’s degrees in nursing. The emphasis of master’s degree programs is on preparing nurses for advanced leadership roles in administration, clinical, or teaching. An emerging nursing role developed by the AACN is the clinical nurse leader (CNL). The CNL is a master’s degree–prepared clinician who oversees the integration of care for a distinct group of clients and may actively provide direct client care in complex situations. Misbah Khan 34  Doctoral Programs Doctoral programs in nursing began in the 1960s in the United States. Before 1960, nurses who pursued doctoral degrees chose related fields such as education, psychology, sociology, and physiology. The two primary doctoral degrees in nursing are the PhD and DNP (doctor of nursing practice). Nurses who earn a PhD in nursing generally assume faculty roles in nursing education programs or work in research programs. The DNP, which has been increasing in popularity, is the highest degree for nurse clinicians. Doctorates in related fields such as education or public health are still highly relevant for nurses depending on their practice role Misbah Khan 35  Continuing Education The term continuing education (CE) refers to formalized experiences designed to enhance the knowledge or skills of practicing professionals. Compared to advanced educational programs, which result in an academic degree, CE courses tend to be more specific and shorter. CE programs usually are designed to meet one or more of the following needs: (a) to inform nurses of new techniques and knowledge; (b) to help nurses attain expertise in a specialized area of practice, such as critical care nursing (c) to provide nurses with information essential to nursing practice, such as knowledge about legal and ethical aspects of nursing. (a) Some states require nurses to obtain a certain number of CE credits to renew their license Misbah Khan 36 Summery Nursing is an art and a science in which people are assisted in learning to care for themselves whenever possible and cared for when they are unable to meet their own needs. Nurses will understand such issues as autonomy, unity within the profession, supply and demand, salary, education, and current practice and the empowerment of the profession by studying nursing’s history. Nursing’s early history was heavily influenced by religious organizations and the need for nurses to care for soldiers during wartime. Influential nursing leaders were instrumental in the advancement of nursing education and practice. Misbah Khan 37  References Berman, A., Snyder, S., Kozier, B., & Erb, G. L. (2020). Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing, volumes 1- 3 (10th ed.). White, L., Duncan, G., & Baumle, W. (2010). Foundations of adult health nursing (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. Misbah Khan 38