CSE1100 Lecture - Computer Hardware 2 PDF

CSE1100: Introduction to Computing 1 Lecture : Computer Hardware 2  Overview PC components: The Motherboard – The CPU – Memory – Expansion Slots & Expansion Cards – Ports & Connector Cables Booting the Computer Peripherals Devices – Input – Ou...

CSE1100: Introduction to Computing 1 Lecture : Computer Hardware 2  Overview PC components: The Motherboard – The CPU – Memory – Expansion Slots & Expansion Cards – Ports & Connector Cables Booting the Computer Peripherals Devices – Input – Output Storage Devices  Heat Sinks What are heat sinks and heat pipes? heat sink fan Ø Heat sink—component with fins that cools processor Ø Heat pipe—smaller device for notebook computers heat sink  Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards Types of Adapter Cards What is an expansion card? Ø Also called an adapter card Ø A circuit board that plugs into the motherboard to expand its capabilities by providing connections to external devices called peripherals  Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards What is an expansion slot? Ø An opening, or socket, on the motherboard that can hold an adapter card Ø With Plug and Play, technology, the computer automatically configures cards and other devices as you install them  Expansion Slot Types There are several different types of expansion slots: – ISA: older technology, for modems and slow devices – PCI: for graphics, sound, video, modem or network cards – AGP: for graphics cards  Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards Expansion slot containing an expansion card. Most expansion cards contain a port. Data originates in RAM The expansion bus A connector cable plugs transports data through into the port, and leads the motherboard. to a peripheral.  Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards Common expansion cards: – graphics card (for connecting to a monitor) – network card (for transmitting data over a network) – sound card (for connecting to a microphone and speakers) Most PCs offer 4-8 expansion slots.  Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards What are PC cards and flash memory cards? Ø A PC card adds memory, sound, modem, and other capabilities to notebook computers Ø A flash memory card allows users to transfer data from mobile devices to desktop computers § Nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and reprogrammed § Used with digital cameras, digital cellular phones, music players, digital voice recorders, pagers, etc. § Hot plugging allows you to insert and remove cards while computer is running  Ports What are ports and connectors? Ø Ports connect external devices to the system unit Ø Connector joins cable to peripheral Ports - types of connectors Connector Cables Connector Cables  Comparison of Communications Ports Parallel ports are normally used for output only. Keyboard and mouse ports are normally input only. Serial, NIC, Modem and USB are bi-directional (input and output).  Booting a Computer Booting is the sequence of computer operations from power-up until the system is ready for use – this includes hardware testing, and loading the Operating System (OS). The computer checks the CMOS memory for the default BIOS (Basic Input Output System) conditions for the machine to start-up. The BIOS is the first program to be get executed when the system is powered on. On a Window machine, configuration settings are loaded from Config.sys or the Windows Registry.  Booting a Computer The Power-On Self-Test (POST) automatically checks for problems in the computer before the computer boots up. The POST process runs quickly at the beginning of the boot sequence before the operating system loads. POST checks: – Essential hardware components like the power supply, RAM, the keyboard, etc. – drives for errors e.g., hard drive, CD drive Problems are reported by various beeps, or by on-screen messages. For more information see: https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/POST-Power-On- Self-Test  Booting a Computer If nothing happens, the system is probably not getting power. When you turn on a computer, you should see the power light and hear the fan. Fan Power light  Additional notes the Boot Sequence https://www.techwalla.com/articles/five-steps- computer-bootup-process 5 steps 1. Power on 2. load BIOS 3. POST 4. Load the bootloader from the MBR (Master Boot Record) 5. Load operating system into system memory and transfer control to the OS. Peripheral Devices § Input Devices § Output Devices Input Devices  Input Devices In order to input data on graphics workstations, various input devices are used. VARIOUS TYPES OF INPUT DEVICES: KEYBOARD MOUSE TRACKBALL SPACEBALL JOYSTICK DIGITIZERS IMAGE SCANNERS TOUCH PANELS LIGHT PENS VOICE SYSTEM Keyboard Graphical systems use a keyboard to enter text strings. A numeric keypad is often included on the keyboard for fast entry of numeric data Various kinds: two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys Multimedia Keyboard Internet Keyboard Windows Keyboard Mouse A Mouse is a small pointing devices used to position the screen cursor. At the bottom of mouse, wheels or rollers are provided which record the amount and direction of movement. Instead of this an optical sensor can be used to detect mouse motion. Advantages Easy to use Not very expensive Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of the keyboard  Mouse The mouse is used for making relative changes in the position of screen cursor 1, 2 or 3 buttons are provided on the top of the mouse for signaling the execution of some operation Addition devices can be included in the basic mouse design. The Z mouse includes 3 buttons, a thumbwheel on the side, a trackball on the top and a standard mouse ball at the bottom. MOUSE This design provides 6 degrees of freedom to select positions, rotations and other parameters. With a Z mouse we can pick up an object, rotate it, and move it in any direction. Z mouse is used in virtual reality, CAD and animation  Trackball A Trackball is a ball that can be rotated with the palm of the hand to produce a screen cursor movement. Potentiometers attached to the ball measure the amount and direction of rotation. Trackballs are often mounted on keyboards or a Z mouse. They are 2- dimensional positioning devices. Spaceball A spaceball provides 6 degrees of freedom but does not actually move. Strain gauges measure the amount of pressure applied to the spaceball for spatial positioning and orientation as the device is pushed or pulled in various directions. Spaceballs are used in 3 dimensional positioning and selection operations. Joystick A joystick consists of a small, vertical lever mounted on base that is used to steer the screen cursor around. Joysticks select screen positions with actual stick movement. Some joysticks respond to pressure on the stick. The distance that the stick is moved in any direction from its center position corresponds to screen cursor movement in that direction. Potentiometer mounted at the base of the joystick measures the amount of movement and springs return the stick to the center position when it is released. In one type of joystick, the stick is used to activate switches that cause the screen cursor to move at a constant rate in the direction selected. Data Glove Data gloves can be used to grasp a virtual object. The glove is constructed with a series of sensors that detect hand and finger motions. Electromagnetic coupling between transmitting and receiving antennas is used to provide information about the position and orientation of hand. Input from the glove can be used to position or manipulate objects in a virtual scene. A 2 dimensional projection of the scene can be viewed on a video monitor Digitizers A Digitizer is a device for drawing, painting or interactively selecting coordinate positions on an object. These are used to coordinate values in either a 2d or a 3d space A Graphics tablet is a type of digitizer. It is used to position 2d coordinates by activating a hand cursor or stylus at selected positions on a flat surface. A hand cursor contains cross hairs for sighting positions. A stylus is a pencil shaped device that is pointed at positions on the table  More information The artists digitizing system uses electromagnetic resonance to detect the 3d position of the stylus. This allows an artist to produce different brush strokes with different pressures on the tablet surface. Graphics tablets provide a highly accurate method for selecting coordinate position. DIGITIZERS Many graphics tablets are constructed with a rectangular grid of wires embedded in the tablet surface. Electromagnetic pulses are generated in sequence along the wires and an electric signal is induced in a wire coil in an actuated stylus or hand cursor to record a tablet position. Image Scanners If we have drawings, graphs recorded on paper, and colour or b/w photos or text, we can store these in a computer for processing with an image scanner. Image scanners contain an optical scanning mechanism that moves over the information to be stored. The gradations of gray scale or color are then recorded and stored in an array. Once we have an internal representation of a picture, we can process that picture. Touch Panels Touch panels allow displayed objects or screen positions to be selected with the touch of a finger. One application of touch panels is for the selection of processing options that are represented with graphical icons. Touch input can be recorded using optical, electrical or acoustical methods. Optical touch panels employ a line of infrared LEDs along one vertical edge and along one horizontal edge of the frame. The opposite vertical and horizontal edges contain light detectors. These detectors are used to record which beams are interrupted when the panel is touched. The 2 crossing beams that are interrupted identify the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the screen position selected.  More information An electrical touch panel is constructed with 2 transparent plates separated by a small distance, one of the plates is coated with a conducting material and the other plate is coated with a resistive material. When the outer plate is touched, it is forced into contact with the inner plate. This contact creates a voltage drop across the resistive plate that is converted to the coordinate values of the screen TOUCH PANELS position. In acoustical touch panels, high frequency sound waves are generated in the horizontal and vertical directions across a glass plate. Touching the screen causes part of the each wave to be reflected from the finger to the emitters. The screen position at the point of contact is calculated from a measurement of time interval b/w the transmission of each wave and its reflection to the emitter. Light Pen It is a pencil shaped device. It is used to select screen positions by detecting the light coming from points on the CRT screen. They are sensitive to the short burst of light emitted from the phosphor coating at the instant the electron beam strikes a particular point. An activated lightpen pointed at a spot on the screen as the electron beam lights up that spot, generates an electrical pulse that causes the coordinate position of the electron beam to be recorded. These recorded light pen coordinates can be used to position an object or to select a processing option. Voice System Speech recognizers are used in some graphics work stations as input devices to accept voice commands. The voice system input can be used to initiate graphics operations. These systems operate by matching an input against a predefined dictionary of words and phrases. Later when a voice command is given, the system searches the dictionary for a match. Voice input is typically spoken into a microphone mounted on a handset Output Devices § Printing Devices § Impact Printers § Non-Impact Printers § 3D Printers § Display Devices § Monitors § LCD § Plasma  Printers A printer is an output devices that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper or transparencies. Printed information is called Hard Copy, meaning that it exists physically and is more permanent than soft copy. A printer often connects by a cable to a parallel port or a USB port. There are different printers with varying speeds, capabilities and printing methods.  Printers cont’d Impact Printers – Impact printers use a device to strike an inked ribbon, pressing ink from the ribbon onto the paper. – Impact printers are noisy because of striking mechanism. e.g., Dot matrix printers Dot matrix printers produce characters and graphics by using a grid of fine wires. The wires strike a ribbon and the paper.  Printers cont’d Non-Impact Printers – Non-impact printers form characters & graphics on a piece of paper, without actually striking on paper. – Some spray ink while other use heat or pressure to create images. – These printers are much quieter than the impact printers, e.g., Inkjet and laser printers,  Printers cont’d Ink-jet Printer – It is a type of non-impact printer that forms characters & graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink on a paper through a nozzle-like print head. – They are the most popular type of color printers for use in offices or home because of their low cost & letter-quality print, which is an acceptable quality of print for business letters.  Printers cont’d Laser Printers – High speed, high quality printers – Laser printers are available for color and black-and-white printing. – Quality determined by dots per inch (dpi) produced – Expensive initial costs but cheaper to operate per page  Printers cont’d Laser Printers  Printers cont’d 3D Printers 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file. There are several ways to print and all those available are additive, differing mainly in the way layers are built to create the final object. Some methods use melting or softening material to produce the layers. Source: http://3dprinting.com/what-is-3d-printing/  Monitors A monitor is a peripheral device which generates soft copy of the output as a visual display. Monitors are categorized by the technology they use: – Cathode ray tube (CRT) Monitors – Flat-panel displays LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) Plasma Screen: this technology illuminates lights arranged in a panel-like screen  Monitors CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) – A CRT is a large, sealed glass tube; the front of a tube is a screen. – Electron gun shoots a stream of electrons at a specially phosphor-coated screen. – Dots on the screen are grouped into pixels. – An electron beam moves back & forth across the back of the screen. This causes the dots on the screen to glow when struck by electrons. – In color CRTs, each pixel contains a red, green, and blue dot. These glow at varying intensities to produce color images. – CRT monitors for desktop computers are available in various sizes with the more common being 15, 17, 19, 21 inches.  Monitors The CRT electron gun “shoots” 3 electrons at the screen representing the amount of red, green and blue for the pixel p PixEL (Picture Element) n smallest unit of an image, basically a single dot on the screen p Resolution n Number of pixels in the image n Common resolution size is 1024x768  Monitors LCD Flat-Panel Display LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) A Flat-Panel Display Device with a shallow depth that does not use CRT technology. Forms output by solidifying crystals and “backlighting” the image with a light source – Old TV sets are CRTs and many older desktop monitors use this technology – LCD is primarily used today for laptops and other portable devices Storage Devices § Magnetic Storage Devices § Optical Storage Devices  Storage Devices Storage devices hold data, instructions & information for future use. Every computer uses storage devices to hold software, specifically system software & application software. Also called Secondary Storage or Auxiliary Storage Devices. Examples of storage media are: – Magnetic Storage Devices Hard Disk, Tape Drives – Solid State Drives – Optical Discs: CD-R, CD-RW, DVD  Hard Disks p Hard disks consist of multiple circular (glass, metal or plastic) platters stacked on a spindle. p The platters are coated with a metal oxide material that allows data to be magnetically recorded on their surface p Each platter has two read/write heads, one for each side. p The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of speed, typically 5400 to 7200 RPM. p Storage capacities of hard disks for personal computers range from 10 G to 2TB or more. Read/write heads  Hard Disks Sectors each track is divided into pie-shaped wedges Cluster Tracks Two or more Data is recorded in sectors combined concentric circular bands p The hard disks available today are optically assisted hard drives. They combine optical technology with magnetic media, which has increased storage capacity up to 500 GB.  How Magnetic Storage Works p A magnetic disk's medium contains iron particles, which can be polarized (given a magnetic charge) in one of two directions. p Each particle's direction represents a 1 (on) or 0 (off), representing each bit of data that the CPU can recognize. p A disk drive uses read/write heads containing electromagnets to create magnetic charges on the medium. Write head Medium Random particles Current flows (no data stored) (write operation) Organized particles (represent data) How Magnetic Storage Works As the medium rotates, the head writes the data.  Magnetic Storage Devices p When a disk is formatted, the OS creates four areas on its surface: n Boot sector – stores the master boot record, a small program that runs when you first start (boot) the computer n File allocation table (FAT) – a log that records each file's location and each sector's status n Root folder – enables the user to store data on the disk in a logical way n Data area – the portion of the disk that actually holds data  Formatting p Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for reading and writing. p Before a magnetic disk can be used, it must be formatted—a process that maps the disk's surface and determines how data will be stored. p During formatting, the drive creates circular tracks around the disk's surface, then divides each track into sectors. p The OS organizes sectors into groups, called clusters, then tracks each file's location according to the clusters it occupies.  Optical Storage Devices An optical disc is a high-capacity storage medium. An optical drive uses reflected light to read data. To store data, the disc's metal surface is covered with tiny dents (pits) and flat spots (lands), which cause light to be reflected differently. When an optical drive shines light into a pit, the light cannot be reflected back. This represents a bit value of 0 (off). A land reflects light back to its source, representing a bit value of 1 (on). Sensor Sensor detects 1 detects 0  Optical Storage Devices CD's (Compact Disc) – CD-ROM (read only) – CD-R: (Recordable CD) – CD-RW: Can write and erase CD to reuse it (Re-Writable) – DVD (Digital Video Disc) A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a flat round, portable storage medium that is usually 4.75 inches in diameter; holds 700 MB storage. A CD-ROM (read only memory), is a compact disc that used the same laser technology as audio CDs for recording music. In addition, it can contain other types of data such as text, graphics, and video. The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650 MB of data, about 70 minutes of audio. Once data is written to a standard CD-ROM disk, the data cannot be altered or overwritten.  Optical Storage Devices A CD-Recordable (CD-R) drive lets you record your own CDs, but data cannot be overwritten once it is recorded to the disk. A CD-Rewritable (CD-RW) drive lets you record a CD, then write new data over the already recorded data. A variation of CD-ROM is called Digital Video Disk Read-Only Memory (DVD-ROM) and is being used in place of CD-ROM in many newer PCs. Standard DVD disks store up to 4.7 GB of data—enough to store an entire movie.  Optical Storage Devices Dual-layer DVD disks can store up to 9.4 GB. DVD disks can store so much data because of sophisticated data compression technologies. At a glance, a DVD-ROM look like a CD-ROM, the size and shape are similar, but DVD-ROM store data, instructions & information in a slightly different manner and thus it achieves high storage capacity. HD-DVDs can store 15 GB Blue-Ray DVDs can store 25 GB  Solid State Drives Use non-volatile memory chips semiconductors used as storage medium rather than a magnetic media No moving parts Advantages over HDD: – Less Power Usage – Faster Data Access – Higher Reliability – Quicker boot times – Better performance – Quieter Disadvantage: – Cost – Shorter Life expectancy For more information see: – https://www.ibm.com/topics/solid-state-drives – https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/SSD-solid-state-drive