SA101-Module-1.pdf

A computer system is a combination of hardware, software, and peripheral devices working together to process, store, and output data. It consists of several key components: 1. Hardware: The physical components of a computer, including: - Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, r...

A computer system is a combination of hardware, software, and peripheral devices working together to process, store, and output data. It consists of several key components: 1. Hardware: The physical components of a computer, including: - Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions. - Memory (RAM): Temporary storage that holds data and instructions while the CPU processes them. - Storage Devices: Long-term data storage (e.g., hard drives, solid-state drives). - Input Devices: Devices used to input data, such as a keyboard, mouse, or scanner. - Output Devices: Devices that display or output data, such as monitors, printers, or speakers. 2. Software: The programs and operating systems that instruct the hardware on what to do. It can be further divided into: - System Software: Includes operating systems like Windows, macOS, or Linux, which manage hardware resources and provide a platform for running applications. - Application Software: Specific programs that perform tasks for users, such as word processors, games, or databases. 3. Peripherals: External devices connected to the computer, including printers, external drives, and other accessories that expand functionality. A: Backing Storage 1.1 Introduction to Backing Storage - Definition: Backing storage refers to any non-volatile storage medium that retains data when a computer is turned off, such as hard drives or solid-state drives. - Importance: Used to store data and applications when not in use and needed to store more information than is held in primary memory (RAM). 1.2 Types of Backing Storage - Magnetic Storage: - Examples: Hard Disk Drives (HDDs), Magnetic Tapes. - Advantages: High storage capacity, cost-effective for large amounts of data. - Disadvantages: Slower compared to newer technologies, mechanical parts prone to wear and tear. - Optical Storage: - Examples: CD, DVD, Blu-ray. - Advantages: Portable, long-term storage for media and backup. - Disadvantages: Limited capacity, slower read/write speeds. - Solid-State Storage: - Examples: Solid-State Drives (SSD), USB flash drives. - Advantages: Fast access times, low power consumption, no moving parts. - Disadvantages: More expensive per gigabyte than magnetic storage. 1.3 Factors to Consider in Choosing Storage - Speed: SSDs provide faster data access. - Capacity: HDDs offer more space for less cost. - Durability: SSDs are more durable as they lack moving parts. - Cost: Magnetic storage is cheaper for large-scale storage, SSDs for performance. 1.4 Emerging Trends in Backing Storage - Cloud Storage: Remote storage accessed via the internet. - Hybrid Drives: Combining SSD and HDD for both performance and capacity. Unit 2: Operating System Learning Objectives: - Understand the purpose and functions of an operating system. - Explore different types of operating systems. - Learn the basic components and services provided by an OS. 2.1 Introduction to Operating Systems - Definition: An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides services for computer programs. - Functions: - Managing Hardware: OS controls devices like CPU, memory, and I/O devices. - Running Applications: Provides an environment for running software. - File Management: Manages files and directories on storage devices. - Security: Enforces access control and user authentication. 2.2 Types of Operating Systems - Single-tasking vs. Multi-tasking: - Single-tasking: Executes one task at a time (e.g., older operating systems). - Multi-tasking: Allows multiple tasks to run simultaneously (e.g., Windows, Linux). - Single-user vs. Multi-user: - Single-user: One user at a time (e.g., desktop OS). - Multi-user: Multiple users simultaneously (e.g., UNIX, server OS). - Network Operating System: - Designed for networking environments where computers communicate and share resources. 2.3 Core Components of an Operating System - Kernel: The core part of the OS, responsible for managing system resources. - Shell: User interface for interacting with the OS, can be graphical (GUI) or command-line (CLI). - File System: Organizes and stores files on storage devices. - Drivers: Interfaces for hardware components, such as printers or monitors. 2.4 Common Operating Systems - Windows: Widely used OS for personal computers. - Linux: Open-source OS known for its stability and security. - macOS: OS for Apple computers, known for its smooth integration with Apple devices. --- Unit 3: Software Utilities Learning Objectives: - Understand what software utilities are and their role in a computer system. - Explore common types of utility software. - Learn how to use utility software for system maintenance. 3.1 Introduction to Software Utilities - Definition: Software utilities are system management tools that help optimize, maintain, and protect a computer system. - Importance: They enhance system performance, ensure security, and assist with troubleshooting. 3.2 Types of Software Utilities - Antivirus Programs: - Detect and remove malware. - Common examples: Norton, McAfee, Windows Defender. - Backup Utilities: - Automate the process of backing up files to prevent data loss.  - Can backup to local storage or the cloud. - Disk Management Tools: - Disk Defragmenter: Reorganizes fragmented data to improve access speed. - Disk Cleanup: Removes unnecessary files to free up space. - File Compression Tools: - Compress large files into smaller sizes for easier storage and transfer. - Common examples: WinRAR, 7-Zip. - Firewalls: - Monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic to protect against unauthorized access. 3.3 Utility Software for Performance Optimization - Task Manager: Monitors processes and system performance. - System Updates: Ensures the OS and applications are up-to-date with the latest patches and features. 3.4 How to Use Utility Software - Antivirus Usage: Regular scans and updates are essential to keeping a system protected. - Disk Management: Run disk defragmenter and cleanup tools periodically to maintain optimal performance. - Backup Tools: Schedule automatic backups to ensure important data is always recoverable.