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CRUCIFERS GENERAL IPM STRATEGIES PESTS & DISEASES GROUP 1  Crucifers Cruciferous crops, also known as brassicas, are a group of vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae. They are characterized by their four-petaled flowers that resemble a cross, hence the name "cr...

CRUCIFERS GENERAL IPM STRATEGIES PESTS & DISEASES GROUP 1  Crucifers Cruciferous crops, also known as brassicas, are a group of vegetables belonging to the family Brassicaceae. They are characterized by their four-petaled flowers that resemble a cross, hence the name "cruciferous." These crops are highly nutritious, rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Some cruciferous vegetables include broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, kale, Brussels sprouts, and collard greens. General IPM Strategies Selection of healthy, disease free, climatically adopted and high yielding seeds Using resistant varieties for arthropod pests and diseases. Solarization of seed beds, if possible. Raising seedlings in plastic trays and using sterile media like coco-peat. Covering seed beds/seedling trays with nylon netting to prevent insect infestation. Treating seeds/seedlings with Trichoderma spp. Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus subtilis. Treating seedbeds/nursery floor with Beauveria bassiana to kill nymphs of thrips that reach floor for pupation Treating the field with neem cake to control nematodes. Crop rotation with non-cruciferous crops, especially with cereals. General IPM Strategies Trap cropping. Field sanitation – removal of residual crop material immediately after harvesting. Intercroppping. Use of pheromone traps. Use of microbial pesticides like, Bacillus thurigiensis, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, NPVs and others. Use of botanical pesticides CRUCIFERS’ PESTS Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris brassicae) Home Description: Larvae are velvety-green with a faint yellow dorsal stripe and a row of yellow spots running laterally along the body. Life Cycle: it goes through four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The larval stage is the most destructive, as caterpillars feed heavily on cabbage and related crops, damaging leaves and reducing yields. Favorable environmental condition: Warm, moist conditions with abundant host plants like cabbage and broccoli Management strategies: Hand picking and Major pest mechanical destruction of caterpillar during early stage of attack can reduce infestation. Diamond Back Moth (Plutella xylostella) Home Description: dangerous pest of cabbage and cauliflower, but it also consumes a wide variety of other cruciferous crops. Adult is a small, slender, grayish-brown moth with pronounced antennae. It is about 6 mm long, and marked with a broad cream or light brown band along the back. Life Cycle: The diamondback moth's life cycle has four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The larvae cause the most damage by feeding on leaves and creating holes that harm crop growth. After feeding, they pupate and turn into adults, which lay eggs to repeat the cycle. favorable environmental condition: Warm, dry conditions with abundant host plants like cabbage and broccoli Management strategies: Spray commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis @1- 2 g/liter of water Major pest Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta cruciferae) Home Description: Can be black, bronze, bluish or brown to metallic gray. All flea beetles have large back legs which they use for jumping, especially when disturbed. Almost attack all the cruciferous plant. Life Cycle: Flea beetles undergo a life cycle consisting of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults. The larvae develop in the soil, but the most destructive stage is the adult beetle, which feeds on the leaves of plants, causing significant damage by feeding on the leaves and stems. favorable environmental condition: thrives in warm, sunny, and dry conditions. Major pest Management strategies: Use of chemical pesticides like Malathion or cypermetrin @2-3 ml/lit of water. Mustard Sawfly (Athalia lugens) Home Description: The adults are small orange yellow insects with black markings on the body and have smoky wings with black veins.Initially the larva nibbles leaves, later it feeds from the margins towards the midrib. Life Cycle: it undergoes a life cycle of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Females lay eggs in mustard leaves, and the hatching larvae feed destructively on the foliage, causing significant damage. After several molts, they pupate in the soil before emerging as adults to continue the cycle. Favorable environmental condition: Warm, humid conditions with abundant host plants like mustard and radish Major pest Management strategies: Collection and destruction of larva at evening and morning. Mustard Aphid (Lipaphis erysimi) Home Description: Adults are about 1.7 mm long, with both winged and wingless types. Wingless are greenish-yellow, covered in a fine waxy coating, with green bands on the top of the body. small, globular, pear, shaped, delicate insect with soft and fragile body. Direct feeding damage occurs when colonies of aphids develop on stems, leaves and heads, from the seedling stage through to head filling Life Cycle: it has a life cycle that includes eggs, nymphs, and adults. Nymphs are particularly destructive, feeding on the sap of mustard and cruciferous plants, causing wilting and stunted growth. Favorable environmental condition: Warm, dry conditions with abundant host plants like mustard and radish Management strategies: Destroy the affected parts along Major pest with aphid population in the initial stage Cabbage Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) Home Description: Cabbage aphids are gray-green but usually appear gray or white due to a dusty, waxy secretion that covers their bodies. Both adults and nymphs have dark heads and short cornicles, and are found only on brassicas. Their most serious economic damage is contamination of the crop at harvest. Life Cycle: it has a life cycle that includes egg, nymph, and adult stages, with rapid population growth due to live birth. The most destructive stage is the adult, which feeds on the sap of cruciferous plants like cabbage and broccoli, causing stunted growth and yellowing leaves. favorable environmental condition: Cool (10-20°C), dry conditions with abundant host plants like cabbage and Major pest broccoli Management strategies: Releasing and rearing of predator like ladybird beetle. Cutworms (Agrotis segetum) Home Description: Cutworms are caterpillars that when disturbed curl their body into a tight 'C' appearance. They have a smooth skin and a wet or greasy texture; their body is plump. Important pest of worldwide occurrence. Life cycle: Cutworms have a life cycle with four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The most destructive stage is the larval stage, where cutworms feed on the stems and roots of young plants, cutting them off at the soil level and causing significant crop loss. Favorable environmental condition: thrive in cool, moist conditions, typically below 65°F (18°C), with high humidity, favoring their nocturnal activity and soil- dwelling habits. Major pest Management strategies: Collect and destroy caterpillar mechanically as they may be curled near the base of young plants or just a few inches into the soil. Soybean Hairy Caterpillar (Chrysodeixis includens) Home Description: light to dark green caterpillar which derives its name from its preferred host plant (soybean, Glycine max) and the looping movement it makes while in motion. The destructive stage of this pest is the caterpillar stage which is identified as a light green caterpillar with white thin lines running the length of its body. Life Cycle: The soybean hairy caterpillar, or soybean looper, has a life cycle consisting of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The destructive larvae hatch from eggs laid on soybean leaves and feed heavily on the foliage, causing significant damage. favorable environmental condition: Warm, dry weather, typically between 75-95°F (24-35°C) Minor pest Management strategies: Collect & destroy infested plant parts, egg masses and young larvae. Semilooper (Naranga aenescens) Home Description: Larval Stage is the most destructive phase. a caterpillar that is the larva of any of various plusiid moths and that moves like a geometrid larva.The adult moths hide at the base of the plants in rice fields or in grassy areas during daytime and are active at night Life Cycle: a type of caterpillar pest, undergoes a life cycle consisting of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The most destructive stage is the larval stage, where the semi-loopers feed on leaves, causing significant damage to crops like beans, cabbage, and other vegetables. favorable environmental condition: Warm, humid conditions, typically between 75-90°F (24-32°C) Management strategies: The pest should be kept in Minor pest check by picking the gregarious caterpillars and the cocoons which are found on tree trunks and destroying them in water with a film of kerosene. Leaf Webber (Crocidolomia binotalis) Home Description: a moth larva that is a major pest of cabbage crops. Female moths, brown in color, lay their eggs on leaf buds and young leaves. The creamy-yellow larvae will then bind leaves together and feed on the tender shoots while remaining inside the web. The damage is caused by the larvae. Life Cycle: The leaf webber undergoes a life cycle with four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The most destructive stage is the larval stage, where caterpillars feed on leaves and create webs that damage plant tissues, hindering growth and reducing yield. favorable environmental condition: Warm, humid Minor pest conditions, typically between 75-90°F (24-32°C) Management strategies: Remove and destroy the webbed leaves with caterpillars within Rice Grasshopper (Hieroglyphus banian) Home Description: Both the adult and nymph stages can cause heavy damage by eating leaves and grains. Adults are about the size of your little finger. The body is a shiny greenish yellow colour with three black lines on its upper side. In the early stages, the young are yellowish, with many reddish brown spots. Life Cycle: The rice grasshopper undergoes a life cycle with three stages: egg, nymph, and adult. The most destructive stage is the adult stage, where they feed voraciously on rice and cruciferous crops, leading to significant yield loss. favorable environmental condition: Warm, dry conditions, typically between 75-95°F (24-35°C) Management strategies: Flooding the stubbles, trimming Minor pest the bunds, sweeping along the bunds and adult grass hoppers can be picked directly from the foliage at night because they are sluggish. Painted Bug (Bagrada hilaris) Home Description: The adult body is shield shaped, and ranges in size from 5–7 mm long, and 3–4 mm wide. Females are slightly larger than male, lays up to 100 oval or barrel-shaped eggs on leaves or in soil beneath plants. Life Cycle: The painted bug, also known as the painted lady bug, undergoes a life cycle consisting of four stages: egg, nymph, pupa, and adult. The most destructive stage is the nymph stage, during which the young bugs feed on plant sap, causing harm to various crops. favorable environmental condition: Warm, dry conditions, typically between 75-95°F (24-35°C) Management strategies: Spray the crop with malathion Minor pest 50 EC @1000 ml or dimethoate 30 EC @625 ml in 600-700 liter water Green Stink Bug (Chinavia hilaris) Home Description: Adult green stink bugs are shield-shaped with fully developed wings. They are solid light green and measure 14 to 19 mm in length. The head and pronotum frequently are bordered by a narrow, orange-yellow line. Life Cycle: The green stink bug undergoes a life cycle with five stages: egg, nymph, and adult. The most destructive stage is the nymph stage, where young stink bugs feed on plant sap, causing significant damage to crops like tomatoes, peppers, and fruit trees favorable environmental condition: warm, dry conditions, typically between 75-95°F (24-35°C) Management strategies: Weeds can serve as alternative hosts for Green Stink Bugs. Keeping fields and surrounding areas free of weeds can help reduce potential habitats for Minor pest these pests. Leaf Miner (Liriomyza sativae) Home Description: The leaf miner is the first threat to the well- being of a lovage plant. These pests are tiny black flies, 0.1 inch long, with yellow stripes. Their larvae develop from eggs laid on the underside of the leaves. They cause damage to plants both directly and indirectly. The most direct damage is caused by the larvae mining the leaf tissue, leading to desiccation, premature leaf-fall and cosmetic damage. Life Cycle: larvae of specific insects, have a life cycle with four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The most destructive stage is the larval stage, where they burrow into leaves, creating tunnels that damage the plant and hinder photosynthesis. favorable environmental condition: Warm, dry conditions, typically between 75-95°F (24-35°C) Management strategies: Placing physical barriers, such as Minor pest row covers or netting, over the host plant can help prevent adult leaf miners from laying eggs on the leaves. Red Ant (Solenopsis invicta) Home Description: Body reddish with shiny dark brown gaster with stinger. Large eyes and 3 teeth on front of head. Petiole with 2 nodes; no spines on thorax. 10-segmented antennae with 2-segmented club. Extremely aggressive. Life Cycle: Red ants, or fire ants, have a life cycle with four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The adult stage is the most destructive, as they invade homes and gardens, damaging plants and crops while posing risks through painful stings. favorable environmental condition: Red ants generally prefer warm temperatures, typically between 65-95°F (18- 35°C), for optimal activity and foraging. Management strategies: Flooding of fields may work but is often impractical when crops are not being grown in rotation with paddy rice. Minor pest White Grub (Phyllophaga spp.) Home Description: White grubs are the larval stage of scarab beetles and chafers. They feed on the roots of grasses and can be found in the top couple inches of soil. The body is creamy white with a reddish- brown head, and they have three pairs of legs on the thorax. They may reach nearly one inch long. Once the eggs hatch, tiny first instar larvae emerge and begin eating away at the shallow root system of your grass. Life Cycle: White grubs, the larvae of scarab beetles, go through four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The most destructive stage is the larval stage, during which they feed on plant roots, damaging lawns and crops. favorable environmental condition: warm, moist soil conditions, typically between 65-85°F (18-29°C). They prefer well-drained, loamy soils rich in organic matter. Heavy rainfall and warm temperatures during the larval stage promote their growth and development. Minor pest Management strategies: Apply Beauveria brongniortii @ 2.5 kg/ha (1*109 cfu/g) entopathogenic fungal formulation along with FYM at the time of planting in endemic regions. CRUCIFERS’ DISEASES CLUB ROOT Causal Agent: Plasmodiophora brassicae Home Sign Vegetables: Cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and turnips. Symptoms: Above ground: Stunted growth, purplish foliage and wilting in hot weather Below ground: The root system becomes massively swollen and distorted, with a loss of the finer roots Favorable environmental condition: Cool, moist, acidic soils with a pH below 6.5 and temperatures between 64-77°F (18-25°C) management strategies: Good rotations (every 7 years); practices that minimize the spread of infected soil; better drainage and control of all brassica family weeds are all recommended methods of minimising clubroot. BLACK ROT Home Sign CAUSAL AGENT: Xanthomonas Campestris pv campestris Vegetables: Cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, and turnips. Symptoms: Yellow V-shaped lesions on leaf margins that progress inward, leading to leaf wilting and eventual death Favorable environmental condition: Warm, humid conditions with temperatures between 75-85°F (24- 29°C) and high humidity management strategies: Hot water Bacteria seed treatment can help reduce or eliminate the seedborne pathogen. SOFT ROT CAUSAL AGENT: Pectobacterium carotovorum, Home Sign Dickeya dadantii Vegetables: Cabbage and turnips Symptoms: Soft, mushy tissue in stems and roots; foul odor due to decay Favorable environmental condition: Warm, humid conditions with temperatures above 68°F (20°C) and frequent rainfall or heavy dew management strategies: Ensure good air circulation and remove infected plant debris to manage soft rot. Apply biofungicides and appropriate Bacteria fungicides as needed. XANTHOMONAS LEAF SPOT CAUSAL AGENT: Xanthomonas campestris Home Sign pv. armoraciae Vegetables: Mustard and collards. Symptoms: Numerous small, circular spots on leaves, often surrounded by a yellow border; severe infections can lead to extensive leaf yellowing Favorable environmental condition: Warm, humid conditions with temperatures between 77-86°F (25- 30°C) and frequent rainfall management strategies: seed can be treated with a dilute bleach solution Bacteria (10%) for 15 to 30 minutes or hot water. CAULIFLOWER MOSAIC Home Sign CAUSAL AGENT: (CAMV) Cauliflower mosaic virus Vector: Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) Vegetables: Cauliflower Symptoms: chlorosis (loss of green leaf virus color), mosaic (patches of light and dark green on leaves), vein clearing (abnormal clear or translucent color of veins), and/or stunting Favorable environmental condition: Warm, dry conditions with high temperatures and low humidity, particularly through aphid vectors. management strategies: covering your Vector plants with a floating row cover, or aluminum foil mulches CABBAGE LEAF CURL VIRUS Sign CAUSAL AGENT: Taprhina deformans Home Vector- whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) Vegetables- cabbage Symptoms- curling of leaves, distorted fruit, reduction in the size of leaves, and virus a bushy appearance Favorable environmental condition: Warm temperatures, typically above 80°F (27°C), and dry conditions management strategies: Use fire on the weeding tools regularly so as to kill any bacteria on them. Vector DOWNY MILDEW Causal Agent: Peronospora parasitica Home Sign Vegetables: Cabbage, kale, and other leafy greens. Symptoms: Yellow-brown spots on upper leaf surfaces with white to gray mildew on the undersides; leaves may turn yellow and die Favorable environmental condition: Cool, moist conditions with temperatures between 50-68°F (10- 20°C) and high humidity management strategies: Fungi Remove any source of spores, heavily infected trays of seedlings, old infected seedlings, and weedy crucifer weeds. WHITE RUST Home Sign CAUSAL AGENT: ALBUGO CANDIDANS Vegetables: Mustard greens, turnips, and other crucifers. Symptoms: White blister-like pustules on leaves and stems; may cause distortion and malformation of floral parts Favorable environmental condition: Cool, moist conditions with temperatures between 50-68°F (10-20°C) and high humidity management strategies: For the chemical method ,to effectively control the disease, Copper-based fungicides should be used including greencop 500wp, Trinity gold 425wp Fungi and other. But whenever spraying any fungicide, it is advisable to mix it with INTEGRA 3ml/20l. This improves the efficacy of the fungicide GRAY MOLD Sign Home CAUSAL AGENT: Botrytis cinerea Vegetables: Broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower. Symptoms: Brown, water-soaked spots that develop into a gray mold; can cause decay of the entire plant. Favorable environmental condition: Cool, moist conditions with temperatures between 50-77°F (10- 25°C) and high humidity management strategies: promptly prune off diseased portions of the plant (or remove the entire plant if fully Fungi infected) and place them in a bag for disposal. SOUTHERN BLIGHT Sign Home CAUSAL AGENT: Sclerofium rolfsii Vegetables: Cabbage and other crucifers Symptoms: Wilting of plants, often with a white fungal growth at the base of the stem Favorable environmental condition: Warm, humid conditions with temperatures between 75-85°F (24- 29°C) and high soil moisture management strategies: Avoiding environmental conditions that favour development of the pathogen. Fungi PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT CAUSAL AGENT: Phytophthora sojae Home Sign Vegetables: Cabbage and broccoli. Symptoms: Wilting and yellowing of leaves, root decay, and stunted growth Favorable environmental condition: Warm, wet soil conditions with temperatures between 65-85°F (18- 29°C) management strategies: provide good drainage and to practice good water management. Fungi LIGHT LEAF SPOT CAUSAL AGENT: Pyrenopeziza brassicae Home Sign Vegetables: Mustard and turnip greens. Symptoms: Light green to yellow spots on leaves that may become necrotic Favorable environmental condition: Cool, moist conditions with frequent rainfall or heavy dew, typically below 68°F (20°C) management strategies: Ensure sufficient break between susceptible crops in the rotation. Fungi SCLEROTINIA STEM ROT Home Sign CAUSAL AGENT: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Vegetables: Cabbage and cauliflower. Symptoms: Water-soaked spots on stems and leaves, often covered with a white, fluffy mold; can cause wilting and death of plants Favorable environmental condition: Cool, moist conditions with temperatures between 55-77°F (13- 25°C) and high humidity management strategies: Trichoderma spp. are considered effective in Fungi controlling S. sclerotiorum across several crops DAMPING-OFF Home CAUSAL AGENT: Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, and Pythium spp. Vegetables: Seedlings of cabbage, Fungi broccoli, and cauliflower. Symptoms: Seedlings fail to emerge, or collapse after emergence; stems may be soft and water-soaked Favorable environmental condition: Cool, wet soil conditions, often with poor drainage, below 68°F (20°C) management strategies: plant at the right time, germinate seeds indoors in disease-free soils, and follow planting Sign practices that reduce disease risk. CERCOSPORA LEAF SPOT Home CAUSAL AGENT: Cercospora beticola Sign Vegetables: Mustard and turnips. Symptoms: Circular white spots with dark borders on leaves; severely affected leaves may turn yellow and dry out Favorable environmental condition: Warm, humid conditions with frequent rainfall or heavy dew, and temperatures between 77-95°F (25-35°C) management strategies: Remove and destroy infected plants as soon as symptoms are observed to minimize spread of disease. Avoid Fungi overhead irrigation or prolonged moisture to minimize disease severity. ANTHRACNOSE CAUSAL AGENT: Colletotrichum higginsianum, Home Sign Colletotricum lagenarium Vegetables: Turnips and mustard. Symptoms: Small, dry, circular spots on leaves, often with dark centers; affected leaves may die Favorable environmental condition: Warm, humid conditions with temperatures between 75-85°F (24- 29°C) and frequent rainfall or heavy dew management strategies: Give plants plenty of room and good air circulation, and avoid overhead Fungi watering to limit wet leaves BLACK LEG Home CAUSAL AGENT: Phoma lingum Sign Vegetables: Cabbage and canola. Symptoms: Dark lesions on stems, often leading to plant collapse; leaf spots with dark centers Favorable environmental condition: Cool, moist conditions with frequent rainfall or heavy dew, typically below 68°F (20°C) management strategies: Rotate cruciferous crops and use biofungicides like Trichoderma spp. to manage black Fungi leg. Regularly monitor and apply fungicides only when necessary. POWDERY MILDEW CAUSAL AGENT: Ersiphi cruciferarum Home Sign Vegetables: Cabbage and broccoli. Symptoms: White, powdery fungal growth on leaves and stems; may cause leaf curling and yellowing Favorable environmental condition: Warm (20-30°C), dry conditions with poor air circulation favor powdery mildew management strategies: Rotate crops and use resistant varieties for powdery mildew. Apply biofungicides like Trichoderma spp. and sulfur-based Fungi fungicides when needed. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING! BRING OUT 1/2 CROSSWISE FOR A SHORT QUIZ.