Course Notebook - Oei Shu Fen Amelia - BIB353 - PDF

Course Notebook Oei Shu Fen Amelia (ADM24138) BIB353: 1 and 2 Corinthians Dr. Doug Petersen November 27, 2024  INTRODUCTION – WEEK 1 Notebook Outline Authorship Pau...

Course Notebook Oei Shu Fen Amelia (ADM24138) BIB353: 1 and 2 Corinthians Dr. Doug Petersen November 27, 2024  INTRODUCTION – WEEK 1 Notebook Outline Authorship Paul the Person About the author of these Paul the Apostle letters Structure Pauline letters typically begin with a greeting and a thanksgiving Style & Writing used in What stands out are the distinctive elements among common epistolary the letters devices There is an emphasis on the Corinthians holiness and sanctification to live up to who they are in Christ Paul always includes a prayer wish at the outset of his letters Context Historical Political Cultural Literary The Social Context of the New Testament Five Major Transitions Background Corinth The People of Corinth Paul and the Corinthians Themes Eschatology as a theological framework Jesus Christ, the cross, Salvation and the Power of the Spirit The Church as a temple of the Holy Spirit and the Body of Christ Moral Living in Christ Paul’s theological indicative and moral imperative Summary The Story What significance did the letters have on Christianity? How has it shaped Christian living? Important Terms Honour and Shame Status and Role Patron/Patronage The Social Context of the New Testament Sociological component in the writings in Greek culture was that speakers were usually prized for their rhetorical brilliance which would typically appeal to the beautiful and rich Five Major Transitions Geographically Linguistically Culturally Sociologically Demographically Corinth The city of Corinth was located in Southern Greece and Paul visited them The city of Corinth was a wealthy, cosmopolitan commercial center  2 The People of Corinth The Corinth church prone to pride and they were spiritually rich in that they moved in spiritual gifts and there were evident testimonies Those who were called to faith in Corinth were not from the intellectual class, political influence or from the elite sector however there was a natural temptation to desire a high social status. They were in fact of low social status. Paul the Person Paul used to be the person who persecuted the church but was later converted on Damascus Road He was born in Tarsus (a Greek city) to Jewish parents, trained in Jeruselum under Gamaliel and a pharisee Paul the Apostle Paul was a task theologian and he provided the church with it’s first theology Paul always writes to address problems in the church and he treats sticky issues in the church with theological responses. Paul and the Corinthians Paul brought the royal news about Jesus to Macedonia (Northen Greece) but then had to flee to Achaia (Southern Greece) Many people became believers, so Paul stayed there for 1.5 years to teach them After he left, the Corinthians wrote to Paul about some key questions The Corinthians adopted the common Greek idea that physical things are bad, so they wanted to free the human spirit from the body - This affected the way they saw matters such as marriage and relationships, ceremonial meals and even the resurrection of Jesus. Paul addresses all these matters in his letter to the Corinthians Important Terms Honour and Shame: The first century church has a high honor and shame culture, they often think ‘what do people think about me’ and if they think negatively of me, that would be shameful. If they think highly of me, it would be like receiving honor. Status and Role: The people in Corinth lived in a stratified society and with every status comes an expected behaviour of the role they play in society. It is often very difficult for people to change their status. Patron/Patronage: This is a person of higher social standing who is able to provide services / money to a lower-class person (client). The client would be expected to repay with interest as well as give loyalty to the patron. The Story The Corinthian church was a well-established church that Paul had founded. He spent 18 months with them to build up the church. The church was gifted with the ability to move in spiritual gifts. However, in their moving in the spirit, they began to develop pride and also had multiple misconceptions about theological concepts. Paul hears about the issues in the church and writes to the Corinthians to address these issues. The Corinthians challenged Paul on the concept of resurrection, spiritual gifts and the cross. They criticized Paul for being not spiritual enough and challenges his apostleship. They are arrogant, boastful and living blatantly in sin. They used cultural standards as the yardstick for living instead of following according to the standards and values of God. Paul’s task is to confront the problems head on and convince the Corinthians to live lives worthy of their salvation and as representatives of Christ as the church.  3 Eleven Problems 1. Factions in the Church (1:10-4:21) 2. Incest/tolerant leadership (5:1-13) 3. Brother takes brother to Courts (6:1-11) 4. Believers going to Prostitutes (6:12-20) 5. Marriage and Sex (7:1-40) 6. Liberty: Meat Offered to Idols (8:1-10:33) 7. Women in Worship (11:1-16) 8. The Lord’s Supper (11:17-34) 9. Spiritual Gifts & Chaos (12:1-14:40) 10. Resurrection from the Dead (15:1-58) 11. The Collection (16:1-4) For Next Week: 1. Construct an Outline of I Corinthians 2. Reconstruct a Chronology of Paul’s visits and letters to the Corinthians (see syllabus for instructions) 3. Submit any questions about the readings or lectures 4. Read 1 Corinthians 1:1-6:20  Study Guide/NOTES Problem #1 Divisions 1 Corinthians 1:10-4:21 Outline (for your notes) Divisions in the Church (1:10-17) Paul hears of divisions within the church and aims to address these issues The church has been divided into different groups of leaders and it’s becoming a problem The Corinthians concerned themselves with whom they followed The power of the cross is “Grace plus zero” - It implies that salvation comes solely through God’s grace, without any additional requirements or works needed from individuals. The phrase emphasizes that nothing can be added to grace; it is a gift that cannot be earned or supplemented by human effort. Foolishness of the cross (1:18-31) Paul argues that the message of the cross appears foolish to the world, yet it is the source of power for salvation, therefore, no other message has the power to save like the power of the cross The way we get to heaven is through crucifixion and that’s the way that God has chosen The concern that Paul has about the Corinthians is that the church is using culture as a yard stick, a secular approach to measuring spirituality They were attempting to evaluate the effectiveness of the ministers and determine the final reward that should be assigned to Paul or Apollos. They were also more focused on the eloquence, skills and abilities of the speakers instead of its message to determine which speaker was better and wiser. Foolishness of God’s Wisdom (2:1-16) Paul explains that when we speak, we don’t have to “bedazzle” others in our eloquence but rather it is the power of the cross to transform God may be big but, yet he is comprehensible in the way that he has given us everything that we need and that is marvelous information that is transformational and therefore should be followed up by moral behaviour The Church: Workers, Foundations & the Temple of the Holy Spirit (3:5-17) We are all called to be in fellowship with God regardless of our leadership titles Leaders are servants who are called to plant and to water and are not ‘rivals’ The church represents believers of whom God’s spirit dwells in them Servants and Fools (4:1-4:21) The Corinthians had a misunderstanding that they seem to be different from everyone else, having all that they need and thought that they are “rich” spiritually. They think they have arrived. Paul’s perspective on servant leadership is one that experiences hardships, and paul focuses on Jesus’ teachings on the cost of discipleship where it is represented by the  2 “upside down power” – One must lose their life to gain it and the first shall be the last and the last shall be the first. Keep a list of important events, terms or phrases: For example: Wisdom Knowledge Spirituality Church Questions: There are no questions  Problem #2 The Incestuous Man 1 Corinthians 5:1-13 Outline (for your notes) Problem Stated (5:1-5) A brother in the church is sleeping with his mother-in-law and he continues to participate in worship and the issue behind this is that this person is most likely a leader in the church. It’s terrible because the church isn’t doing anything about it and continues to allow this person to remain in sin and yet be in church as a leader. One possible reason behind this is because this person could be someone wealthy and has a position of influence Paul wasn’t upset about just the act of incest as there were many who sinned and are sinners however, Paul was upset that the church tolerated this person and continued to allow this person to remain a leader in the church. The Feast of Unleavened Bread and the Passover (5:6-8) Paul uses the feast of the unleavened bread and the Passover to discipline the church in this matter. All we need is a little leaven to leaven the bread and the whole bread is compromised and with the Passover, once a year traditionally they would clean out their house of everything that was unleavened and start over again and Paul’s view is that the church does this. Celebrate! (5:8) In partaking of the Passover, we clean out all the ‘garbage’ in our lives then we can recognize that Christ has been sacrificed for us and has redeemed us and we can celebrate! God forgives! A Previous Letter (5:9-13) There was a previous letter that the Paul has written to the Corinthians however it is now lost. It instructed them not to associate with the sexually immoral but now paul further enhances this list to include a disassociation with a lot more types of people. He lists a laundry list of vices. List important events, words or phrases Theological terms The Feast of the unleavened bread and the Passover List of Vices Immoral (Sexual Sin) Greedy (Covetous) Idolator Slanderer Drunkard Swindler (Thief)  2 Scroll down for questions Questions What is the problem? The issue presented is a case of incest of a man sleeping with his mother-in-law that has been occurring over time and the church has allowed the issue to persist despite previous writings from Paul to disassociate from such moral behaviour. Why is there a problem? The church has continuously tolerated this behaviour and has even boasted about their tolerance. This sin impacts the church community. Even non-believers do not condone such a behaviour. How shameful it is for Christians to allow this to continue, even more so, in leadership. How does Paul address the problem (the theological key)? Paul addresses the issue by emphasizing that the church is a living organism, and he uses the imagery of the Feast of the Unleavened Bread and the Passover to further illustrate his point. As Christ sacrificed for us, the indicative is that now we are redeemed, therefore the imperative is that we should celebrate our salvation and address the sin. We ought to respond appropriately by living out the truth in obedience as people of God. Application for your own life and ministry In my personal life, I should regularly ‘clean out’ areas that require re-evaluation. Just as in the Passover, I am reminded that God has sacrificed for me, and I am redeemed. Therefore, if there are areas in my life that require further ‘cleansing’ or even a ‘throwing away,’ I must deal with them. In ministry, as a cell group leader, it is vital to ensure that the leaders I raise live Christlike lives. They should be tested and proven, though we know, they are not yet perfected. If there are areas in their lives that require discipleship, I need the boldness to speak into these matters and address challenges as they arise. Why do you think it is so hard to practice disciple in the contemporary church? In today's world, people often consider themselves highly educated, much like the Corinthians— they think they are wise and believe they know everything. We must be cautious when speaking into their lives. Additionally, it is essential for a person's heart to be open to receive guidance and discipleship. If their hearts are not open, it becomes challenging to address areas in their lives that need change. Therefore, we must exercise great care in selecting leaders. Once in leadership, the desire to be tolerant or be non-judgmental cannot cloud our ability to discern areas that are important to be addressed. We should have the courage to speak about issues that needs to be discussed however, doing so with love, care, gentleness, and in the spirit of Christ. What do you think is the most destructive sin in the church today? Pride. Pride is destructive and the Bible warns against pride repeatedly. In Proverbs 16:18: "Pride goes before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall." Pride blinds individuals to their need for repentance and even causes strife. “Where there is strife, there is pride, but wisdom is found in those who take advice.” Proverbs 13:10. Where reliance on the Lord and the Holy Spirit is important in how we live our daily lives and how God uses us in ministry and in service to the  3 Lord, pride causes us to not have a surrendered and an obedient heart that is necessary for God's to move in us. 1 Corinthians 10:12 cautions, "So, if you think you are standing firm, be careful that you don’t fall." Pride diminishes a believer’s growth in the Lord and thereby reducing the effectiveness of the church in fulfilling God’s intended purposes.  Problem #3 Lawsuits 1 Corinthians 6:1-11) Outline (for notes) The Problem (6:1:1) The problem here is that church members are taking each other to public court for trivial disputes and this was because of a social class issue and Paul had to address this problem Do you not know who you are in Christ (6:2-6) In Paul’s argument, he shares that believers will eventually have the authority to judge the world and angels and therefore we should be competent to judge trivial cases. It is shameful that we have to take trivial disputes before unbelievers and have unbelievers judge believers, like as if we cannot determine right or wrong for ourselves. You have already lost—suffer wrong (6:7-8) Paul is concerned about what the world must think about our community at church and the lack of understanding of who they are in Christ brings shame to the community of faith When we are in situations where we could be right, yet we don't have to make it such that the other person suffers wrong. Therefore, Paul never gives rules here, he gives attitudes and values and he leaves it up to the church to put some structure into how they should do things. The indicative is that we are a redeemed people and we are going to inherit the Kingdom but the imperative is that the Corinthian church did not act like they were the redeemed. Do you not know … list of vices (6:9-10) Sexually immoral Idolaters Adulterers Men who have sex with men Thieves Greedy Drunkards Slanderers Swindlers  2 Theological Key (6:11) We are washed sanctified and justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the spirit of our God. When we are washed clean, our sins are gone, sanctified as the people of God and justified in right standing before God just as though we have never sinned and this is what should guide our lives. Paul also shares an eschatological perspective of how in the present we an eschatological people and we are are to give witness to the world. The Corinthians had it partly right, that they are on their way to heaven but the problem is that we are not in heaven yet, we are living here, right now, in the present and because we live in the present, though our redeemed future is secure, we need to live a present life that is pleasing to the Lord. List important events, words or phrases Paul addresses church members taking each other to public court for trivial disputes He uses a rhetorical style with his statements rebuttals and his theological support Paul argues believers should be able to judge trivial cases themselves He shames them for not having anyone wise enough to judge disputes internally Words or Phrases Believers should rather “suffer wrong” or “be cheated” then harm the community Paul provides a laundry list of vices The theological idea of an eschatological framework and reminds them that they are washed sanctified and justified in Christ Key Phrases Do you not know  3 Scroll down for questions Questions What is the problem? The problem here is that church members are taking each other to public court for trivial disputes and this was because of a social class issue and Paul had to address this problem Why is there a problem? Believers will eventually have the authority to judge the world and even angels and therefore we should be competent to judge trivial cases. It is shameful that we have to take trivial disputes before unbelievers and have unbelievers judge believers, like as if we cannot determine right or wrong for ourselves. How does Paul address the problem (the theological key)? Paul uses the eschatological framework that although we are redeemed in the future but yet in the present, we will have to live pleasing unto the Lord. We are washed sanctified and justified and this should be a reminder of how we should live our everyday. Therefore, everything that we do should not shame the community of faith and we should keep in mind how unbelievers look at us at how we live our lives. Application for your own life and ministry We need to be very careful about how we project our lives to others. For example, in the way we interact with our children, friends, and colleagues, or in how we post things on social media. The things we watch, as well as how we respond in certain circumstances, especially in moments when anger could be provoked, these are all areas that reveal the true character within us. How hard do you find it to suffer wrong when you are right? Sometimes, it can be challenging to hold back and simply tolerate situations, especially when one feels they are in the right. However, as the Bible teaches, 1 Corinthians 16:14, "Let all that you do be done in love." Perhaps there is a right way and a right time to voice certain things that need to be said, while at other times, it may be more appropriate to refrain from speaking and instead lift the matter up in prayer. Perhaps this aligns with Paul's teaching that there are moments when it is better to endure being "cheated," leaving the outcome to the Lord. How ought our future in Christ impact the decisions we make in the present? Understanding that believers are washed, sanctified, justified, and redeemed should inspire us to live lives full of grace, purpose, and in right standing before the Lord. It would be ‘such a waste’ to disregard these truths and live a life displeasing to the Lord. With full knowledge of God's ultimate desire is for us to be saved, redeemed, and to be in His love. Therefore, every decision made should reflect Christ, striving to represent Him as an ambassador and a light to the world. It is a sin if what we do brings harm to the community of faith. Can you think of some examples? In trying to connect with someone who drinks and gets drunk you drink together with them or you start speaking the way they speak in the same ‘lingo’ or in the same tone of voice that is not in a way that is not representative of how Christ would speak.  4 In trying to help someone financially you give part of your emergency funds to help this person (This example may be positioned as if you are being led to do so however how you say it and approach it and communicate it to others is very important because it does not seem very wise to the people of the world and may reflect bad financial management. This may impact how people look at how we give our tithes and our offerings and how we help others in the House of God). Sharing with others about their position in management at work and how that now they can speak over their subordinates to get them to do work for them. This does not represent Christ well in a workplace setting and the only thing it shows, is their pride. Even more so, if they show anger at work. Some things should not be shared in public except with people who can help support them with their struggles.  Problem 4 On Going to Prostitutes 1 Corinthians 6:12-20 Outline (for notes) A Slogan and the Problem (6:12-14) “All things are lawful” - but the problem is that not all things are beneficial and you should not be mastered by anything “Food is for the stomach and the stomach is for food” - but the issue is the body is not for immorality but for the Lord and the Lord for the body. God will do away with both of them eventually, the food and the stomach and He will raise us up in power. “Every sin that men commits is outside of the body” - but the truth is that the immoral man sins against his own body because our body is the temple of the Holy Spirit and we have been bought with a price therefore we should glorify God with our body The problem with the church is that its members are visiting prostitutes under the guise of Christian freedom they have a false concept of freedom and sexual immorality in a false concept of the body Do you not know... (6:15-18) That your bodies are members of Christ That one who joins himself to a prostitute is one body with her That your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit Theological key (6:19-20) The theological key here is that we are bought with a price and because we are bought for a price our bodies are now temple of the Holy Spirit our bodies are members of Christ therefore joining with a prostitute makes one body with her And that is why we should flee immorality and we should only glorify God with our bodies List important events Paul addresses the issue of the church about members visiting prostitutes thinking that they have freedom in Christ Paul uses a Greco-Roman dialogue style to address all the Christian slogans that they have Paul rebuts with ‘therefore what we do with our body matters’ Words or Phrases False concept of freedom and sexual immorality and the body slogans like all things are lawful for me, food for the stomach and stomach for the food, every other sin that a man commits is outside the body Paul supports his argument with “do you not know”  2 Scroll down for questions Questions What is the problem? The problem is that people in the church are living lives under the pretense of having freedom in Christ and thinking that they can do whatever they want with their body because after all their bodies were turned into dust. Why is there a problem? What they don't realize is that though their bodies are wasting away but yet their bodies are members of Christ, and it is being bought with a price and therefore what we do with our bodies matter when we are one with a harlot our body soul and spirit becomes one with them. How does Paul address the problem (the theological key?) Paul addresses this problem by using a Greco-Roman dialogue style to address Corinthian common slogans. The key here is that we must remember that we are bought with a price and that God redeems all of us, our body soul and spirit. Therefore, our bodies belong to God and sex outside of marriage is a sin. Application for own life and ministry Just as Paul addresses the issue of sex outside of marriage, a similar approach can be applied in addressing it in today's context. While the world often promotes ideas like "you only live once" (YOLO) or the fear of missing out (FOMO), the Word of God reminds us that our bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, bought at a price. This emphasizes that what we do with our bodies matters deeply. Engaging in sex before marriage unites body, soul, and spirit with another outside the sacred covenant of marriage. What does it mean to glorify God in your body? To glorify God in our body is to do with our body what is pleasing unto the Lord. Therefore, we do not live lives flippantly or according to emotions and however we please but in accordance to healthy boundaries and relationships that are aligned with God's view. What would you say are two or three sexual issues that are struggles for believers? Pornography: many believers whether men or women struggle with pornography. This can be outside of marriage or even within marriage. The issue with this is that it can impact how they view sex in the context of marriage. Premarital Sex: Many believers are enticed by the fact that they just want to try out having sex especially if they have partners who are non-Christians/unbelievers. Even if they are believers, they could be tempted into doing so.  1 In Response to the Corinthian Letter Problem #5 Marriage 1 Corinthians 7:1-40 Context Corinthian Excesses Freedom beyond its sensible limits Slogan: It is good for a man not to touch a woman Content Paul addresses a variety of groups. One group: Super spiritual people (women) who were too spiritual to have sexual relations. Another group: “All things are lawful for me.” A catchword slogan to justify immorality (1 Cor. 6:12-20) What is the basic issue treated and Paul’s counsel to each of the following groups? -Married believers (7:1-7) The traditional view is that man has a privilege and the woman is obliged to have sex Paul’s counsel is that we should not deprive a marriage partner of sexual relations except for an agreed upon reason and therefore we must fulfill our marital duties to each other -Unmarried and widowers (8-9; 39-40) It is good to stay as you are to stay single and remain unmarried if possible Paul’s counsel is that if they want to marry, they can marry if necessary -Married to an unbeliever or thinking about divorce (9-11) If you are married to an unbeliever you should stay as you are you should not initiate a divorce especially if the unbeliever is willing to stay in the marriage so odd the Christian stay in this marriage. Once you are married you should stay fully committed to the marriage Advice to slaves/free (17-24) Paul’s advice is to stay as you are and if you became a Christian when you were a slave although you have gained freedom in Christ, you remain a slave until you gain your freedom to leave. For those that are free now that you have become a Christian you have become a “slave” to Christ because you were bought at a price and therefore we want to live in a way that is pleasing unto the Lord -Virgins engaged to be married (25-31) You are free to marry or to remain single all your life  2 -Singles. Rationale for serving the Lord while single (32-35) When you are single you do not have obligations to family or your spouse that needs attention. You can serve the Lord fully. -Fathers giving daughter in marriage (36-38) The context here is about whether a father should allow his daughter to marry Paul's counsel is that if a father feels his daughter is doing well then he should allow her to marry but if he feels that she should remain single to serve the Lord better then he should keep her unmarried. Either option is good, but the father should consider what is best for his daughter in their current circumstance -Widows and widowers (8-9; 39-40) The underlying concern is whether widows should remain single or seek new partnerships after the loss of their spouse Paul suggests here that widow should feel free to remarry if they choose but emphasizes that staying single can also be advantageous for serving the Lord without distraction there is no condemnation in either choice as there is both value in being single and being remarried to a believer. Scroll down for questions. Questions to answer: What do you think is the central theological key that underscores Paul’s advice? The central theological key is to stay as you are stay in the place in which you were called and to stay and recognize that your identity is in Christ Is there a secondary theological theme in Paul’s counsel? The secondary theological theme is that we have been bought with a price and therefore we are slaves to Christ, so we want to live lives that are pleasing to God. In 7:2-7 If someone were to say, “I think Paul was a misogynist.” How would you respond? It is important to first understand the context of this chapter. During Paul’s time, men were often privileged, while women were typically seen as obligated to fulfill specific societal roles. However, a closer, line-by-line examination of Paul’s writings reveals that he frequently challenged the traditional notions of male privilege. In the context of marriage, Paul emphasizes that both men and women have equal rights and responsibilities. He asserts that spouses should fulfill their marital duties to each other equally and only abstain from intimacy through mutual agreement. This reflects a progressive view for his time, one that aims to shift the traditional mindset by placing men and women on equal footing within marriage and sexual relationships. Furthermore, Paul does not elevate marriage above singleness. Instead, he recognizes the dignity and value of being single. Considering both points, these principles demonstrate that Paul was not misogynistic. Rather, his teachings were deeply contextual and he has made effort to  3 introduce balance, fairness, and equality in relationships within the cultural framework of his time. Why does Paul tell married couples to “give each other their due”? Is Paul making a point about equality? Why? In marriage, both men and women are to honor and respect one another with their bodies. They are also given to one another as they join as one in sexual intimacy. Therefore, they should “give each other their due” unless with mutual agreement. If not, they should come together in due time. 7:10, 12 What does Paul mean when he says (10), “Not I, but the Lord...”? and then (12) “1 say, not the Lord”? Paul is careful to distinguish instruction from the Lord and his apostolic guidance and direction. In verse 10, he states that “a wife must not separate from my husband” emphasizing that this is from the Lord. This is rooted in scripture because “when a man and a woman comes together in marriage, they become one flesh.” However, in verse 12, Paul clarifies and is specific to say that he is providing pastoral guidance based on his apostolic authority reflecting upon the cultural context of the early church. 7:8; 25-35 Do you think Paul believes it is better to be single than to be married? Yes I believe so, I think Paul is urging people to think about being single rather than to be married if they can because we've been single they have lesser distractions whereas when you're married you have issues of your spouses opinion how you need to meet your spouse's needs your children's needs and your family income and finances which will come into play when you start a family so to be single you are rid of all those distractions and can focus fully on being committed to the service of the Lord. If you are single, do you believe that “singleness” is a gift from God? God’s plan for your life? I'm not single; however, I do believe that singleness is a gift from God. I think it’s not easy to live completely on your own without experiencing the joy of having a godly partner in your life. However, I have friends who enjoy being single and appreciate the carefree lifestyle and I have come across different ones who have since being in an abusive relationship, prefers to remain single after divorce. I can understand what Paul is saying about the freedom and space that comes with singleness, particularly when it comes to serving the Lord. It seems like Paul is promoting singleness over marriage. If so, why in the world would he being doing that? A single person can be ever ready to serve, only needing to care for themselves. It can be very liberating, as there’s no need to consider or accommodate a partner’s or their family needs. This makes it easier to focus entirely on serving the Lord. I believe God has a plan for everyone, whether single or married and when everything is based on the word of God technically you don't have to be married you don't have to have kids in order to be able to counsel families and  4 couples however being married and having that relevant experience will help in connecting with others who experienced the same things. 7:36-38 What is Paul’s main point? How does it apply to you? Paul's main point here is that a father should allow his child to marry if he believes the child is past the usual age of marriage or is being treated improperly. In such cases, he should permit marriage. However, if the father has the ability to keep his child a virgin and chooses to do so, Paul considers this a commendable decision. In the cultural context of that time, parents were primarily responsible for arranging their children’s marriages. Paul, however, places significant value on singleness. In our current context, individuals have the freedom to decide whether they want to marry, and there is no requirement to seek permission, particularly from their fathers. That said, many still choose to honor their fathers by seeking their blessing for marriage. As a parent myself, I would want the wisdom, grace, and influence over my children’s lives to guide them in remaining virgins and living lives pleasing to the Lord—keeping their bodies as temples of the Holy Spirit and recognizing that their bodies belong to God. If I can help nurture this understanding in them, it would be a great success. When the time comes, I would be more than happy to marry them off to godly partners who truly love and cherish them.  Problem #6 Being a Stumbling Block Just Because you can, doesn’t mean you should 1 Corinthians 8:1-11:1 Problem. There was division among the Corinthians themselves as to whether or not a believer was free to “eat meat that had been sacrificed to idols” (the gods).” It’s the Strong against the Weak. The “Strong” are the libertarians who are most likely upper class. The “weak” are the conservative who are mostly likely lower class. These three chapters are easy to apply to our own lives on not causing a weaker believer to stumble. Outline (8:1-11:1) Those who think they know something, don’t know what they don’t know Therefore, knowledge is not enough, knowledge in fact would puff up but love builds up The first consideration about our actions should not be about our knowledge, rights or freedom but it is about love and whether it build up the good of another person. That is why we should care about what we do. Chapter 8 Love is stronger than knowledge (8:1-3) We know there is only one God (8:4-6) Criteria for caring (8:7-13) Chapter 9 Paul defines his rights (9:1-14) Be careful how you use your rights ((9:15-18) Being all things to all people (9:19-23) Race to win (9:24-27) Chapter 10:1-11:1 All things are lawful as long as you don’t cause a weaker believer to stumble (10:23-32) Imitate me (11:1) Scroll down and respond to the questions: Questions Your answers are for your notebook. You can write as much or as little as you wish as long as you respond thoughtfully. Chapter 8 Why does Paul begin his response “off message? (8:1-3) Paul has a clear purpose in what he has written. He sets the tone for his rebuke concerning food sacrificed to idols, explaining that while all possess knowledge, the truth is that knowledge can puff up, whereas the love of God builds up the people of God. By doing so, he prepares to teach the principle of love—a love that does not cause others to stumble. What is a modern equivalent to the strong and the weak in the church? (8:1-13) A modern equivalent in the church today could be someone who is considered strong—someone who has been in the church for a long time, is well-versed in the Word, and appears more spiritually equipped than others. Conversely, the weak could be someone who is much younger in their faith and walk with God. Chapter 9 Can you think of a circumstance where you ought to give up your rights? An individual may feel they have the right to post anything they want on social media, since it can be used as a platform to express our own opinions, critique, or to share thoughts freely. However, we can choose not to exercise this freedom, opting instead to be mindful about about how we project our life, being careful with the use of our words, and being intentional in ensuring others perceive us positively as Christians. What does Paul mean when he writes, “I can become all things to all men”? (9:22) Paul is referring to demonstrating the capacity to adapt and communicate effectively with people at different levels. This means being all things to all people so that, through this approach, he might save some and bring them into salvation. When we share our faith what is the danger when “we become all things to all men”? (9:22) In becoming all things to all men, it is primarily about being able to connect with people at different levels. However, this does not mean compromising our values or doing things that will cause others to stumble. Ultimately, everything we do must be for the sake of the gospel, so that we might lead some people to salvation. In what ways should we exercise our body? (9:24-27) We should exercise our bodies and discipline them unto godliness, so it becomes a lifestyle for us to live as God intended—fulfilling His purposes and leading a life that is pleasing to the Lord, not one that causes others to stumble. For example, Paul writes, “when you get into a race, plan to win.” What is Paul talking about? Life is likened to a race; some of us run it pursuing goals such as money, fame, career positions, or titles. However, as Christians, we journey through life with the ultimate goal in mind—the prize of eternal life that Christ gives. Therefore, we strive to live in a way worthy of the crown we are receiving, so that we may draw others to Christ. Chapter 10 Can you list a couple modern equivalents of “idols” in your life? (10: 14-22) Money: We seek to earn money, and we seek to want it more and it is never enough Children: Some people live their lives around their children instead of having their lives revolve around God Career: The desire to get promoted can mean seeking position and recognition and this can get over our heads This question is just for you. If you would rather not, don’t include your response in your notebook. What idols are still in your life and what are you doing to get rid of them?  Problem #7 Women in Worship: Hairstyles and Gender Distinctions 1 Corinthians 11:1-16 Chapters 11:2-14:40 deal with problems (abuses) in worship. -Abuse of the women in worship (11:2-16) -Abuse at the Lord’s table (11:17-34) -Abuse in the use of spiritual gifts (12-14) Women in Worship: Hairstyles and Gender Distinctions 1 Corinthians 11:2-16 Problem Women in Corinth are abusing the cultural norms of worship. NOTE: This passage is really difficult to explain! Context The problem must be understood as an “ad hoc” issue in Corinth, related to the specific historical context as well as the theological stance taken by the Corinthians throughout the letter (likely causing the problem here are the “eschatological women” in chapter 7: Marriage & Sex). Women were breaking cultural norms by praying with their heads uncovered. Likely these women thought they were already so spiritual they had little need to cover their heads. “To let their hair down” was considered to be “bedroom activity.” The problem blurred the distinction between the sexes and was seen as scandalous. Content Two problems grew out of their misguided view of freedom: Women are bringing shame on themselves (a cultural fact). Women are bringing shame on the church. The women and the church were getting a reputation for being immoral. The culture would not allow this freedom. *This issue is a question about freedom, not of equality. Paul’s response: “Don’t bring shame upon the church (11:3-12).” One must be aware of the cultural context. Use some common sense. This passage often abused to put women in their place.  2 While much of Paul’s argument is unclear, there are several items that are clear. In the “order of the reversal of things” women participated in worship along with men. Paul endorsed the freedom of women to pray and prophesy in the church. The issue is related to the type of “headdress” appropriate when exercising this freedom. Breaking a social norm by discarding the headdress and “bringing shame by “letting their hair down”—considered “bedroom activity.” The passage does not require subordination of women, but a symbolic distinction between the sexes—even though some of the arguments presuppose a hierarchal ordering. The patriarchal order of v. 3 and vv. 7-9 is set in counterpoint with a vision of mutual interdependence of men and women “in the Lord” (11-12). The immediate concern is for the Corinthians to avoid bringing shame on the community. While understanding cultural norms are foundational to this teaching, the principle and outcome are not culturally conditioned. Paul argues that women are equal, but God created male and female with unique distinctives. Therefore, The distinctions between male and female should be honored in the church. The functional equality of the sexes should be emphasized in the church. We need both men and women (diversity). Theological Key Men and women are both created in God’s image. Definitions Complementarianism: Men and women have different but complementary roles and responsibilities. God created men and women equal in their essential dignity and human personhood, but different and complementary in function with male headship in the home and in the Church." (view of David Prior, 1 Corinthians) Egalitarianism: Men and women have interchangeable roles and adhere to mutual submission toward each other in the home and in the church. (my view) Please download the document, “The Role of Women in Ministry.” This paper represents my own position.  3 Scroll down for questions. Questions 1. What do we mean when we say that a text is culturally conditioned or culturally specific? Does that mean it does not apply to us? This means that the text is written in relation to the cultural context of its time. Therefore, when interpreting a text, it should be referenced against the cultural circumstances of that period. Though the cultural aspect may not be relevant to us in modern times, the moral aspect remains relevant because there are valuable lessons to be learned from understanding the practices of past cultures and applying that awareness to how one represents Christ in today's cultural context. 2. What do you understand by “male and female distinctives in contemporary culture? Although gender-specific roles remain prevalent in modern society, the distinctives between male and female roles should not be marred by stereotypes, instead both roles should be respected and honored, having equal standing with one another. 3. Do you think that male and female distinctives should be honored in church? Other than respecting an individual’s choice, such as wanting to speak to a female because they have been sexually violated, or vice versa, or areas of service that could potentially develop sensitivities to another gender, I don’t believe there is any role in the church that cannot be fulfilled by either gender. Both genders should be accorded equal standing and respect in the house of God. 4. What are some contemporary expressions of “culture” that might be problematic if violated in a local church? Family and Relationship Norms: While culture today embraces a variety of genders, we need to be very careful not to stray from the original word of God. While we maintain our stance of being loving and accepting, we don’t conform and change our theology to fit contemporary culture. 5. How might Paul’s advice apply to Christians in dramatically different cultural settings? In different cultural settings, Paul’s advice may seem irrelevant however a deeper look at the text reveals the heart of the message and that is in all that we do, we should not do anything that would bring shame to the church, the body of Christ. So What? While cultural norms are foundational to this teaching, the principle and outcome is not culturally conditioned. Paul’s theological vision that women are equal, but with created distinctions makes sense. The created distinctions between male and female should be honored in the church. We need both men and women (diversity). The functional equality of the sexes should be emphasized in the church.  4 7b. The Role of Women in Ministry (Reflection) In recent times, the concept of having women sit on boards have been greatly encouraged in the secular world, however the fact that there remains such a notion is simply because there exist communities in our world today that still believes that women should not be in leadership. This culture and belief have been brought into the church and has extended to areas of ministry and service to the Lord. The study of the bible in its original context and meaning is then very important as it would then help correct cultural beliefs and allow for breakthroughs where this area is concerned. Jesus Christ has died for all; it would be inconsistent to the nature of God that women were any lesser than men. Both men and women are uniquely created and have our distinctives however we can all serve equally to the best of our abilities.  Study Guide Problem # 9 Spiritual Gifts: Abuse of Tongues in Public Worship 1 Cor. 12-14 Problem The Corinthians are taking proud in their spiritual accomplishments. There is chaos in public worship. Persons are competing with each other by abusing the gift of Tongues. They speak in tongues one over top of another at any and all times in the service. For the Corinthians, these bursts of ecstasy demonstrated spirituality. Note: a test for spirituality. Paul thought any outsider would think they were mad! Note: The problem was related to the gift of tongues that required an interpretation, not the corporate use of tongues in public worship. See question #3 below. Outline Chapter 12 The Gifts of the Spirit (1-11) The Church as a human body (12-31) Chapter 13 Love is superior (1-3) Characteristics of Love (4-7) Love outlasts (8-13) Chapter 14 The Purpose of the Gifts: Edification (1-40) Important words, phrases, or events There are many gifts but one spirit Love is central to the operation of the gifts A more excellent way – Love The superiority of Love The characteristics of Love  2 Scroll down for questions: Questions 1. List the nine gifts of the Spirit. Are there more or are these all there are? (Chapter 12) These are the 9 gifts of the Spirit written in Corinthians. 1. Word of wisdom 2. Word of knowledge 3. Discerning of spirits 4. Faith 5. Miracles 6. Healing 7. Tongues 8. Interpretation 9. Prophecy In Romans 12, there are 7 more other gifts that Paul has written and they are the gift of prophecy, serving, teaching, exhorting, giving, organizing and mercy. 2. List the 13 characteristics of love including brief descriptions as to how you would describe each characteristic--one sentence for each is adequate. (Chapter 13) 1. Love is patient: We are called to extend patience just like how God has extended it to us. 2. Love is kind: Kindness is trusting people even when they may not deserve it. 3. Love is not jealous: It does not envy or want what other have that we lack. 4. Love doesn’t brag: Even if it is wonderful to talk about what the Lord has done through us, we must be mindful not to let it puff us up or make it about ourselves. 5. Love is not rude: Just being right is not good enough, it’s how we treat people and what we say when we are rude. 6. Love is not selfish: Find out what other people need rather than what will benefit us personally. 7. Love is not quick tempered: Your first reaction is who you are. We should aim for zero anger in our responses. 8. Love is not resentful: Avoid keeping a record of wrongs and holding grudges against others. 9. Love does not find pleasure in wrong-doing of others: Love does not gossip around someone else’s wrong neither do we take joy in someone else’s shortcoming. 10. Love rejoices with the truth: It is not easy to hear the truth, God’s love doesn’t hide the truth. The truth will set us free. 11. Love believes all things: We take God at His word and trust others continually until they give us a reason not to. 12. Love keeps hoping: Never write people off because God never writes people off 13. Love can endure anything: Love is more concerned to mend the hurt, not drag old things out.  3 3. How do you understand the difference between the gift of tongues and interpretation and the use of tongues in corporate praise and worship? The gift of tongues is the ability to speak in tongues during corporate praise and worship, however, to be able to interpret is to be able to translate what is spoken in tongues to a language understandable by men. 4. Why does Paul mean when he says that the gift of prophecy is better than the gift of tongues? (Chapter 14) The gift of prophecy is considered better than the gift of tongues because, in a corporate setting or individually, speaking in tongues does not allow others to understand the message. Speaking in tongues is directed toward God, whereas the gift of prophecy involves speaking into someone's life in a language that is understood by others. This emphasis is important because the purpose of spiritual gifts is to edify the body of Christ, building up the church. For edification to occur, there must be an understanding, that understanding that comes will then be beneficial to all.  Study Guide Problem #10 The Resurrection of the Body 1 Cor. 15 Problem Some of the Corinthians were denying the resurrection of a believer’s body. For the Greeks, the body was evil or worse. When one dies the body just rots. The resurrection of their physical corpse seemed gross. Outline The resurrection of Christ (15:1-11). Paul’s response to their question was written in 3 parts – the resurrection of Christ, the certainty of the resurrection and the resurrection body. Paul addresses the basis of the resurrection and reminded the Corinthians about the appearances that were made by Jesus and seen by many after his resurrection. Therefore, this would have been historical proof of testimonies that people have testified. The certainty of the resurrection (12-34). Should we assume that there is no resurrection then our preaching is empty and we are also called liars. We would still be in our sins and still lost and those who have gone before us, our family, they are gone. Therefore, if we only have hope for this life, then Paul says we are to be pitied. The Resurrection (35-58) How are the dead raised? (35-41). The same power that has raised Jesus Christ from the dead is the same power that raised us from the dead. He has redeemed us. What kind of body will it be? (42-49). No one truly knows. Jesus was raised from the dead and they didn’t recognize him initially but then after awhile the people were able to recognize him. It would be physical body and it would be transformed and glorified. When will the body be raised (50-58). When we die, our soul will be with the presence of the Lord In the second coming, our body will be raised with Christ and joined with our souls – transformed and glorified. This body would never die again. Important words, phrases, events The resurrection of Christ The certainty of the resurrection The resurrection body Five post resurrection experiences  2 Christological starting point – the heart of the gospel o Dead, buried, raised, seen(ascended) Scroll down for questions. Questions 1. We live in societies that often avoid talking about death. Why do you think we (in the community of faith) do this? In the culture that we live in, death may be a taboo subject and among Christians, there could also be theological misunderstandings about Christ’s death and resurrection and what happens after we die. 2. Why must our preaching and our theology be grounded in the resurrection? Our faith is rooted in factual historical events with many accounts of Jesus’ appearances after his resurrection. Therefore, the resurrection of Christ is not merely a myth or a philosophical idea. The resurrection completes our redemption story and demonstrates God’s ultimate victory over sin, death and powers. It represents hope beyond our present existence. Without the resurrection, our faith would be futile, our sins would not be forgiven and there would exist no such concept of salvation. It would be as if our lives are not worth living, since we would all die when the time comes. There would exist no reason for hope to exist. Therefore, our theology must be grounded in the resurrection of Christ. It is central to our faith and belief in God.  Study Guide Problem #11 The Collection 1 Cor. 16:1-4 Problem Now concerning the collection (16:1) The Famine Fund There was a famine in Judea, and the mother church in Jerusalem was suffering. During his third missionary journey, Paul collected offerings from the daughter churches for the “famine fund.” The Corinthian church had pledged a certain sum of money towards the fund. Paul had used their promise to encourage the other daughter churches to give. The Corinthians had not kept their promise. They had made no contributions. Outline Paul gives guidelines for the collection (16:1-4) On the first day of each week, each one should set aside a sum of money Saving it up before Paul’s arrival so that no collection needs to be made on the day he arrives Approved representatives can accompany the monetary gift (Paul is expecting a large amount) Questions 1. Churches are network for missions. In what ways? Churches are interconnected in their giving and generosity and can help support in mission work. Where there is a need, there would be the call. There can be support for a variety of ministry needs such as finances, medical aid, teaching, prayer etc; showing practical love to those who are in need, transcending church boundaries. 2. If you have been involved in a mission’s outreach (at home or in another country), what is your experience either as a supporter or one who has received support? I was part of the mission team to the church in Malaysia, KL. The youths from churches from all over Malaysia and parts of China within our harvest network came together to participate in a combined youth camp. I was privileged to be part of the camp committee that organized the games and activities for the youths, and it was heartwarming to see them get excited, bond between countries and across boundaries and experience encounters with the Lord. There were healings and miracles taking place. Many shared testimonies of how they saw visions of how God would move through them in their home country. Though the work was not easy, days were long and hard and tiring, however, to see them so moved by the Lord made all the work worth it. 3. Do you think the spiritual reward is greater for those who go or those who give? Why? There is no greater reward in comparison to the gift of life that God would gift to us. Whether we go, or whether we give, both does well in God and there is no hierarchy between goers and givers. What matters though, is in the heart we go and, in the heart, we give, a heart aligned to the mission of God. Those who send are equally valuable to those who go.