Chapter 1-8 Study Guide PDF

\\ **CH 1-8 review** - - - - - CH 1 Introduction to Environmental management [1.1 Continents and oceans] 1\. Label the image with the following places: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian ocean, Arctic Ocean a...

\\ **CH 1-8 review** - - - - - CH 1 Introduction to Environmental management [1.1 Continents and oceans] 1\. Label the image with the following places: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Oceania, Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian ocean, Arctic Ocean and southern ocean. Continents & oceans [1.2 Country classification by income level] 1\. How does the world bank classify the following Education, homelessness, healthcare, resources \- Low-income economies (LICs): LICs GNI \ - - [1.6 Ecosystem] [ ] 1\. Define the following \- Biome: a large area characterized by its vegetation, soil, climate, and wildlife -ecosystem: self sustaining structural and functional interaction between living and nonliving components -population: a group of organisms of the same kind of living in the same place -community: all of a population that live in an ecosystem at the same time -habitat: a place where plants and animals live -niche: a subset of a habitat where only a particular species lives 2.State biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem \- biotic: living or once-living organisms in an ecosystem -abiotic: non-living organisms in an ecosystem - - - \- word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen -Chemical equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 7\. What captures light energy for photosynthesis? - 8.What are limiting factors for photosynthesis - - - 9\. Explain how photosynthesis on land and in the oceans is a vital part of the carbon cycle and has an important effect on carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere by forming carbon stores Producers take in carbon dioxide, take carbon out of the atmosphere and oceans, and form carbon stores on our planet. 10\. Define the terms producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer and decomposer - - - - - 11\. What is the definition of trophic levels Definition: feeding levels within food chains 12.Identify organisms at different feeding levels in a food chain or food web Producer - 1st trophic level Primary consumer - 2nd trophic level Secondary consumer - 3rd trophic level Tertiary consumer - 4th trophic level 13\. Energy is transferred between [organisms] in a food chain, starting with a [producer]. (Fill in the blank) 14\. Explain how energy is lost in a food chain Answer: Energy flows from one trophic level to another. However, not all of it passes from one level of the food chain to the next. Most of it may be lost due to heat(released during respiration), through movement, or in materials that the consumer does not digest. 15\. Construct a simple food chain out of the following organisms (organize and use arrows) \- grass, snake, blue bird, grasshopper, owl and fungi Grass → grasshopper → blue bird → snake → owl → fungi 16\. Define aerobic respiration Definition: the chemical reactions in cells that break down glucose molecules and release energy, carbon dioxide, and water 17\. State word and chemical equation for aerobic respiration \- word equation: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water -chemical equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O 18\. Describe the carbon cycle with the following terms (know how this helps carbon cycle) \- photosynthesis: plants pull carbon from the atmosphere or hydrosphere and use it to make food \- respiration: plants and other organisms release carbon \- feeding: when organisms eat plants and other organisms, they take in the carbon and some of it becomes part of their own bodies -decomposition: when animals and plants die, most of their bodies are decomposed and carbon atoms are returned to the atmosphere -fossilization: carbon in rocks and underground deposits is released very slowly into the atmosphere -combustion: forest and grass fires release carbon into the atmosphere and geosphere 19\. Interpret and draw diagrams representing the carbon cycle  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. CH 2 Environmental research and data collection [2.1 The Scientific Method] 1\. Describe how the scientific method involves the interplay between observations and the formation, testing and evaluation of hypotheses. Explain: The scientific method is based on the collection of data by observation, experimentation, and the formation of hypotheses. Observations can be made any time and hypotheses are created based on them. 2\. Formulate hypothesis based on observation or experimental data \- describe how we came up with a hypothesis based on weather and bird fledgling charts A hypothesis based on weather and bird fledgling charts was made from observations, or data. 3\. Design investigations in which variables are controlled and quantitative results are collected \- review the slides 13-17 \- What is the independent variable?: one thing that is purposely changed in an experiment -what is the dependent variable?: the measurement you can make due to the purposeful change that was made -what is the control group?: the group of subject that receive no treatment -What are 2 control variable that are accounted for?: -what is a control variable not accounted for?: 4\. Explain the terms dependent and independent variable and identify each type in a given experiment (already done above, now define what an IV and DV is) \- IV: one thing that is purposely changed in an experiment -DV: the measurement you can make due to the purposeful change that was made 5.Interpret data to determine whether they support or refute the hypothesis being tested - - - - 6\. explain how limitations in the measurement of data lead to uncertainty in the result \- What is the limit of measure: The uncertainty is the amount that the measured value can differ from the actual value. \- explain answer to this question: The more difficult it is to measure something, the more uncertainty that exists in the data 7\. How do hypotheses become theories? Explain: - - - - [2.2 Environmental research in the context of climate change] [ ] 1\. define the terms reliable and bias and explain their significance to environmental investigations \- reliable: data that is consistent and complete \- bias: a prejudice in favor or against one thing, person, or group \- explain: Your bias may prevent you from realizing the reliability of your data from environmental investigations is not very accurate. Data can veemed valid if it matches your bias and also seems reliable, but this is not always the case. 2\. Using examples related to climate change, outline how historical data have developed (slides 37-40) \- Limited amount of historical data: Some data can be reliable and valid, but it has its limitations. For example, Paleoclimate data, such as ice cores, provide reliable and valid climate data. However, it spans only the past, approximately, 420,000 - 800,000 years. Numerous sources of data for climate science point to the trend that climate is changing. A theory can be developed when data routinely and consistently supports a hypothesis, and the data is reliable and valid, free of bias. Technology needed to record climate data has not always existed. Additionally, the necessity to collect & study this data may not have existed. 3\. Using examples related to climate change, outline how bias has led to the misuse of scientific data \- Explain: One's personal bias can lead to misuse of climate data: - 4\. Using examples related to climate change, outline how unreliable data has led to false reporting of scientific conclusions. Use the following words: limited amount of data lack of public and media knowledge uncertainty in climate models Limited amount of data - Lack of public and media knowledge Uncertainty of climate models - [2.3 Collection of Environmental Data] [ ] 1\. What strategies are used to collect representative data - - - 2\. Explain how random sampling and systematic sampling strategies aim to ensure samples are well distributed with a low risk of bias \- Explain: Random sampling is done truly randomly and possible sample sites can be numbered and selected randomly. It contains very little bias due to the random nature and because the statistical calculations of results are easy to understand and straightforward. In systematic sampling, data is collected systematically using a grid setting. The sampling locations and sampling time must be chosen randomly, free of bias. This method also ensures ample uniform coverage of data for the sample site. 3\. Describe and explain factors influencing the suitability of random sampling or systematic sampling strategies for different studies \- size: Some species may be small therefore not easily counted/seen as they are covered by grass or larger plants. \- Ease of access: It depends on how simple one sampling method is to the other and how much more precise it is because therefore, that method of sampling will be more used. \- Knowledge of the environment You may not be fully understanding of the environment to implement sampling or you may be aligned temporally to the environment to produce imprecise data. 4\. Evaluate the choice of random and systematic sampling strategies in familiar and unfamiliar contexts (slide 53) \- define accurate: how close to the actual value -define precise: how close all samples are to each other \- define bias data: measurements in data that are influenced by one's realized, or unrealized, personal opinion/ thought/ judgements \- 3 types of sampling: judgemental, random, systematic 2.4 Data collection techniques and data analysis 1\. Describe techniques used to collect sample data 2\. Describe the benefits and limitation of each sampling technique 3\. Know the appropriate use of each sampling technique \*\*All these points are included in answering the questions below\*\* 1\. Questionnaires & Surveys A. Benefits: - - - - B. Limitations: - - C. Similarities to other methods: quick, easy, low cost etc... quick and easy, low cost, easy to implement, biased 2\. Interviews A. Benefits: - - - B. Limitations: - - - - C. Similarities to other methods: - 3\. Quadrats (point, open, grided) A. Benefits: - - - - - B. Limitations: - - - - C. Similarities to other methods: inexpensive (low cost) inexpensive, easy to implement 4\. Pitfall Traps A. Benefits: - - - B. Limitations: - - - - C. Similarities to other methods: easy to implement, inexpensive 5\. Beating Tray A. Benefits: - - - B. Limitations: - - - - C. Similarities to other methods: easy to implement, low cost, produces quantifiable data 6\. Kick Sampling A. Benefits: - - - B. Limitations: - - - - C. Similarities to other methods: easy to implement, low cost, produces quantifiable data 7\. Light Traps A. Benefits: - - - B. Limitations: - - C. Similarities to other methods: easy to implement, produces quantifiable data 8\. Mark & Recapture (Lincolns Index) A. Benefits: - - B. Limitations: - - - - - C. Similarities to other methods: easy to implement, produces reliable quantifiable data 9\. Water Turbidity A. Benefits: - - B. Limitations: - - - C. Similarities to other methods: easy to implement, produces qualifiable data 4\. Use data to calculate (examples are in CH 2 slides) a\. estimated population size using Lincoln index. \- Lincoln index formula: N = n1 x n2 / m2 b\. calculate estimated biodiversity using the Simpson\'s index of diversity. \- Simpson\'s index formula: *D =* 1 - (Σ(n/N)\^2) c\. estimate percent cover and frequency using quadrat data. \- percent cover formula The number of quadrats in which the species was present should be divided by the total number of samples taken and then multiplied by 100 to get the frequency as a percentage. d\. estimate abundance using quadrat data. \- formula for estimating the amount of necessary quadrats N = (A/a) x n [2.5 The use of technology in data collection and analysis] 1\. State that there are methods of data collection that include the use of technology \- geospatial systems: terrestrial factors analyzed on land through a computer -satellite sensors: analysis based off of satellite observations -radio tracking: locating of certain organisms through a receiver -computer modeling: virtual setups of real-life items and concepts -crowd sourcing: virtually attracting people to join an event regardless of condition 2\. Describe what is meant by "big data" Describe: large quantity of statistics stored in a single file sent in a short amount of time. 3\. Outline the benefits and limitations of the analysis of big data \- amount/type of data stared: based off a high quantity of random samples -speed at which new data is generated: takes a long time to update -trustworthiness to the data: data could be highly reliable -wats the data can be used: relatively expensive to implement CH 3 Managing human population. [3.1 Human population dynamics and structure] [ ] 1\. Calculate population density from given data (examples in bell ringers and slide show) -population/area 2\. Describe and explain factors influencing population density and distribution \- environmental: climate, water supply, vegetation and soil type, availability of natural resources, and natural disasters -economic: job opportunities, infrastructure, transportation, water, and sanitation -social: religious beliefs and practices, contraceptives, education \- political: health care, education, war, government corruption \- historical: wars, large scale natural disasters 3\. describe populations in terms of their size and the composition of different age groups 4\. explain how changes in birth rates, death rates and migration rates may affect population size and composition -explain: Changes in birth rates increase the population size and composition, while death rates decrease the population size and composition. When migration rates increase, the population size and composition decrease. When migration rates decrease, the population size and composition increase. 5\. Define and calculate dependency ratio (examples in slides) \- formula: (population 0-14 + population 64\)/working age population 15-64 X 100 6\. Suggest reasons for difference between the population structures of HICs and LICs Reasons: - - - [3.2 Impacts of human population change] [ ] 1\. Describe the impacts of aging populations on countries \- lower tax revenues Aging populations spend and consume less due to income constraints. More people retiring means fewer workers, which limits investments and savings of income. Tax revenue also decreases as a larger proportion of the population is retired. -higher pension spending As elders are using more pension resources, that leads to a large proportion of the populations that are older persons to spend more on pensions and invest in pension plans. -pressure on health care Older people will have increased medical expenses and use pension resources more. -pressure to raise retirement age Labor force decreases and more pressure is placed on it to support pensions have caused pressure on increasing the retirement age. 2\. Describe and evaluate strategies for managing a changing population \- improved availability of contraception This strategy is increasing access to birth control everywhere. This would cause a population decrease and less births, which would then lead to a big population decline. -improved education about contraceptives This strategy would educate people more about different birth control methods. This would cause a population decrease and less births, which would then lead to a big population decline. \- improved education and opportunities for women As a result of this strategy, women would have more knowledge about birth and the risk factors associated with it. Additionally, since they are also receiving more opportunities career wise, the population would decrease and there would be less births, which would then lead to a big population decline. \- improved health care If healthcare is improved and there would be more accessibility to it, this would simply increase life expectancy, but it would reduce the total fertility rate. \- pronatalist policies Pronatalist policies encourage higher total fertility rate and are in favor of increasing birth rates. Some of them include anti abortion laws, providing higher percent of income while on parental leave, legal rights to nursery access, expanding number of nurseries, providing child allowances while working part-time. \- antinatalist policies Antinatalist policies attempt to limit the birth rate. Some of these policies include the provision of additional food, educational opportunities, reducing cost of contraception, and much more. -United nations Agenda 21 The United Nations Agenda 21 states that human impact on the global environment is the product of population size and average per capita consumption. Therefore, it guarantees that life in the next millennium will change substantially for the better. \- The club of Rome The Club of Rome is reducing the number of children a woman could have to one would resolve the environmental crisis, which could benefit some people in many ways, but could provide disadvantages to many women across the nation and the globe. CH 4 Managing ecosystems and biodiversity [4.1 Ecosystem] 1-2. What are the world's major TERRESTRIAL biomes? What is their \~!Z climate/soil/vegetation - - - - 3\. Define gross and net primary productivity - - 4\. Define Ecosystem productivity - 5.Discuss the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels - 6\. interpret and draw ecological pyramids based on numbers, biomass, and energy - - - 7\. Explain the shapes of ecological pyramids - - - [4.2 Managing the conservation of biodiversity.] [ ] 1\. Define the term native and invasive species - - 2\. Explain the impacts of invasive species on biodiversity - 3\. Describe and explain the benefits of conserving biodiversity - - - - - 4\. Describe and evaluate legislation and protocol as methods of conserving biodiversity - - - - - - - 5\. Describe and explain the role of the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered species (EDGE) programme in the conservation of biodiversity - 6\. describe and evaluate captive breeding and release as a method of conserving biodiversity - 7\. describe and evaluate habitat conservation and creation as methods of conserving biodiversity - - - - - - Include the following rewilding and management and conservation of habitats: \^\^\^\^\^ - - - - - - [4.3 Impacts of human activity on ecosystems] 1\. describe and explain the impacts of human activity on tropical rainforests - 2\. Describe and evaluate strategies for managing the impacts of human activity on tropical rainforest - - - 3\. Describe and explain the impacts of human activity on Antarctica - - - - - - 4\. **Describe an legislation and international agreement (the Antarctic Treaty 1959)** - - - - - - CH 5 Managing resources. [5.1 Food security] 1\. Define food security - 2\. Describe and explain causes of food insecurity and threats to food security - - - - - - - - 3\. outline the impacts of food insecurity - - - - - - - 4\. Describe and evaluate strategies of managing food security. - - - - - - - - - - [5.2 Energy resources] 1\. classify energy resources as renewable or non-renewable - - 2\. Define energy security - - - 3.Describe and explain the causes of energy insecurity - - 4\. outline the impacts of energy insecurity - - - - - - - [ ] 5\. Describe and evaluate strategies for managing energy security. - - [5.3 Waste management] 1\. Describe methods of waste disposal and treatment. - - - - - - 2\. Explain the impacts of waste disposal methods - - - - - 3\. Describe and evaluate strategies to reduce the impacts of waste disposal - - - CH 6 Managing Water supplies [6.1 global water distribution] 1\. Describe the distribution of the Earth\'s water - - - 2\. Define water security The ability to access sufficient quantities of clean water to maintain adequate standards of food manufacturing of goods, adequate sanitation and sustainable health care. 3\. Explain causes of water insecurity (10) climate change: causing more severe droughts and floods, increasing global temperatures, influence water cycle with levels of precipitation, or water evaporation. natural disasters and floods: they damage drinking water wells and leads to aquifer and contamination pollution events: harmful substances contaminate a body of water degrading its quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment. inadequate sanitation: when proper containment and disposal of fecal matter are not properly carried out. This affects drinking water, shallow groundwater, piped water system, and exposing poor water quality issues. differing access to safe drinking water in urban and rural areas: 86% of the urban population have access to safe water. 60% of the rural population has access to safe water. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- competing for demands from agricultural, industrial, energy, and domestic sectors: water is spread among competing demands such as agricultural, industrial, energy, and domestic mismanagement of irrigation: [ ] including salinisation waste of fresh water resources, water quality, and deterioration. It also causes salinisation which can impact drinking water through leading of contaminants in the soil, sediments and water infrastructure. international competition over water resources: increasing worldwide. Raise change of competition, conflicts, and instability in communities and countries with small suply inequality of availability between LIC and HIC water regions: water rich areas have access to more clean and fresh water compared to water poor regions. 4\. Explain the impacts of water insecurity - - 5\. Describe and evaluate strategies for managing water security - - - CH 7 Acid deposition [7.1 Acid deposition] 1\. Define acid deposition A mix of air pollutants that deposit from the atmosphere as acidic water deposition or acidic dry deposition. 2\. Describe the two types of acid deposition (give examples) - - 3\. outline the formation of acid deposition (6 steps, view syllabus if confused) - - - - - - 4\. outline the impacts of acid deposition on - - [7.2 Photochemical smog] 1\. Define photochemical smog A mixture of air pollutants and particles, which includes ground level ozone formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react in the presence of sunlight. 2\. Describe the impacts of photochemical smog - [7.3 Managing air pollution.] 1\. Describe strategies for managing air pollution - - [7.4 Ozone depletion- the thinning of the ozone layer in the Earth\'s stratosphere, which is caused by the chemical destruction of ozone molecules] 1\. Outline how ozone depletion occurs (syllabus) - - - - 2\. What is the unit of ozone - 3\. Define an ozone hole - 4\. Explain why ozone depletion has been greatest over Antarctica Because of the polar vortex. 5\. Describe the impacts of ozone depletion due to the increased amount of Ultraviolet radiation - - 6\. Evaluate the international agreement used to reduce and phase out the use of ozone depleting substances - 7\. outline the impacts associated with the use of some alternatives to ozone depleting substances - 8\. outline the importance of experimental evidence to support a hypothesis, using the ozone destruction hypothesis suggested by Rowland- Molina as an example - - - CH 8 Managing Climate Change [8.1 Climate Change] 1\. define greenhouse gasses Gasses in the atmosphere that absorb infrared radiation such as CO2, water vapor and methane. 2\. state the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions from human activates - - - 3\. explain how increased concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere cause the enhanced greenhouse effect leading to global warming - 4\. Outline the difficulties of monitoring and predicting climate change - - - [8.2 The impacts of climate change] 1\. State the impacts of climate change on human populations - - - - - 2\. describe the impacts of climate change on human populations - - - - - [8.3 Managing climate change] 1\. Describe strategies for managing climate change through the reduction of greenhouse gas emission - - - - 2\. outline geo-engineering strategies to counteract climate change - 3\. Evaluate strategies for managing climate change - - -