Biology Final Exam PDF

BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb 1. Membrane phospholipids have hydrophilic heads orientated out- ward and exposed to water; AND hy-...

BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb 1. Membrane phospholipids have hydrophilic heads orientated out- ward and exposed to water; AND hy- drophobic tails orientated inward and never exposed to water. 2. a molecule with the formula carbohydrate C6H12O6 can be classified as a 3. homologous chromosomes Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure 4. complementary base pairing In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C; RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C 5. which disease involves an expanding huntington's disease triplet repeat 1 / 13  BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb 6. if heat speeds up chemical reactions, it would denature the cell's proteins why would it be a bad idea to heat up and speed up both desirable and un- an entire cell at once? desirable reactions. 7. which cell would undergo MEIOSIS? sperm precursor cell a. sperm precursor cell b. bacteria cell c. muscle cell d. heart cell 8. true or false- secondary and tertiary false. sec. and tert. come from prima- structure have nothing to do with pri- ry mary structure 9. How is cytokinesis different in plant In animals, a contractile ring made of and animal cells? protein filament cinches in the cen- ter of the 2 nuclei under one enve- lope and the product is 2 individual nuclei with their own cell wall. For plants, vesicles from the Golgi appa- ratus come to form the second cell wall around the new cell. 10. The end product of transcription is RNA; proteins _______ and the end product of translation is _______ 11. if you have no oxygen during fermen- NADH into NAD+ tation, your body can turn 12. beta plated sheet One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the protein chain folds back and forth 2 / 13  BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb 13. alpha helices form of a secondary structure of pep- tides (proteins) peptide chain coils clockwise around the central axis 14. tRNA travels from the _______ site to A; P; E the _______ site to the _______ site 15. -lysis separation; destruction; loosening 16. hydrolysis reaction requires water 17. a covalent bond is formed by the sharing; transfer of electrons _____ of electrons, while an ionic bond is formed by ____ 18. what is the site on the enzymes that active site the substrate binds to called? 3 / 13  BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb 19. what is a tissue? a group of cells that work together to carry out a similar function 20. where does the NADH+ and ATP NADH+ and ATP come from the light needed for the second half of photo- independent reactions synthesis come from? 21. why are germline mutations more germline mutations are passed down worrisome than somatic mutations? to offspring 22. cellular respiration order glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation 23. how are monomers joined together? condensation reactions 24. how are monomers broken down? hydrolysis 25. what is another name for the light-in- calvin cycle dependent (second part of photosyn- thesis) reaction? 4 / 13  BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb 26. when does crossing over occur? prophase I of meiosis 27. true or false, crossing over happens false, only in meiosis both in meiosis and mitosis 28. The advantage of controlled scientif- you can control a variable to see ic experiments is that what is directly causing change 29. what happens when oxygen is un- fermentation available to a cell 30. Purines always pair with pyrimidines (A-T, C-G) 31. what happens when a stop codon is It would lead to a nonsense mutation introduced too early in an amino acid which happens when a stop codon sequence? is introduced too early on in a se- quence. 32. When does DNA replication occur? S phase of interphase 33. oxidation of acyl CoA occurs in the mitochondria 5 / 13  BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb 34. semi-conservative replication Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand 35. conservative replication the parental molecule serves as a template for the synthesis of an en- tirely new molecule 36. does DNA replicate conservatively or semi semi-conservatively? 37. which is not a secondary structure? gamma sheet a. beta plated sheet b. alpha helix c. gamma sheet 38. the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed substrate reaction is a 39. what is a deoxyribose sugar? 5 carbon sugar found in DNA 6 / 13  BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb 40. redox reaction A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction. 41. what happens during transcription? an RNA strand is created from a DNA template 42. what is the purpose of a stop codon signals a termination of translation into proteins 43. what is different when it comes to for DNA, A pairs with T. for RNA, A base pairing of DNA vs RNA? pairs with U 44. which happens first, oxidation or re- both at once duction? 45. Which happens first, transcription or transcription translation? 46. in fermentation, NAD+ is produced pyruvate is reduced (gains an elec- when tron) from lactic acid 47. what does the cyclic electron trans- ATP only port produce? 7 / 13  BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb 48. true or false- stop codons code for no true amino acid 49. what is attatched to the centromere kinetochore of chromosomes druign cell divi- son? 50. During mitotic anaphase, chromo- from the equatorial plate toward the somes migrate poles 51. What is the strongest bond? covalent bond 52. where does transCRIPTION occur? inside the nucleus 53. what type of reaction is used to hydrolysis break ATP into ADP and a phosphate group? 54. What is a van der Waals force? when molecules are close togeth- er, a slight attraction can develop 8 / 13  BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb between the oppositely charged re- gions of nearby molecules 55. What is the weakest bond? Van der Waals (technically not a bond, just a force) 56. what is the second weakest bond? hydrogen bond 57. atp synthase The enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. 58. where does transLATION occur? ribosomes in the cytoplasm 59. When is an atom most stable? when its valence shell is filled (8 elec- trons in the outer ring) 60. what does the t in tRNA stand for? to transfer/translate: transfer RNA 61. Why would the amylase present in not all enzymes are built to withstand the saliva not be active in the stom- the same temp or pH. The pH in the ach? 9 / 13  BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb stomach is harsher and more acidic than the pH in your mouth. 62. what is tRNA transferring/translat- mRNA strand into amino acids or ing? proteins 63. The flow of information in a cell pro- DNA to RNA to Protein ceeds in what sequence? 64. if an amino acid has 960 nucleotides, 320 (3 letter codons, 960/3) it can have as many as _____ codons 65. meiosis II will contain half the amount of DNA needed 66. complementary base pairs are held hydrogen bonds together by 67. in transcription, an RNA strand is a DNA molecule synthesized from what? 68. where does the oxygen come from water (H2O) with photosynthesis? 69. how are protons pushed across a through the electron transport cycle membrane 70. what process generates daughter mitosis only cells identical to parent cells? 10 / 13  BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb 71. activation energy Energy needed to get a reaction (chemical) started 72. which part of aerobic cellular respira- electron transport cycle tion produces the most ATP? 73. when a molecule loses electrons, it is oxidized 74. the citric acid cycle produces NADH and FADH2 75. when CO2 is added to RuBP, what is 3PG the first stable product sythesized? 76. true or false: DNA encodes info that very true is turned into RNA, and RNA encodes info that is turned into proteins 77. endergonic reactions can proceed if the breakdown of ATP using hydroly- coupled with sis 78. when a molecule gains an electron it reduced (electrons are negative, is gaining only makes you more nega- tive) 79. what is the enzyme responsible for helicase unwinding DNA prior to replication? 80. production would decline or stop 11 / 13  BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb what would happen to ATP produc- tion if the proton gradient was de- stroyed? 81. Photophosphorylation The process of generating ATP from ADP and 1 phosphate during the light reactions of photosynthesis. 82. what features of an enzyme's active specific substrates fit with their spe- site allows it to bind to a substrate? cific enzymes 83. NADPH needed to turn 3PG into G3P the light reactions comes from 84. where do light reactions occu? chloroplast 85. where do light independent reactions stroma of the chloroplast occur? 86. what event is responsible for the the evolution of photosynthesis change in Earth's atmosphere? 87. which of the structures of a protein The primary structure of proteins is (primary, secondary, tertiary, quater- most important because it shows nary) are considered the most impor- us the basic amino acid structure tant? why? within that organism. This structure tells us how the protein functions and its properties and the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures 12 / 13  BIO Final Exam Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g5wkdb wouldn't show if the primary struc- ture wasn't intact. 88. starch vs glycogen starch- energy storage in plants glycogen- energy storage in animals 13 / 13