General Biology I Final Exam Study Guide PDF

**GENERAL BIOLOGY I** **FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE** *(I will post a key FRIDAY! Please try to work on this and have it completed so you can compare answers!)* 1. What is the most abundant elements in living organisms? C, H, O, N 2. What are the 3 subatomic particles? Protons, Neutrons, Electrons...

**GENERAL BIOLOGY I** **FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE** *(I will post a key FRIDAY! Please try to work on this and have it completed so you can compare answers!)* 1. What is the most abundant elements in living organisms? C, H, O, N 2. What are the 3 subatomic particles? Protons, Neutrons, Electrons 3. Which two subatomic particles can be found in the nucleus of an atom? Neutrons & Protons 4. What is Atomic Mass? \# of protons + \# of neutrons 5. What is the Atomic Number? \# of protons in the nucleus of an atom (*also equal to the number of electrons)* 6. How are scientific names written? *(language? what name is capitalized? Lowercased? Written first?) Latin, Genus species (ex: Homo sapiens, Staphylococcus aureus)* 7. What can be found in and throughout the plasma membrane? What are the purposes of these components? Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids (Phospholipids make up the majority of the plasma membrane creating a lipid bilayer that separates the internal and external cell environment)(cholesterol-membrane fluidity, temperature regulation)(proteins- transport across the membrane, some for cell signaling)(glycolipids & glycoproteins) 8. Why are phospholipids good at forming cell membranes? They are amphipathic molecules 9. What is an AMPHIPATHIC molecule? Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail allowing them to separate the inside from the outside of the cell membrane 10. How many electrons can be found in the first energy shell of an atom? Up to 2 11. How many electrons can be found in the second energy shell of an atom? Up to 8 12. Molecules are made up of? atoms 13. Tissues are made up of? Cells 14. Cells are made up of? Organelles 15. What is the smallest unit of life? Cell 16. What is the smallest level of organization? Atom 17. What is a monosaccharide? Give an example of a monosaccharide. Building blocks of carbohydrates *(glucose, fructose, galactose)* 18. What makes up a disaccharide? Give an example of a disaccharide.2 monosaccharides linked together *(sucrose, maltose, lactose)* 19. What makes up a polysaccharide? Give examples. Many units of monosaccharides linked together *(glycogen, starch, cellulose)* 20. Which is largest? *Polysaccharide, Monosaccharide, or Disaccharide? Polysaccharide* 21. How many bonds can nitrogen form with other elements? *(Hint: look at periodic table)* 3; Nitrogen has five valence electrons, so it needs to share three electrons to complete its octet, allowing it to form three covalent bonds 22. How many bonds can carbon form with other elements? *(Hint: look at periodic table) 4* 23. Define Population- A group of interacting organisms of the same species that live in the same area and are capable of interbreeding 24. Define Organism -A living thing that carries out the functions of life, made of organs 25. Define Ecosystem- A community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment 26. What the steps of the scientific method? Observe, Form Hypothesis, Experiment, Collect Data, Conclusion 27. What is STARCH? Complex carbohydrate produced by plants (storage form of glucose in plants) 28. What is GLYCOGEN? Storage form of glucose in animals (stored in liver and muscles) 29. What is a covalent bond? When [electrons] are SHARED 30. What is an ionic bond? When [electrons] are TRANSFERRED 31. What is a Polar vs Nonpolar covalent bond? POLAR= form between atoms of different electronegativities (example O-H) NONPOLAR= Between atoms withs similar electronegativities (ex C-C, O2) 32. What elements are found in ALL ORGANIC MOLECULES? Carbon, Hydrogen 33. Define Taxonomy. The science of classifying and naming organisms 34. Where can DNA be found in PROKARYOTIC cells? In the nucleoid region (no nucleus) 35. What can be found IN ALL CELLS? A cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, genetic material 36. What is an ANTIPORTER? What is a SYMPORTER? 37. The organelle that allows your tissues to be metabolically active is the? Mitochondria 38. What is a hypertonic solution? A solution with a higher concentration of solute than solution (solvent) 39. What is a hypotonic solution? A solution with a lower concentration of solute than solvent 40. What is found in plant cells and NOT in animal cells? Chloroplast, Cell Wall, large central vacuole 41. How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells do not contain membrane bound organelles including a nucleus, they are much smaller than eukaryotic cells and less complex 42. What organ**elle** helps detoxify after too much alcohol consumption? Smooth ER 43. How does an Enzyme help catalyze a reaction? By lowering the activation energy 44. Ribosomes help produce? PROTEINS 45. Define Catabolism. Process that breaks down large molecules into smaller untis (big to small) 46. Define Anabolism. Process that builds complex molecules (small to big) 47. Where does photosynthesis take place? In chloroplast 48. When is LACTATE or LACTIC ACID produced? Anaerobic process that takes place after glycolysis when there is not enough oxygen available to enter into the Krebs Cycle 49. Cellular respiration produces the most energy in the form of ATP from which of the following? ETC 50. How many ATP and NADH molecules are produced from each molecule of glucose in the Krebs cycle only? 3 NADH, 1 ATP 51. Where does glycolysis take place? Cytoplasm 52. Where do the Krebs Cycle and ETC take place? Mitochondria 53. What is a heterotroph? 54. What is an autotroph? 55. How many net ATP and NADH molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose during glycolysis? 2 ATP, 2 NADH 56. Where does gas exchange take place in a plant? Stomata 57. What is glucose broken into in glycolysis? Pyruvate (2) 58. What processes happen in the presence of oxygen? ETC, KREBS 59. What processes happen in the absence of oxygen? Glycolsis, Fermentation 60. What are the base pairing rules? A bonds with T, G bonds with C in DNA, A bonds with U, C bonds with G in RNA 61. What are telomeres? 62. What is Transcription? 63. What is translation? 64. What is a codon? A group of 3 nucleotides that code for an amino acid 65. What are the building blocks of DNA called? 66. What 3 things make up a nucleotide? Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base 67. What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA? 68. Define Gene. A segment of DNA that codes for a functional product (usually a protein) 69. Where can Okasaki Fragments be found and why? 70. Transcribe the following sequence: ATTGCGT UAACGCA 71. **Be able to read a CODON chart.** 72. Know the functions of the following enzymes: helicase, DNA polymerase, primase, topoisomerase, ssbp- LOOK AT WORKSHEETS 73. 74. What is a X-linked gene? A gene located on the x chromosome that can causes a disorder or disease 75. How do Meiosis I and Meiosis II differ? LOOK AT WORKSHEETS 76. Define Meiosis. Creates gametes 77. What is Mitosis? Division of the nucleus, part of the cell cycle that creates new somatic cells 78. What is Cytokinesis? Division of the cytoplasm 79. What is heterozygote? Homozygous recessive? Homozygous dominant? Heterozygote= Xx, Homozygous recessive = xx, homozygous dominant = XX 80. What is a DOMINANT allele? Masks the recessive allele, the phenotype is expressed 81. What is incomplete dominance? Two alleles create an intermediate phenotype 82. What is a Test cross? A cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with a homozygous recessive genotype 83. What is codominance? Both alleles are expressed, neither allele is dominant 84. **Make sure you know what happens during each phase of mitosis & meiosis.** 85. How many times does DNA replicate in meiosis? 1, division happens twice 86. What is the correct sequence of the cell cycle? Interphase (G1,S,G2), Mitosis (P,M,A,T), Cytokinesis