9 Questions
List the 6 characteristics that all living things have in common.
made of 1 or more cells, have organized structures, need energy and nutrients, sense and respond to change, growth and development, contain DNA
Differentiate between a prokaryote and a eukaryote.
Prokaryote has no nucleus and is unicellular, while eukaryote has a nucleus and is multicellular.
Define homeostasis and give an example.
Homeostasis is maintaining a constant internal condition in the body. An example is regulating body temperature.
Explain the levels of complexity in multicellular organisms.
Levels include atoms (C, H, O, N), molecules (carbohydrates, protein, fats, nucleic acid), cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.
List and describe the 3 domains.
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya are the 3 domains. Archaea and Bacteria consist of prokaryotic organisms, while Eukarya consists of organisms with eukaryotic cells.
List the levels of Linnaean taxonomic classification from broadest to most specific.
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
List the six kingdoms and describe their defining characteristics.
The six kingdoms are Bacteria, Archaea, Protists, Fungi, Animals, and Plants. Each has unique characteristics such as cell structure and mode of nutrition.
Differentiate between a hypothesis and a theory.
A hypothesis is a testable prediction based on observation, while a theory is well-proved through evidence and experimentation.
Define, describe, and identify the types of variables in a scientific experiment.
Independent variables are intentionally changed, dependent variables are measured outcomes, and control variables remain constant.
Study Notes
General Science/Intro to Biology
- All living things have 6 characteristics in common:
- Made of 1 or more cells
- Have organized structures
- Need energy and nutrients
- Sense and respond to change
- Growth and development
- Contain DNA
- Reproduction
- Homeostasis: maintaining a constant internal condition in the body
- Prokaryote: has no nucleus, unicellular; Eukaryote: has nucleus, multicellular
- Levels of complexity in multicellular organisms:
- Atom: C, H, O, N
- Molecules: Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats, Nucleic Acid
- Cells: basic unit of life
- Tissue: a group of cells with similar function
- Organ: a group of tissues working together to perform a function
- Organ system: a group of organs performing a function together
- Organism: a living individual working together to perform a specific function
Classification and Taxonomy
- 3 domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
- Levels of Linnaean taxonomic classification:
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
- 6 kingdoms:
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Protists
- Fungi
- Animals
- Plants
Scientific Method and Experimentation
- Hypothesis: a testable prediction based on observation
- Theory: well-proved through evidence, observation, and experimentation
- Independent variable: intentionally changed
- Dependent variable: experimental
- Control variable: no change
Biochemistry
- 4 organic macromolecules:
- Carbohydrates: CHO; monosaccharides; energy storage
- Lipids: CHO; triglycerides; long-term energy storage
- Proteins: CHON; amino acid; enzyme, structure, hormone, immunity, transport
- Nucleic Acids: CHONP; nucleotide; DNA, RNA, ATP
- Enzymes: catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
- Protein structure and function:
- Primary structure: sequence of amino acids
- Secondary structure: coils and folds in 1 chain
- Tertiary structure: 3D shape due to r-group bonding
- Quaternary structure: multiple polypeptide chains
Cell Structure and Function
- Cell Theory:
- All organisms are made of one or more cells
- A cell is the basic and smallest unit of life
- All cells come from preexisting cells
- Cell structures and their functions:
- Nucleus
- Lysosome
- Golgi apparatus
- Nuclear envelope
- Ribosomes
- Plasma membrane
- Mitochondria
- Chromatin
Membranes & Transport
- Importance of cell size: larger surface area per volume
- Passive and active transport:
- Passive: no energy required
- Active: energy required
- Osmosis: water traveling through a semipermeable membrane
- Cell membrane function: allowing only some material to pass through
- Phagocytosis and pinocytosis:
- Phagocytosis: solid
- Pinocytosis: liquid
- Aquaporins: specific proteins moving water across the membrane
Review questions for the final exam in ACP Biology, covering general science and introduction to biology concepts such as characteristics of living things, cell biology, and evolution.
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