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Questions and Answers
List the 6 characteristics that all living things have in common.
List the 6 characteristics that all living things have in common.
made of 1 or more cells, have organized structures, need energy and nutrients, sense and respond to change, growth and development, contain DNA
Differentiate between a prokaryote and a eukaryote.
Differentiate between a prokaryote and a eukaryote.
Prokaryote has no nucleus and is unicellular, while eukaryote has a nucleus and is multicellular.
Define homeostasis and give an example.
Define homeostasis and give an example.
Homeostasis is maintaining a constant internal condition in the body. An example is regulating body temperature.
Explain the levels of complexity in multicellular organisms.
Explain the levels of complexity in multicellular organisms.
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List and describe the 3 domains.
List and describe the 3 domains.
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List the levels of Linnaean taxonomic classification from broadest to most specific.
List the levels of Linnaean taxonomic classification from broadest to most specific.
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List the six kingdoms and describe their defining characteristics.
List the six kingdoms and describe their defining characteristics.
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Differentiate between a hypothesis and a theory.
Differentiate between a hypothesis and a theory.
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Define, describe, and identify the types of variables in a scientific experiment.
Define, describe, and identify the types of variables in a scientific experiment.
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Study Notes
General Science/Intro to Biology
- All living things have 6 characteristics in common:
- Made of 1 or more cells
- Have organized structures
- Need energy and nutrients
- Sense and respond to change
- Growth and development
- Contain DNA
- Reproduction
- Homeostasis: maintaining a constant internal condition in the body
- Prokaryote: has no nucleus, unicellular; Eukaryote: has nucleus, multicellular
- Levels of complexity in multicellular organisms:
- Atom: C, H, O, N
- Molecules: Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats, Nucleic Acid
- Cells: basic unit of life
- Tissue: a group of cells with similar function
- Organ: a group of tissues working together to perform a function
- Organ system: a group of organs performing a function together
- Organism: a living individual working together to perform a specific function
Classification and Taxonomy
- 3 domains: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
- Levels of Linnaean taxonomic classification:
- Domain
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species
- 6 kingdoms:
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Protists
- Fungi
- Animals
- Plants
Scientific Method and Experimentation
- Hypothesis: a testable prediction based on observation
- Theory: well-proved through evidence, observation, and experimentation
- Independent variable: intentionally changed
- Dependent variable: experimental
- Control variable: no change
Biochemistry
- 4 organic macromolecules:
- Carbohydrates: CHO; monosaccharides; energy storage
- Lipids: CHO; triglycerides; long-term energy storage
- Proteins: CHON; amino acid; enzyme, structure, hormone, immunity, transport
- Nucleic Acids: CHONP; nucleotide; DNA, RNA, ATP
- Enzymes: catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
- Protein structure and function:
- Primary structure: sequence of amino acids
- Secondary structure: coils and folds in 1 chain
- Tertiary structure: 3D shape due to r-group bonding
- Quaternary structure: multiple polypeptide chains
Cell Structure and Function
- Cell Theory:
- All organisms are made of one or more cells
- A cell is the basic and smallest unit of life
- All cells come from preexisting cells
- Cell structures and their functions:
- Nucleus
- Lysosome
- Golgi apparatus
- Nuclear envelope
- Ribosomes
- Plasma membrane
- Mitochondria
- Chromatin
Membranes & Transport
- Importance of cell size: larger surface area per volume
- Passive and active transport:
- Passive: no energy required
- Active: energy required
- Osmosis: water traveling through a semipermeable membrane
- Cell membrane function: allowing only some material to pass through
- Phagocytosis and pinocytosis:
- Phagocytosis: solid
- Pinocytosis: liquid
- Aquaporins: specific proteins moving water across the membrane
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Description
Review questions for the final exam in ACP Biology, covering general science and introduction to biology concepts such as characteristics of living things, cell biology, and evolution.
