3.2 The Cultural Landscape PDF

3.2 The Cultural Landscape Objective and Essential Learning 3.2.1 Describe the characteristics of cultural landscapes. Cultural landscapes are combinations of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, evidence of sequent oc...

3.2 The Cultural Landscape Objective and Essential Learning 3.2.1 Describe the characteristics of cultural landscapes. Cultural landscapes are combinations of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, evidence of sequent occupancy, and other expressions of culture including traditional and postmodern architecture and land-use patterns. 3.2.2 Explain how landscape features and land and resource use reflect cultural beliefs and identities. Attitudes toward ethnicity and gender, including the role of women in the workforce; ethnic neighborhoods, and indigenous communities and lands help shape the use of space in a given society. 2  Carl Sauer's ▪ It was Carl O. Sauer, a human geographer, who was “The cultural landscape is fashioned from a natural landscape by a cultural group. Culture is the agent, the natural are the medium, the cultural landscape is the result"  Carl Sauer's Key Points ▪ Acknowledging that culture impacts the landscape and then prompts landscape change and then consequently the occupying cultures undergo change. ▪ Neither culture nor cultural landscapes are fixed. What are cultural landscapes? Cultural Landscape: A natural landscape that has been modified by humans, reflecting their Eiffel Tower cultural beliefs and values. Made up of combinations of Great Wall of China ▪ agricultural and industrial practices, ▪ religious and linguistic characteristics, evidence of sequent occupancy, Great Pyramids ▪ ▪ traditional and postmodern architecture ▪ land-use patterns. Which one does not belong? Mt. Fuji 6 What are cultural landscapes? Sequent Occupancy: the idea that societies or cultural groups leave their cultural imprints when they live in a place, each contributing to the overall cultural landscape over time. Most cultural landscapes are a mixture of historic and modern structures. Example: The Great Pyramids 7  Sequent Occupance ▪ Cultures built on foundations of prior ones  Sequent Occupancies Layers of imprints in a cultural landscape that reflect years of differing human activity. Athens, Greece ancient Agora surrounded by modern buildings John Neely Bryant- Founder of Dallas Dalhalla: Sweden's Unique Open-Air Theater in a Former Quarry 12 On Alaykoskü Street in the Cagaloglu district of Istanbul, Turkey, there’s a building that reveals the city’s layered past. At the base are Roman columns from a cistern built around the late 2nd or early 3rd century AD. Above that is a Byzantine arch, likely from the 4th century AD, representing the city’s earlier Roman history. Higher up, an Ottoman stone wall from the 15th century reflects the city’s imperial era. Finally, the upper floors, made of baked brick from the 1920s, mark the early years of the Turkish Republic. This building serves as an 1,800-year timeline of Istanbul’s rich history, showcasing the blend of cultures and empires that shaped the city into the crossroads of 13 civilizations it remains today Patterns in Cultural Landscapes Attitudes towards ethnicity and gender, including the ▪ role of women; ▪ gendered spaces; ▪ ethnic neighborhoods; help shape the use of space in a given society. Ethnicity is a sense of belonging or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture. This is different from race which is based on physical Example: Ms. Pavely’s characteristics. Ethnicity 14 Patterns in Cultural Landscapes - Ethnicity 1. Ethnic Neighborhoods/Enclaves: People of the same ethnicity that cluster together in a specific location, typically within a major city. ▪ Way to see ethnicity on the cultural landscape. ▫ Language, religious imagery/buildings, restaurants, specialty stores, markets ▪ Connections to chain migration. ▪ Why do they form? ▫ A response to racism & discrimination ▫ A way to maintain cultural identity Example: Chinatown, Chicago 15 Patterns in Cultural Landscapes - Ethnicity Ethnic Patterns: There is oftentimes a predictable distribution of ethnicities that can be examined at multiple scales. ▪ United States: Historically and contemporarily there are clusters of ethnic groups in specific regions. ▫ Southwest: Latin Americans & Native Americans ▫ Southeast: African Americans ▫ West: Asian Americans Example: Ethnic Patterns in Chicago 16 Patterns in Cultural Landscapes - Gender The Role of Women In traditional cultures, oftentimes the primary role of a woman is to have children, NOT be active in education or the workforce. ▪ As countries become more economically and socially developed, women have access to more education, the workforce, and property rights. ▪ How do we see this in the cultural landscape? ▫ Do women own property and businesses? ▫ Are women present in colleges? Women’s dorms? ▫ Are there women working outside of the home? 17 Patterns in Cultural Landscapes - Gender Example: Property Rights for Women 18 Patterns in Cultural Landscapes - Gender Gendered Spaces: Places in the cultural landscape utilized to reinforce or accommodate gender roles for men and women. ▪ In a 2013 study of Mexico City women, only 19% of women surveyed reported that they feel very safe in the taxes, buses, and subway that they use daily. ▪ In Mexico City, nine in ten women have Example: Busses for Women in experienced violence in public transport. Mexico City, Mexico 19 Patterns in Cultural Landscapes - Gender Hair Salon? Barber Shop? 20 Patterns in Cultural Landscapes - Land-Use Geographers study land-use patterns as seen on the cultural landscape which reflect the cultural values of the people living there. ▪ Example #1: Terrace Farming ▫ Typically practiced in South, Southeast and East Asia and Latin America ▫ Practice of cutting flat areas out of mountainous terrain in order to make it arable. ▫ Rice farming is most common, although other crops can be grown this way too. 21 Patterns in Cultural Landscapes ▪ Example #2: Indigenous Land-Use ▫ U.S. Reservation System ▫ Indian Removal Act of 1830: Forcibly removed indigenous peoples from land in order to make space and separation from American settlement. -> Trail of Tears ▫ US government established reservations which were plots of land in which tribes were forced to relocate and live. 22 Patterns in Cultural Landscapes ▪ Example #2: Indigenous Land-Use ▫ Subsistence Whaling ▫ Indigenous tribes in northern Alaska rely on the bowhead whale as both a food source and cultural lifestyle. ▫ Annual hunt to harvest whales, which are then divided up among the members of the community. ▫ Indicates cultural values of collectivism, sustainability and demonstrates the way knowledge is passed through generations. 23 Patterns in Cultural Landscapes - Architecture Traditional Architecture: Influenced by the environment and built with Transhumance herders stay available local materials. Reflective of in huts/cabins. history, culture and CLIMATE. Portable Mongolian yurts Stone and clay houses in made out of reeds, wood, Nepal. fabric, sheeps wool and felt. 24 Patterns in Cultural Landscapes - Architecture Postmodern Architecture: Diverse designs, representative of popular culture, business and economic success. Example: Skyscrapers 25 Objective and Essential Learning 3.2.1 Describe the characteristics of cultural landscapes. Cultural landscapes are combinations of physical features, agricultural and industrial practices, religious and linguistic characteristics, evidence of sequent occupancy, and other expressions of culture including traditional and postmodern architecture and land-use patterns. 3.2.2 Explain how landscape features and land and resource use reflect cultural beliefs and identities. Attitudes toward ethnicity and gender, including the role of women in the workforce; ethnic neighborhoods, and indigenous communities and lands help shape the use of space in a given society. 26