AP Human Geography Notes Mod 3 PDF

18-1 How are architecture, land use, and food preferences shaped by culture? Streets, homes, building materials, and architectural styles are all culturally influenced as are the buildings themselves, whether they are urban skyscrapers, farming homesteads, or anything in between. Land-use patterns v...

18-1 How are architecture, land use, and food preferences shaped by culture? Streets, homes, building materials, and architectural styles are all culturally influenced as are the buildings themselves, whether they are urban skyscrapers, farming homesteads, or anything in between. Land-use patterns vary according to agricultural and urban customs and practices. Food preferences have historically been shaped by the type of food that is locally available and cultural taboos that might prohibit some food availability. 18-2 How do cultural traits and attitudes impact place? Cultural traits impact how people perceive a place and act in that place. Cultural attitudes affect many behaviors and societal decisions. Attitudes change over time and shape the societies and places created by those societies. 18-3 How are language, religion, and ethnicity core parts of cultural identities? Language shapes how we communicate, think about, and express ideas about ourselves and the world around us. Religions have cultural ceremonies and rituals that are important to many individuals and communities. Different ethnic groups base their identities on different traits, such as religion, language spoken, country of origin, or shared experience. Because race is a social construction, the definition of race takes different forms in different places and times. 18-4 What are cultural relativism and ethnocentrism? Those who adopt an ethnocentric perspective judge other cultures by their own culture. Those who adopt an approach of cultural relativism seek to understand individuals and cultures from a wider perspective of cultural logic.What are elements of the cultural landscape? The physical environment, as it is cared for or modified by people, is a part of the cultural landscape. Signs of economic activity, such as industry and agricultural activity, and various architectural styles, including indigenous, modernist, and postmodernism, are visible on the cultural landscape. Evidence of multiple land uses by many cultures adds richness and complexity to the cultural landscape. 19-2 How are cultural identities visible in the cultural landscape? Ethnic groups demonstrate their identities by practicing their cultural traits in a public manner. Linguistic identities are visible in signs, on buildings, and on the streets. Religious identities can be seen in the landscape in places of worship and other sacred spaces. 19-3 How do attitudes, values, and power relationships shape the cultural landscape? Values, attitudes, beliefs, and anxieties visible in the landscape can show not only what a society values but also the cultural tensions in a society. Cultural landscapes send specific messages about gender roles. Societies have many opinions regarding how to interpret their history and how it should be depicted on the landscape in the future.20-1 How do regional cultural patterns contribute to a sense of place? Regional cultural differences give places a distinct personality that is called a sense of place. Through placemaking efforts, people attempt to create a distinct sense of place for neighborhoods, cities, and countries. 20-2 How can cultural traits be centripetal forces? Common religious beliefs or practices can bind a community together. Similar linguistic patterns can be a unifying force within a society. Ethnic connections can build cultural cohesion in a place. 20-3 How can cultural traits be centrifugal forces? Different religious beliefs and approaches to religion can divide a society. Linguistic diversity can create divisions in a place. Ethnicity, ethnic diversity, and ethnic conflict can disrupt social cohesion.20-1 How do regional cultural patterns contribute to a sense of place? Regional cultural differences give places a distinct personality that is called a sense of place. Through placemaking efforts, people attempt to create a distinct sense of place for neighborhoods, cities, and countries. 20-2 How can cultural traits be centripetal forces? Common religious beliefs or practices can bind a community together. Similar linguistic patterns can be a unifying force within a society. Ethnic connections can build cultural cohesion in a place. 20-3 How can cultural traits be centrifugal forces? Different religious beliefs and approaches to religion can divide a society. Linguistic diversity can create divisions in a place. Ethnicity, ethnic diversity, and ethnic conflict can disrupt social cohesion.21-1 What are the types of diffusion? Diffusion is a mechanism by which cultural phenomena spread. Relocation diffusion and expansion diffusion are the two major types of diffusion. There are three types of expansion diffusion: hierarchical, contagious, and stimulus diffusion. Barriers to the diffusion of cultural traits explain why some traits don’t diffuse to certain places or why those traits diffuse only partially or in a weakened form. 21-2 How can global forces create new forms of cultural expression? Pidgin and creole languages result when new groups interact with each other. As groups work to understand one another, a language can emerge as a lingua franca, or a common language, to facilitate trade and other interactions. 21-3 How did colonialism, imperialism, and trade shape cultural patterns and practices? Through unequal relationships, colonialism brought new cultural patterns to both the colonies and the colonizers. Colonization continues to have cultural impacts long after decolonization.22-1 How are modern forces reshaping cultural patterns? Globalization changes cultural patterns, diffusing some traits and minimizing others. Globalization threatens local and indigenous cultures more than it threatens popular cultures. Identities become more complex and connected as globalization brings more people and places together. 22-2 How do communication technologies impact human interactions? Online connections are reshaping place-based communities and interactions. Time-space convergence makes the world functionally smaller. The Internet makes some languages (such as English) more prominent while also creating new “shorthand” languages. Some languages are endangered, and speakers are working to preserve them. Nonetheless, many endangered languages will go extinct as their speakers die and a new generation does not learn the language. Contemporary forces can create cultural convergence and divergence.23-1 How do languages and cultural systems form and then diffuse? Cultural traits and systems develop in a cultural hearth and are strongly associated with particular places and regions. Cultural traits and systems, such as languages and religions, diffuse beyond their cultural hearths through expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion. 23-2 How can maps and charts show diffusion patterns? Cultural traits, systems, and language families (such as Indo-European) diffuse in ways that can be mapped and displayed with other visual representations. Toponyms are important features of the cultural landscape that help us understand the various cultural patterns that have influenced places and linguistic regions. 23-3 How do universalizing religions spread? Universalizing religions, such as Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism, spread mainly through expansion diffusion, sometimes through missionary work, and sometimes through the migration of their adherents. 23-4 What are the spatial patterns of ethnic religions? Ethnic religions, such as Judaism, Hinduism, and animism, spread mainly through relocation diffusion.24-1 What are the effects of cultural diffusions on people and places? Individuals within societies and societies themselves experience cultural change as the result of new demographic patterns and cultural influences through acculturation, assimilation, multiculturalism, and transculturation. 24-2 How is syncretism a result of cultural diffusion? Interaction among multiple cultural groups can lead to the creation of blended beliefs, ideas, practices, and traits that become their own distinct cultural traits.