Latin America Oct 21 Lecture PDF

Chapter 10 Latin America Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part....

Chapter 10 Latin America Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1  10.1 Area and Population Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2  Area and Population Extent of Latin America Comprised of 38 countries Spans more than 85° of latitude and 82° of longitude Subregions Middle America, South America Population of 618 million people Distributed mainly across “rimland” and “highland” Region is 78% urban Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4  10.2 Physical Geography and Human Adaptations 10.01 Explain how elevation creates a predictable range of environmental conditions and livelihood opportunities. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5  10.2a Climates and Biomes Extraordinary climatic and biotic diversity, both within the region and even within some countries Tropical rain forest Tropical savanna Humid subtropical Prairie Mediterranean Desert Steppe Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7  10.2b Elevation and Land Use Altitudinal zonation Terra caliente – hot country Tierra templada – cool country Tierra fría – cold country Tierra helada – frost country Air temperature decreases with elevation at a normal rate of approximately 3.6°F per 1,000 feet Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8  10.2c Natural Hazards in Latin America Pacific Ring of Fire Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions Largest earthquake ever recorded was magnitude 9.5 in 1960 off the coast of southern Chile Two seasonal hurricane regions Source of the El Niño climatic pattern Responsible for global climate disruptions resulting in unusually high/low precipitation/temperatures for various places Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9  10.3 Cultural and Historical Geographies 10.02 Discuss the accomplishments of indigenous cultures and how European conquest and colonization impacted indigenous peoples. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10  Cultural and Historical Geographies No “Latins” among the region’s inhabitants before the end of the 15th century An estimated 50-100 million Native Americans inhabited the region when Columbus arrived in 1492 Emergence of early culture hearths Andes region of South America Southern Mexico and adjacent Central America Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11  10.3c The European Conquest Christopher Columbus – 1492 Marked the beginning of profound changes in almost every aspect of life in what would become Latin America, including: Death Increased volume of trade products shipped overseas European-introduced horses, cattle, sheep, donkeys, wheat, sugarcane, coffee, and bananas Gold and silver Introduction of Catholicism Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12  10.3d Ethnicity in Latin America Only Argentina, Uruguay, and Costa Rica have significant white European ethnic groups Mixed heritage Mestizos Mulatto/Creole Native American cultures Some governments protect natives Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13  10.4 Economic Geography 10.03 Explain the predominant ethnic patterns of the region and how ethnicity correlates with livelihood, wealth, and political power. 10.04 Discuss the obstacles Latin American economies face in transitioning from dependence on primary commodities to diversified manufacturing and services sectors, and the roles of free trade and fair trade. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14  Economic Geography Latin America is generally a region of LDCs Rely too much on the primary sector Exports of non-value-added goods like cash crops and minerals China now investing in Latin America Commodities-dependent economies Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15  10.4a Agriculture, Mining, and Energy: The Primary Sector (1 of 2) Farms classified by size and system of production Minifundia Smaller holdings with a strong subsistence component Generally, people who lack the money to purchase large and fertile properties Usually marginal plots, often on sharecropping basis Latifundia Large estates with strong commercial orientation Also called haciendas and plantations Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16  10.4a Agriculture, Mining, and Energy: The Primary Sector (2 of 2) Over-reliance on coffee and bananas - “Banana republics” United Fruit Company – American owned Range of export crops has grown Major producer of key minerals Some profits from mineral production has funded significant infrastructure, including roads, power stations, water systems, schools, and hospitals Early 1980s debt crisis Neo-liberalism / restructuring Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17  10.4c Free-Trade Associations and Common Markets Mercosur (Southern Cone Common Market) Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Venezuela North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): Canada, US, Mexico Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Organization of American States (OAS) Intellectual property rights Fair trade movements Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18  10.4d Remittances: Sending Money Home Immigrant workers Remittances Earned savings sent home by people working abroad, especially in the United States 54% of immigrant workers from Latin America send money home Grandparents caring for working parents’ children Honduras Remittances make up 17% of the country’s GDP Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19  10.4e Tourism and Other Services Tourism is a major regional economic asset, generating critical foreign exchange Only oil exports are more valuable Tourism revenues reflect distance-decay relationship Highest tourism receipts flow to Mexico, the nearest neighbor to the wealthy countries Tourism revenues fall off for more distant destinations Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20  Case Study: Cuba Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21  Cuba’s “Special Period” Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22  Its Unique History During the revolutionary period, Cuba was Why Cuba? characterized by large monocultures Unsustainable intensive factory systems Prior to 90’s: extremely dependent on foreign trade for agricultural inputs 85% of Cuba’s trade was with socialist countries in Europe Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23  1989 Collapse of the Soviet Union The availability for Cuba of fertilizers and pesticides dropped by 70% Cuban agriculture was faced with an additional drop of 50% in the availability of petroleum The U.S tightened the trade embargo Castro declared Cuba’s economic crisis as the country entering a ‘Special Period’ So how did a small country adjust to such drastic changes??? Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26  It reinvented itself… It looked to its roots… It sought alternatives to high input agriculture… Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27 A World Leader in Sustainable Agriculture Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28  CPA El Moncada Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29 Cuba’s Green medicine movement Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40  Urban Agriculture Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41  The Revolution Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42 43 What’s happening now? Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43  10.5 Geopolitical Issues 10.05 Explain how US interests have shaped the region’s political and economic systems, and how the Latin American “ideology of fury” has pushed back against American influence. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44  Geopolitical Issues The US has staked its geostrategic claim to the region Monroe Doctrine (1823) Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904) Modern US involvements in Latin America Actions to support governments against nationalist insurgencies Support insurgents against leftist governments 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis US-imposed sanctions Frozen relations for decades Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45  10.5b The Panama Canal 50-mile shortcut between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Link by water – series of locks US began canal construction in 1904 Was completed in 1914 Was sovereign US territory Transferred to Panama 1999 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46  Access to Oil Top providers in the region Mexico, Colombia FARC (Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia) Narcoterrorist organization Plan Patriot US-backed operation to gain control from FARC Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47  10.5d The Washington Consensus Political-economic philosophy Press governments to expand neo-liberalism and bring prosperity Generally, the US neglected Latin America After 9/11, widespread disillusionment with economic conditions Leaders had common stated intention to reverse US-backed push toward free trade and free enterprise Generally supported by indigenous Americans Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of our America Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 48  10.6 Regional Issues and Landscapes 10.06 Identify 3-4 reasons why the Amazon Basin is being developed, and why this development is controversial. Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 49  10.6a Middle America Mexico’s Stature Largest, most complex, and most influential country in Middle America Mexico City is the world’s 12th largest city in population with 120 million Oil is Mexico’s most important export 90% of it goes to the US Trying to diversify economy Remembering Mexican-American War 1848 Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 50  10.6b South America Venezuela’s Petroleum Politics Large oil resources in the coastal area around Lake Maracaibo 95% of Venezuela’s exports by value Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez spearheaded regional quest for liberation from Spain Bolivarian Revolution Goal to build a coalition to counter US-led free-trade efforts Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 51  Brazil, The Stirring Giant Brazil is the largest Latin American country Area 3.3 million square miles Population 202 million An increasingly important role in hemispheric and world affairs Large foreign debt Sugarcane production for ethanol Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 52  The Amazon, Its Waters, Forests, Peoples, and Future (1 of 2) Amazon River handles more volume than any other river in world Basin covers some 2.7 million square miles Home to world’s largest remaining expanse of tropical rain forest and some of world’s most remote populations of indigenous peoples Its rain forest contains many species of plants and animals Acts as a carbon sink to mitigate global warming due to excess greenhouse gas emissions Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 53  The Amazon, Its Waters, Forests, Peoples, and Future (2 of 2) Trans-Amazon Highway Brazil began construction in 1970s on the main line of an interoceanic highway connecting Atlantic and Peruvian coasts Regional Initiative for the Infrastructure Integration of South America Ecological concerns about deforestation resulting from building this road Joseph Hobbs, World Regional Geography, Seventh Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 54