Occupational Safety and Health PDF

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH  WHAT IS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH? Occupational Safety Deals with understanding the causes of accidents at work and ways to prevent unsafe act and unsafe conditions in any work place. Occupational Health A broad concept which explains how differen...

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH  WHAT IS OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH? Occupational Safety Deals with understanding the causes of accidents at work and ways to prevent unsafe act and unsafe conditions in any work place. Occupational Health A broad concept which explains how different hazards and risks at work may cause an illness and emphasizes that health programs are essential in controlling work-related and/or occupational diseases. WHAT WE WILL LEARN ABOUT OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY Safety at work discusses concept of the following: 1.Good Housekeeping 2.Fire Safety 3.Electrical Safety WHAT WE WILL LEARN ABOUT OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH A Healthy workplace discusses concept of the following: 1.Physical Health Hazards 2.Chemical Health Hazards 3.Psychological Health Hazards 4.Covid-19 Guidelines HAZARDS AND RISKS UNSAFE ACTS AND UNSAFE CONDITIONS What is ACCIDENT? An unexpected, unforeseen, unplanned, and unwanted occurrence or event that causes damage or loss of materials or properties, injury, or death. What is NEAR MISS? an incident in which no property was damaged and no personal injury was sustained, but where, given a slight shift in time or position, damage or injury easily could have occurred  UNSAFE ACTS USING LADDER WITHOUT SMOKING NEAR THE ASSISTANCE WIRING CHILDREN RUNNING WITHOUT LOOKING BLIND MAN WALKING AHEAD ALONE IN OBSTRUCTED PLACE USING MICROPHONE WITH FAULTY WIRES  UNSAFE CONDITIONS POOR WASTE NOT EASILY EMPTY FIRST AID MANAGEMENT ACCESSIBLE FIRE CABINET EXTINGUISHER POOR WIRE IMPROPER BROKEN MANAGEMENT STACKING OF CHAIR AND BOXES ALL BOXES OVER THE PLACE  WHAT IS GOOD WORKPLACE HOUSEKEEPING? It is the activities undertaken to create or maintain tidy, clean, orderly and safe working environment WHY SHOULD WE PAY ATTENTION TO HOUSEKEEPING AT WORK? ▪ Effective housekeeping can eliminate some workplace hazards and help get a job done safely and properly WHAT DO WE MEAN BY POOR HOUSEKEEPING? Housekeeping is not just cleanliness. A messy workplace is a sign of an inefficient business EXAMPLES OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING: ▪ Untidy and cluttered workplace ▪ Poor storage of materials and stock GOOD HOUSEKEEPING VS POOR HOUSEKEEPING  POOR HOUSEKEEPING VS GOOD HOUSEKEEPING CLUTTERED WORKPLACE ORGANIZED REDUCES PRODUCTIVITY EASILY ACCESSIBLE TOOLS REPRESENTS FIRE HAZARD  POOR HOUSEKEEPING VS GOOD HOUSEKEEPING HARD TO MOVE AROUND ORGANIZED AND TOO CONGESTED WORKERS CAN MOVE REPRESENTS FIRE HAZARD EASILY  z FIRE AND ELECTRICAL SAFETY 23 CHEMISTRY OF FIRE z Fire burns because there are three elements present ▪ Fuel ▪ Heat ▪ Oxygen By removing any one element a fire can not occur, or a fire will not be able to sustain combustion. 24 CLASSES OF FIRE Ordinary Flammable Involving Combustible Combustibles Liquids Electricity Metals The most common fire extinguisher used in healthcare is multiclass, or what is termed an ABC class extinguisher. 25 z IN CASE OF FIRE ▪ Remain calm. Don’t panic or cause confusion. NEVER shout fire. ▪ Proceed safely to nearest fire exit ▪ Feel surfaces of doors before opening ▪ Crawl to exit if smoke is present in area ▪ Follow instructions of Fire Department ▪ Remember R.A.C.E. and P.A.S.S. 26 R.A.C.E. FOR FIRE SAFETY ▪ Rescue anyone in immediate danger. ▪ Activate the fire alarm pull station ▪ Contain the fire ▪ Extinguish the fire, if your safety can be assured 27 P.A.S.S. FOR FIRE EXTINGUISHER USE Pull the pin Aim at base of the fire Squeeze the handles together Sweep from side to side 28 z ELECTRICAL z SAFETY BRIEFING 29 z WHAT IS ELECTRICITY? ▪ A medium that provides a very convenient means for transferring energy from one place to another ▪ Correctly used, electricity is our most versatile form of energy ▪ Control of most electrical hazards is neither difficult or expensive, but ignoring them can cause serious consequences 30 z Electrical Safety Rules ▪ Visually inspect all equipment for damage prior to use ▪ Do not use extension cords for permanent wiring ▪ Unplug equipment by pulling on the plug and not the cord ▪ Damaged or defective biomedical/electrical equipment must be removed from service and reported to appropriate authority for repair 31 z Electrical Safety Rules ▪ Keep fluids, chemicals, and heat away from equipment, cords, and cables ▪ Maintain sufficient access around equipment & panels for operations/maintenance ▪ Do not touch energized/conductive surfaces with one hand while touching the patient with the other ▪ Know the function of each control prior to using equipment z Electrical Safety Rules ▪ Do not overload electrical sockets. ▪ Do not run cords under rugs or furniture. They can become worn, overheat, and cause a fire. ▪ Avoid putting cords against walls or across doorways. ▪ Use power strips equipped with overload protection. z 33 HEALTH HAZARDS PHYSICAL HEALTH HAZARDS NOISE VIBRATION SLIPPING AND FALLING  PHYSICAL HEALTH HAZARDS CONTROL MEASURES WEARING WEARING ANTI MOPPING THE HEADPHONES VIBRATION FLOOR WITH GLOVES PROPER SIGNAGE  CHEMICAL HEALTH HAZARDS FLAMMABLE TOXIC CORROSIVE  CHEMICAL HEALTH HAZARDS CONTROL MEASURES PUTTING PROPER PROPER ALWAYS WEAR SIGNAGES STORAGE AND PROTECTIVE HANDLING EQUIPMENT  PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS WORK BULLYING SEXUAL RELATED HARASSMENT STRESS  PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH HAZARDS CONTROL MEASURES MANAGE TIME PROPERLY REPORT BULLYING AND HARASSMENT DISCUSS THE TO MANAGEMENT PROBLEM  COVID-19 CONTROL MEASURES MONITOR AND PRACTICE DO NOT FORGET TO SOCIAL DISTANCING SANITIZE SURFACES REGULARLY  COVID-19 CONTROL MEASURES TEMPERATURE CHECK SANITIZING OF HANDS UPON ENTRY  COVID-19 CONTROL MEASURES MASK UNDER CHIN MASK COVERING MOUTH ONLY WRONG! PROPER WEARING OF FACE MASK ALL THE TIME COVID-19 CONTROL MEASURES PROPER WASHING OF HANDS REGULARLY  COVID-19 CONTROL MEASURES GET VACCINATED GET YOUR BOOSTER SHOT THANK YOU AND STAY SAFE!  Tendering Methods CONSTRUCTION BIDDING Open Selective Negotiated Serial Tendering Tendering Tendering Tendering Used by both the In selective tendering, Negotiated tenders are In serial tendering, the government and private bidders are allowed to obtained by the employer tenders are based on a sector. Open tendering submit tenders only by inviting a contractor of his typical bill of quantities or allows anyone to submit a invitation. choice to submit for a project. schedule of works. tender. Usually this is for specialized The rates are used to value work or when particular results over a given number equipment is needed as an of projects, and with time extension of existing works, or the procedure can be for further work following a repeated for different previous contract. projects.  CONSTRUCTION BIDDING 1 2 5 Bid Bid Bid Bid Contract Solicitation Preparation Submission Evaluation Negotiation and Selection and Awarding  The Process CONSTRUCTION BIDDING S te p 1:Bid Solicitation The Owner or Project Team issues a Request for Proposals {RFP) or an Invitation for Bid {IFB) to initiate the bidding process. The owner must make three important decisions before issuing the bid solicitation. These are the following: Project Delivery Method Procurement Method Contract Type Bid solicitation is an essential phase that ensures a smooth construction bidding process. For this reason, owners or general contractors must provide complete and accurate information regarding their projects. It is best to request the bidding company's profile, project portfolio, personnel resumes, and financial statements when evaluating bidders. The invitation to bid can be open to everyone, or strictly by invite.  Delivery M et ho ds CONSTRUCTION BIDDING Integrated Construction Design-Build Design-Bid-Build Project M a n a g e me n t at (DB) (DBB) Delivery (IPB) Risk(CMR) In design-build, the owner The most common process This is one of the new Like design-bid-build, in the contracts with one entity for the construction of methods used, and the owner CMAR method, different that handles both design nonresidential buildings, employs the architect, owner, firms handle design and and construction, and one especially government and contractor together as a construction. Unlike design price covers both phases. projects. team. They share the risk bid-build, however, the In this approach, an owner equally. construction manager joins hires an architect or the project at the start designer independently before the architect designs from the contractor who the building. manages construction.  Procurement Methods CONSTRUCTION BIDDING Direct Best Value Low Bid Select Negotiated source or Sole source In the Best Value Source The Low Bid method Direct selection is a single Under Negotiated method, method, the contractor is selects competitive bids source method that uses only the contractors are selected awarded the contract based on the procurement one provider to satisfy all the without any advertisement based on price and past method's lowest bid. project requirements. or competitive bidding. performance. Government and other In business, owners may A contractor's bid will likely The goal is to achieve the public entities commonly decide on sole source be chosen as the selection best combination of price use this method. procurement if, for example, criteria are based on and performance. they have a successful goodwill and previous relationship with a contractor successfu I relationships. and want to replicate a prior contract or project.  Contract Types CONSTRUCTION BIDDING Lump-sum Unit-Price Cost-Plus Time and Guaranteed Materials Maximum Price A lump sum A unit price A cost-plus contract In a time and A guaranteed includes two elements of.. contract, also contract divides materiaIs contract, maximum price referred to as the contract into payment for the are paid contract puts a fixed-price separate contractor: the cost of hourly/daily or by limit on the final contracts sets one elements, such as the materials and labor, the cost of budget of a determined price materials, labor, plus a separate fee as the materials used. project. for all work done and overhead or contractor's profit. Any costs beyond for the project. administrative The fee can either be pre are to be covered costs. determined as a set by the contractor. figure, or it couId be a percentage of the final project costs.  The Process CONSTRUCTION BIDDING Step 2:Bid Preparation Following the issuance of an RFP, interested parties will begin to evaluate the proposal. After gathering and organizing all of the details, the bid can be submitted to the requesting organization. Step 3:Bid Submission The next step is the bid submission. This should contain all pertinent company information. It contains all of the company's previous projects, management plans, and track record of task completion on time. The bid must be as precise as possible. A cost estimate based on the bill of quantities and blueprints should also be included. Often, the best reasonable price influences the winning bid.  The Process CONSTRUCTION BIDDING Step 4: Bid Evaluation and Selection After collecting the bids, they are compared against each other. Contrary to some beliefs, the lowest bid doesn't always win. The most popular way to pick the best vendor or service provider is the MEAT criteria (most economically advantageous tender). Apart from the cost, MEAT criteria consider quality, accessibility, social value, innovation, and more.  The Process CONSTRUCTION BIDDING Step 5: contract Negotiation and Awarding Negotiation and selection are the final stages of bidding. Following the selection of the preferred vendor or service provider, the tendering organization will notify them of the final approved price and any additional requests, if any. At this point, the management and administrative departments of the project team can begin to participate. Legal terms, payment terms, deliverable schedules, and other important details are documented and signed by the parties involved to solidify the agreement. CONTRACT OR Construction contract AGREEMENT Amutually binding agreementthat obligates the seller to provide the specified products,services,or results Obligates the buyer to compensatethe seller Representsalegal relationship that is subject to remedy in the courts. 12/09/22  Contract Agreement Sections PROJECTDESCRIPTION CONTRACTPRICE PAYMENTBASIS Thisdetails what the project is Thetype of contract price that has Thisdescribesthe money that will be paid to about,including the most beenawardedand the total the contractor, whether on aweekly, monthly, or milestone basis.Thissection should also important idea or description of the amount of money being contracted specify what percentageof money should be problem being addressed.It canbe aredetailed, as well aspossible retained on every application for payment. It asummaryof items or just a additions or deductions to the will also define when the payment is due, the paragraph. contract and how they will be penalty for late payments, whether interest is released. accrued,and any other payment and invoicing terms  Contract Agreement Sections SCHEDULEORCALENDAR DOCUMENTLIST CONSTRUCTIONSCOPE Thetotal number of daysor how Alist of all contract documents Thescopenormally canbe the project schedule will be forms this part of the contract measured or quantifiable divided, it should describeeither agreement. Drawings, and is adescription of all calendar daysor business days exhibits, specs,and construction activities that and canbepresented asaGantt supplemental conditions can will form part of the project. Chart,bar chart, CPM,or another be part of this list. method.  Contract Agreement Sections CONDITIONS& RESPONSIBILITIES CONTRACTLAWS SIGNATURES Responsibilities for the owner and the Any applicable legal requirements, including Oncethe contract is finalized, it contractor, including who is responsible for governing laws, liens requirements, claims should besigned by both parties providing documents, information, procedures,arbitration procedures, before anywork begins.Bysigning, payments, or other deliverables are laid out so insurance, substantial completion both parties indicate that they agree the project canprogresson time. It should requirements, final completion, and contain specific terms for liens, penalties, liquidated damagesare detailed. Thismay to the project terms. withholding, and arbitration rules, aswell as also include proceduresfor how to terminate specific instructions on how to processclaims or suspendthe work and the agreement with and proceedwith disputes. the contractor. Category of Contract 01 F I X E D - PRICE CONTRACT Setting afixed price for adefined product,serviceor result to beprovided A F I R M FIXED PRICE (FFP) Theprice for goodsis setat the outset and not subjectto changeunlessthe scopeof work changes B FIXED PRICE INCENTIVE FEE (FPIF) Establishing the final contract price by application of aformula basedon the relationship of total final negotiated costto total target cost.Thefinal price is subject to aprice ceiling, negotiated at the outset. C FIXED PRICE WITH ECONOMIC PRICE ADJUSTMENTS (FPEPA) Providesfor upward and downward revision of the stated contract price upon the occurrence of specified contingencies. Category of Contract 02 CO S T - REIMBURSABLE CONTRACT Payments to the seller for all actual costsincurred for completed work, plus afee representing seller profit A COST PLUS FIXED FEE (CPFF) Provides for payment to the contractor of anegotiated fee that is fixed at the inception of the contract.Thefixed fee doesnot vary with actual costunless the scopeof work changes. B COST PLUS INCENTIVE FEE (FPIF) Provides for aninitially negotiated fee to beadjusted later by aformula basedon the relationship of total allowable coststo total target costs.If the final costsare less/greater that the estimated costs,both parties share the costof the departure baseon agreed percentage. C COST PLUS AWARD FEE (CPAF) Provides for afee consisting of (a)a baseamount fixed at inception of the contract and (b)an award amount, basedupon ajudgmental evaluation. Category of Contract 03 TIME AND MATERIAL CONTRACT (T&M) Hybrid type of contractualarrangement with aspectsof both cost-reimbursable and fixed-price contracts.This is commonly used in the construction industry where one party agreesto payacontractorfor the costsof all materials neededto finish ajob aswell asapredetermined hourly wage for the work performed. In atime and materials contract,you payafter an agreed-upon increment of work delivered, and the payment is basedon the agreed hourly or daily rate. Types of Construction Contract 01 Thecostpart caninclude direct costssuchaslabor, materials, supplies,etc.Theyalsoinclude overheadcostssuchasinsurance, C O S T - PLUS CONTRACT mileage,aportion of your office rent.Additionally, they alsoreceive anagreed-upon amount for the profit. That’sthe “plus.” BENEFITS No risk of losing money on materials. Plus,you know you’ll incur a profit. DRAWBACKS Somecost-plus contractsinclude clauseswith “not to exceed” Contractors are paid for all of amountsfor costs.Thiswill need extra labor costto track all your their construction-related expensesand presentthem expenses. Types of Construction Contract Traditionally, ownersreceive completed designs before taking in 02 construction bids.That leadsto two separatecontractsand alonger D E S I G N - BUILD CONTRACT process.Under this type of contract,the construction processactually begins before the final design is completed.This processsavesthe owner time and money by combining the design and construction project delivery into onecontract. BENEFITS Helps to speedup the processand avoid disputesbetween the designer and builder. Designers alsohavemore input in the construction drawing process,reducing the need for changes. AddressesDesign and DRAWBACKS Construction Costs Becausethere’s no competitive bidding phase,the final costsmaybe Simultaneously higher for the owner. It’s alsomore difficult to estimate costsdueto the necessarycollaboration between designer and builder. Types of Construction Contract TheGMPcontractlimits theamounttheownerwill haveto pay,and any 03 additionalexpensesincurredarecoveredbythecontractor.Theseagreements GUARANTEED M A X I M U M limit thecost-riskfor thecustomer.Theyclearlydefine themosttheownerwill PRICE CONTRACT haveto pay,whichmakesbudgetingmuch easier. BENEFITS If the final costs come in under the GMP, the customer may receive all of the cost savings or share them with the contractor. For contractors, it can also help to expeditethelendingprocess. DRAWBACKS It alsoplacesthemajority of therisksonthecontractor.If theoriginal estimateendsupbeingbelowthefinal costs,thecontractorcanlose moneyon Maximum amount the owner will haveto pay the contractor is theproject. capped Types of Construction Contract 04 Incentive contracts provide the contractor with anagreed-upon INCENTIVE payment if the project is delivered byacertain date and at aspecific CONSTRUCTION point. If the project is delivered at alower costand/or by the target CONTRACT deadline, the contractor receivesextra payment. In other words, the contractor is incentivized for controlling costsand staying on schedule. BENEFITS Thesecontractsaren’t just beneficial for controlling costsand timelines. Theyalsohelp to create amore collaborative processwhere the contractor hasmore ownership. DRAWBACKS Incentive contracts do require more negotiation to determine the Agreed-upon payment if the incentives. It’s important for contractors to ensurethat the costsand project is delivered by acertain milestone deadlines are achievable.If the terms and conditions are not clear,it can leaveroom for disputes. Types of Construction Contract Delivery model for delivering construction projects using asingle 05 contract for design and construction with ashared risk/reward model, guaranteedcosts,waiversof liability between team members,an INTEGRATED PROJECT operating systembasedon lean principles, and acollaborative culture. DELIVERY CONTRACT This type of contractspreadsthe risk and rewards of the project to the 3 major party. BENEFITS Prioritize innovation and collaboration.Theypromote asenseof ownership and teamwork asall parties must work together to achieve the desired rewards.Theyalso spreadthe risk and reward fairly. DRAWBACKS IPDis still relatively new in the industry, sosomedesign firms and AMulti-party agreement subcontractorsmaynot want to participate. Somecontractors find it between designfirm, builder and owner difficult to securefinancing for these projects aswell. Types of Construction Contract Thecontractor will deliver atotal price for the project rather than bidding on the deliverables. Theagreement is relatively simple and 06 works well for projects with awell-defined scope.They’re popular with straightforward work that doesn’t require detailed estimates.These L U M P - S U M CONTRACT types of construction contractsalsomakeadministration and cashflow estimates easy. BENEFITS Presentsadigestible, easy-to-plan-for figure to the owner.Theygive the contractor the flexibility to focuson quality, materials, and output. Don’t dictate asmuchowner supervisionand approval. DRAWBACKS Theydon’t factor in changesin material costs,site conditions, or Contractor delivers the project at requestsfrom the owner. Forthe lump-sumcontract to payoff, you’ll apresetprice. need to beable to estimate the project’s schedule, materials, labor costs, overheadcosts,and profit margins easily. Types of Construction Contract Theowner paysanagreed-upon price basedon the time spent on the 07 project, required materials, and the included profit rate.T&M contracts allow for more flexibility in the costsof the materials and accountfor T I M E AND MATERIALS labor rates.Theymayalsoinclude amark-up for the materials if they are CONTRACT purchasedat wholesale rates. BENEFITS Help the owner to budget for the overall costswhile reducing the risk on the contractor’s part in the caseof fluctuating material and labor costs.Theyalso help to prevent cost-cutting methods asthe contractor knowsthey’ll receive aprofit. DRAWBACKS There’slesstransparency about the final costfor owners, which canlead Agreed-uponprice basedon time spent, required materials and to disputesalong the wayif pricesrise. Inaccurate estimatescanalso profit rate. potentially eat into the contractor’s profit margins. Types of Construction Contract Theunit price contract details prices per unit, which mayinclude materials, labor, overhead, supplies,and profit. Theowner paysthe 08 contractor based on the units at agreed-upon rates. The contract may or UNIT PRICE CONTRACT may not include the number of units needed to complete the project but will likely include at least an estimate. BENEFITS Works well with projects that canbeeasilydivided into units. If your project is largely dependent on the price of the units and involves repetitive tasks,this contract maybeagood choice.Contractorswho use unit price contracts find the simple invoicing and shared risk beneficial. DRAWBACKS They’re not alwaysagoodfit for complexprojects that require Owner pays the contractor based complicated tasksand many different types of materials. Theydon’t on the units at agreed-uponrates incentivize contractors and canlead to profit lossif the initial estimates are off-target. Types of Construction Contract TheBOTschemerefers to the initial concessionby apublic entity suchas 09 alocal government to aprivate firm to both build and operate the B U I L D - OPERATE - project in question.After asettime frame, typically two or three TRANSFER (BOT) decades,control of the project is returned to the public entity. BENEFITS Theyenable governments to transfer the costand risk of big, important infrastructure projects to aspecialist private entity, which hasthe potential to makelots of moneyfrom it if it turns into asuccessbefore handing it back. DRAWBACKS One of the biggest risks is that the contract ends up losing money. To be Model used to finance large a successfor all parties, the project should provide asufficient return on projects developed through public-private partnerships investment for the private entity, while also benefiting the public entity financially and beating other availablealternative options.