Communication Process PDF

The Human Communication Process in Context Unit 1 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Lesson 1: Communication Processes Communication - a fundamental aspect of living George Bernard Shaw : “The single biggest problem in communication is the...

The Human Communication Process in Context Unit 1 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC Lesson 1: Communication Processes Communication - a fundamental aspect of living George Bernard Shaw : “The single biggest problem in communication is the illusion that it has taken place” Paul J. Meyer - Communication is the key to personal and professional growth.  What is communication? Etymologically - comes from the Latin word communicare meaning “share” with a specific sense “to make common to many” or “to impart” Satterwhite & Olson-Sutton, 2007 “Communication is (sometimes) defined as the process of sending and receiving messages”  What is communication? Engelberg & Wynn, 2008 “ Communication is the process of using verbal and nonverbal messages to generate meaning within and across various contexts, cultures, and channels” Hamilton & Creel, 2011 “Communication is the transactional process by which people, interacting in a particular context, negotiate the meanings of verbal and nonverbal symbols in order to achieve shared understanding”  What is communication? Bovee & Thill, 2014 “Communication is the process of transferring information and meaning between senders and receivers, using one or more written, oral, visual, or electronic media” Elements of Communication 1. Sender/Receiver ◦ sender (initiates the communication process & establishes the purpose of the message) ◦ receiver (the one for whom the message is intended and sent) ◦ both can be a “transceiver” (sending and receiving messages at the same time) Elements of Communication 2. Message ◦ the information, thought, feeling expressed ◦ purpose may be to inform, to persuade, to take action 3. Channel/Medium ◦ identifies how the message is delivered ◦ varied forms - air, sound & light waves - sensory (how someone holds or shakes hand) - technology (telephone, e-mail, voice mail, video recording) - traditional (written documents like memo, letters) Elements of Communication 4. Feedback ◦ response to the sent message making the process two- way ◦ indicates how the message is interpreted ◦ conveys the receiver’s emotions or feelings about the message and toward its sender 5. Context ◦ circumstances where communication occurs ◦ can include physical environment and existing relationship between the communicators Elements of Communication 6. Noise ◦ impediment to successful communication ◦ classification: external – noise from the surroundings or environment internal – self-related (your attitudes, opinions, beliefs) semantic – differences in understanding a particular word or gesture Awareness of possible differences and active listening plays a significant role when communicating. Elements of Communication 7. Frame of Reference ◦ also known as field of experience ◦ includes ones value system or culture, preferences, world views, self-concept, assumptions, expectations and experiences reflected in ones interaction ◦ identified commonalities of these establishes a starting point of communication Characteristics of Communication 1. It is a process. ◦ transmission of thoughts, ideas, and emotions ◦ Non static or unfixed phenomenon ◦ follows a course and has progression ◦ illustrated in three forms: a. Linear Model b. Interactive Model c. Transactional Model Characteristics of Communication The Linear/Transmission Model Characteristics of Communication The Interactive Model Characteristics of Communication Transactional Model Characteristics of Communication 2. It necessities negotiation of meanings of symbols. ◦ meanings of verbal and nonverbal symbols are used and/or negotiated ◦ verbal symbols/signals (refers to spoken or written words) ◦ nonverbal symbols/signals (vocal tones, facial expressions, gestures, body movements, physical appearance, and manners) ◦ frame of reference interferes transmission and reception of messages or may influence the interpretation of certain symbols ◦ negotiation of meaning to arrive at a shared Characteristics of Communication 3. It is contextual ◦ occurs in a context ◦ context or circumstances shape communication ◦ three general types of context: a. Psychosocial Context b. Logistical Context c. Interactional Context Characteristics of Communication a. Psychosocial Context ◦ relies on the interaction among the emotional history, social relationships, and cultural capital of the communicators ◦ variable examples considered are: age, sex, gender preference, religion, socioeconomic status ◦ examples above certainly affect the reception and interpretation of symbols by the communicators who are aware and sensitive of these factors Characteristics of Communication b. Logistical Context ◦ also termed as the physical context ◦ concerned with the setting (time & place) and occasion c. Interactional Context ◦ interactions dictate the style of communication ◦ has six major categories: 1. Intrapersonal Context 4. Organizational Context 2. Interpersonal Context 5. Public/Presentational Context 3. Group Context 6. Mass Communication Context Characteristics of Communication 1. Intrapersonal Context ◦ self-talk or inner speech reflecting one’s own self-concept or overall understanding of ones self 2. Interpersonal Context ◦ communication between people usually dyads: two people communicating to accomplish a specific task or purpose 3. Group Context ◦ communication among more than two people to carry out a common goal Characteristics of Communication 4. Organizational Context ◦ related to workplace communication exposing one or more individuals to several communicative opportunities among individuals, dyads, and groups 5. Public or Presentational Context ◦ a single speaker creates meaning with the audience ◦ may be held formal or informal 6. Mass Communication Context ◦an individual or network sharing a message with an audience not directly present and often unknown Characteristics of Communication * The context of communication determines the most effective way of creating and sending messages. * There are different forms of communication based on message forms, modes of transmission and systems that can be used depending on the context and purpose of communication: ◦ Verbal and Nonverbal Communication ◦ Formal and Informal Communication ◦ Intentional and Unintentional Communication  Characteristics of Communication  Verbal Communication - use of spoken and written words (verbal symbols) in making and interpreting meanings a. Written Communication – good option if a permanent record or proof of the interaction is needed, if the content of the message is complex and confidential and if a formal response is wanted or needed - usually comes in the form of memoranda, letters, and reports via any conventional or online means  Characteristics of Communication b. Spoken or Oral Communication - effective when communicating reasons are opposite with that of the written communication - may be sent through varied ways: telephone, face-to-face, broadcasts  Nonverbal Communication - use of visual, audible, movement signals - signals may be vocal tones, facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, body movements, physical appearance, manners Characteristics of Communication Formal Communication - based on specific and standardized guidelines, channels, and system - practiced in an organizational, business, and formal environment and includes the sending and receiving of official information - usually needs a written document as proof of the interaction Informal Communication - typical, face-to-face communication between friends & family - free from any guidelines or organizational rules - usually informal without the need of any proof of the interaction  Characteristics of Communication Intentional Communication - when communicators are aware of their own purposes and how their words and actions might affect others Unintentional Communication - when messages are not intended to be sent or have reached the wrong receiver - common and considered an issue in the use of nonverbal behaviors - psychosocial contexts & frames of reference plays a vital role in the interpretation of the messages sent and received by the communicators Characteristics of Communication 4. Its goal is shared understanding. ◦ Successful and effective communication indicates that the communicating parties have achieved a common, mutual or shared understanding of the matters at hand with great considerations of the communicators’ thoughts and emotions involved in the process. ◦ Communicating parties must be conscious and cautious of possible differences and be willing to settle such gaps to avoid communication breakdown. Thank you!!!