ComD 133 Unit 2 Review PDF

Speech Unit Review Speech ○ The neuromuscular process that allows humans to express language as a vocal product. Simple model of speech production Perceptual target→Motor schema→Speech output ○...

Speech Unit Review Speech ○ The neuromuscular process that allows humans to express language as a vocal product. Simple model of speech production Perceptual target→Motor schema→Speech output ○ ○ Perceptual target Conceptual representation ○ Motor schema Plan for the movements ○ Speech output Put plan into action Building blocks of speech/major subsystems of speech Respiratory ○ Power source Phonatory ○ Sound source Larynx Vocal fold Trachea Pharynx Articulatory ○ Filter for speech ○ Fluency Speech is most functional when produced smoothly with little effort ○ Phonemes A sound that has a meaning (/p/, /f/, /s/) Classification of phonemes Manner Place Voice ○ Features of voice (frequency & pitch, intensity & loudness, and quality) Perceptual measure Loudness Quality Pitch Objective Measures Intensity Frequency Pattern of English speech development (early, middle, and late 8) ○ Early 8 master by 3 M, b, y, w, n, d, p, h  ○ Middle 8 master by 4 T, ng, k, g, f, v, ch, dg ○ Late 8 master by 6.5 Sh, s, z, th, th, r, l, zh Intelligibility milestones ○ 2 years: 50% ○ 3 years: 75% ○ 4 years: 100% Disorders Speech Sound Disorder ○ Definition, Prevalence, Assessment, Treatment Articulation Disorder ○ Surface representation Sound production, not meaning Can perceive difference between phonemes, just can't produce them ○ Therapy is less involved Phonological Disorder ○ Underlying representation Predictable rule based errors Cannot perceive/produce the difference between phonemes ○ Therapy is more involved Treatment Developmental approach ○ Target phonemes in order of typical development Complexity approach ○ Target later phonemes others will fall into place Cycles approach ○ Target phonological processes in order of typical development Metaphon approach ○ Bring awareness to phonological errors Motor speech disorder ○ Two stages of speech motor control Planning/programming Execution ○ Impairment in either of the stages of speech motor control Apraxia of speech Stage affected ○ Motor planning/programming Characteristics  ○ Slow rate ○ Distorted sounds ○ Impaired prosody ○ Inconsistent errors Subtypes ○ Childhood developmental ○ Acquired Happened later in life ○ Primary Progressive Neurodegenerative disease Dysarthria Stage affected ○ Motor execution Impact ○ Muscles Muscle tone Strength Range Steadiness Speed Coordination ○ Characteristics Intelligibility decreased Consistent articulation errors Subtypes ○ Many different types Voice disorders ○ Most a risk Women, children, people who talk a lot ○ Types Structural voice disorders Physical problem with voice mechanism Subtypes ○ Vocal nodules Characteristics Callous like Bilateral Develops over time Causes phonotrauma Treatment Behavioral voice therapy  ○ Vocal polyps Characteristics Fluid filled Blister like Unilateral Can develop instantly Causes phonotrauma Treatment Surgery Behavioral voice therapy ○ Granulomas Characteristics Large lesions Unilateral Posterior portion of vocal fold Causes gerd/phonotrauma Treatment Gerd treatment Behavioral voice therapy ○ Laryngectomy Characteristics Partial or total removal of larynx Causes Cancer Neurogenic voice disorders Problem with nervous system that controls voice Subtypes ○ Spasmodic dysphonia Subtypes Abductor (apart) Adductor (together) Cause Laryngeal nerve misfiring Treatment Botox injection ○ Vocal fold paralysis Cause Nerve damage Symptoms Breathy voice Treatment Surgery  Implants or repositioning of folds or injections Functional voice disorders Voice problem with no identifiable abnormality that results from improper use of vocal mechanism Subtypes ○ Muscle tension dysphonia Causes Excess tension Treatment Laryngeal reposturing Behavioral voice therapy ○ Mutational falsetto/puberphonia Causes psychology Treatment Laryngeal reposturing Behavioral voice therapy Fluency disorder ○ 5% of children go through disfluent phase ○ Typical vs. atypical disfluencies Typical disfluencies Interjections Revisions Unfinished phrases Atypical disfluencies Core features ○ Repetitions ○ Prolongation ○ Blocks ○ Core features of stuttering vs. secondary features Secondary Behaviors Learned ○ Head nodding ○ blinking ○ Predisposing and precipitating factors for fluency disorders Predisposing Factors that put someone at greater risk ○ Family history ○ Gender ○ Neuroanatomical differences Predisposing Factors that cause the disorder  ○ High self awareness to speech ○ Developmental stressor/ traumatic event Treatment Fluency shaping ○ Eradicate disfluencies Stuttering modification ○ Make disfluencies easier Communication focused ○ Help with communication Speak kindly to a person who stutters