Globalization and International Relations PDF

RES OF GLOBAL TU IZA UC TI TR ON S  "Imagined" does not mean that a nation is made-up. It allows one to feel a connection EXAMPLES: within a community of people even if You cheered for...

RES OF GLOBAL TU IZA UC TI TR ON S  "Imagined" does not mean that a nation is made-up. It allows one to feel a connection EXAMPLES: within a community of people even if You cheered for a Filipino athlete in the Olympics. the person will never meet all of them. It's because you feel the connection as both members of the same nationality or community. Not because you really know the person. EXAMPLES: The feeling of comfort living in a Philippine archipelago knowing majority of Filipino peoples live on it too. State Vs. Nation 01 State - is an association of people characterized by formal institutions of government, including laws; permanent territorial boundaries; and sovereignty (political independence). 02 Nation - a group of people with common characteristics, such as a common language, ethnicity, or religion. They may or may not have a defined territory. State and Nations Sovereignty the authority of a state to are closely related because it is nationalism govern itself or another state that facilitates state formation. Nationalist movements have enabled the creation of nation-states, promoting EXAMPLES: independence and sovereignty as Quebec, belonging to the state of Canada, has different laws about language (they are fundamental principles in modern state French-speaking and require French language politics. competencies for their citizens)  TERSTATE SYS E IN TE TH M Origins: Present-day concept of sovereignty MAJOR CHALLENGE: NAPOLEON BONAPARTE - believed in spreading TREATY OF WESTPHALIA- Set of agreements the principles of the French Revolution signed in 1648 to end the thirty years war between Liberty the major continental powers of Europe. Equality Fraternity It aimed to prevent future wars by ensuring that This caused challenged the power of kings, the signers exercised complete control over their nobility and religion of Europe. Causing War that domestic affairs. lasted from 1803 - 1815. Provides Stability for the nations of Europe In every country that they conquered, the French Implemented: Napoleonic Code: forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion, and promoted meritocracy in government service. Origins: Present-day concept of sovereignty The Concert of Europe -an alliance of great powers including the UK, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, aimed to restore the Westphalian system and restore state sovereignty. Under this Metternich System (named after the Austrian diplomat, Klemens Von Metternich, who was the system's main architect), the Concert's power and authority lasted from 1815 to 1914. Despite Napoleon's challenge and the Concert of Europe's collapse, still traces its history. States are sovereign, and great powers hold significant influence, such as the Security Council, with permanent veto powers.  THE LEAGUE OF NATION American President Woodrow Wilson - The most prominent advocate for the creation of the League of Nations  THE LEAGUE OF NATION - The league came into being that same year. Ironically and unfortunately for Wilson, the United States was not able to join the organization due to strong opposition from the Senate. The league was also unable to hinder another war from breaking out. It was practically helpless to prevent the onset and intensification of World War II.  THE LEAGUE OF NATION Despite its failure, the league gave birth to some of the more task-specific international organization that are still around until today. The most popular of which is the WHO (World Health Organization) and ILO (International Labour Organization)  THE LEAGUE OF NATION The league was the manifestation of liberal internationalism’s principle. From Kant, it emphasized the need to form common international principle. From Mazzini, it enshrined the principles of cooperation and respect among nation-states. From Wilson, it called for democracy and self-determination. THE LEAGUE OF NATION Giuseppe Mazzini Italian Politician, journalist and activist. - Mazzini’s most vehement adversaries was German socialist philosopher Karl Marx, who, like Mazzini, was an internationalist but he did not believed in nationalism. - Any authentic version of internationalism, he felt, should purposely rejects nationalism, which rooted individuals in domestic problem rather than global ones. THE LEAGUE OF NATION THE LEAGUE OF NATION Karl Marx - German Born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian. THE LEAGUE OF NATION THE LEAGUE OF NATION THE LEAGUE OF NATION By Jan Isaac Pasamante The world was split into independent, sovereign entities under the Westphalian and Concert systems. There have been attempts to transcend this interstate structure since its inception. Some, like Bonaparte, actively opposed the system by encroaching on the sovereignty of other states while others attempted to envisage alternative governing systems that went beyond but did not necessarily threaten sovereignty. Still, others imagine a system of heightened interaction between various sovereign states, particularly the desire for increased cooperation and solidarity among states and peoples. This desire is called internationalism.  Socialist Liberal internationalism Internationalism Emphasizes democratic Focuses on class struggle values, international law, and and international solidarity global governance among working people The first major thinker of liberal internationalism was the late 18 century German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Kant likened states in a global system to people living in a given territory. If people living together require a government to prevent lawlessness, should it not be that the same principle is applied to states? Without a form of world government, he argued, the international system would be chaotic. Therefore, states, like citizens of countries, must give up some freedoms and "establish a continuously growing state consisting of various nations which will ultimately include the nations of the world." Writing in the late 18* century as well, British philosopher Jeremy Bentham (who coined the word "international" in 1780) advocated the creation of "international law" that would govern inter-state relations. Bentham believed that objective global legislators should aim to propose legislation that would create “the greatest happiness of all nations taken together”. Supremacy of World Government: Fears that a powerful global government could override the authority of individual nations. Threats to Sovereignty: Concerns that international laws and institutions could limit the ability of states to govern themselves independently. The first thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal internationalism was the 19* century Italian patriot Giuseppe Mazzini. Mazzini was both an advocate of the unification of the various Italian-speaking mini-states and a major critic of the Metternich system. He believed in a Republican government (without kings, queens, and hereditary succession) and proposed a system of free nations that cooperated with each other to create an international system. For Mazzini, free, independent states would be the basis of an equally free, cooperative international system. He argued that, if the various Italian mini-states could unify, one could scale up the system to create, for example, a United States of Europe. Mazzini was a nationalist internationalist, who believed that free, unified nation-states should be the basis of global cooperation. Mazzini influenced the thinking of United States President (1913-1921) Woodrow Wilson, who became one of the 20' century's most prominent internationalists. Like Mazzini, Wilson saw nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism. Because of his faith in nationalism, he forwarded the principle of self- determination-the belief that the world's nations had a right to a free and sovereign government. He hoped that these free nations would become democracies because only by being such would they be able to build a free system of international relations based on international law and cooperation.  Wilson, in short, became the most notable advocate for the creation of the League of Nations. At the end of World War I in 1918, he pushed to transform the League into a venue for conciliation and arbitration to prevent another war. For his efforts, Wilson was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1919.  The evolution of international relations has balanced state sovereignty with the desire for global cooperation. From the Westphalian system to figures like Bonaparte, the international stage has seen various challenges and visions. Thinkers like Kant and Bentham laid the groundwork for liberal internationalism, advocating for global stability and lawfulness beyond national borders. Mazzini and Wilson later reconciled nationalism with internationalism, envisioning a world where sovereign nations collaborate under international law and democratic principles. This highlights the ongoing quest for a peaceful global order that respects national sovereignty while promoting cooperation. Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin founded the Comintern to spread socialist revolutions across the world. COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL (COMINTERN) 1919 THE COMINTERN SERVED AS THE CENTRAL BODY FOR DIRECTING COMMUNIST PARTIES ALL OVER THE WORLD. THIS WAS NOT ONLY MORE RADICAL THAN THE SOCIALIST INTERNATIONAL; IT WAS ALSO LESS DEMOCRATIC BECAUSE IT CLOSELY FOLLOWED THE TOP-DOWN GOVERNANCE OF THE BOLSHEVIKS. A PROBLEM AROSE DURING WORLD WAR IL WHEN THE SOVIET UNION JOINED THE ALLIED POWERS IN 1941. THE UNITED STATES AND THE UNITED KINGDOM WOULD, OF COURSE, NOT TRUST THE SOVIET UNION IN THEIR FIGHT AGAINST HITLER'S GERMANY. THESE COUNTRIES WONDERED IF THE SOVIET UNION WAS TRYING TO PROMOTE REVOLUTIONS IN THEIR BACKYARDS. TO APPEASE HIS ALLIES, LENIN'S SUCCESSOR, JOSEPH STALIN, DISSOLVED THE COMINTERN IN 1943. After the war, however, Stalin re- established the Comintern as the Communist Information Bureau (Cominform). When the United States, the Soviet Union, and the Great Britain partitioned war-torn Europe into their own areas of influence, the Soviet Union took over the countries in Eastern Europe. With the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, whatever existing thoughts about communist internationalism also practically disappeared. The SI managed to re-establish itself in 1951, but its influence remained primarily confined to Europe and has never been considered a major player in international relations to this very day. For the postwar period, however, liberal internationalism would once again be ascendant. The best evidence of this is the rise of the United Nations as the center of global governance.  CONCLUSIONS: This lesson examined the roots of the international system. In tracing these roots, a short history of internationalism was provided. Furthermore, internationalism is only one facet of the larger globalization phenomena. Nonetheless, because global connections are heightened by growing state interdependence, it is a critical feature of globalization. This growing interconnectedness is manifested in a variety of ways, not simply through state-to-state relations. International organizations that promote global rules and policies are increasingly facilitating international relations. The United Nations is the most well-known example of this type of organization.