Module 4 The Global Interstate System PDF

Module 4 The Global Interstate System: The Making of the World  Global politics is essential in managing a state. Concepts on the principle or sovereignty, interstate relations, international order, and interstate system are basis for peace and order between a...

Module 4 The Global Interstate System: The Making of the World  Global politics is essential in managing a state. Concepts on the principle or sovereignty, interstate relations, international order, and interstate system are basis for peace and order between and among states/countries.  Objectives At the end of this topic, the students should be able to: Explain the effects of globalization on governments; Identify the institutions that govern international relations; and Differentiate internationalism and globalism.  Course Outline Categories of the Countries, Impact of Globalization to Nation and State, Distinctions between Nation and State, Attributes of Modern International Politics, Origins of the Nation-State, Internationalism  Let’s Get Ready Situational Analysis – Read the situations stated in the article below involving China and America regarding their current relationships. U.S.-China relations are headed for the ‘darkest chapter yet,’ says Eurasia Group Yen Nee Lee (CNBC), July 2, 2020 Relations between the U.S. and China — the world’s top two economies — could worsen further as both countries have signaled that they are prepared to fight each other in many more ways, according to a political risk expert. “There’s a lot of room for escalation here. I think that it’s, by now, quite clear that we’re in for the darkest chapter yet of U.S.-China relations,” Todd Mariano, director for U.S. at Eurasia Group, told CNBC’s “Squawk Box Asia”on Thursday. “We’re seeing moves now more on the technology and export front. I think the troubling sign is simply the multiplicity of fronts at which the two countries are fighting or preparing to fight,” he said.  Let’s Get Ready In the past few years, disputes between the two countries were focused on areas such as their trade imbalance and contest in technology — which triggered a tariff war threatening to derail the global economy. In recent months, the U.S. and China have hit out at each other over a wider range of issues which include the origin of the coronavirus and the autonomy of Hong Kong. Hong Kong, a major business and financial center in Asia, is a self-governed Chinese territory that has a special trading relationship with the U.S. But Washington has started to pare back some of the city’s privileges under U.S. law as Beijing tightens its control over the territory by enacting a national security law. In addition, China’s expanding Belt and Road Initiative and continued assertions in the South China Sea also feed into its tensions with the U.S., according to Mariano.  Let’s Get Ready The Belt and Road Initiative is a massive infrastructure push that many analysts and critics see as China’s way of spreading its global influence through lending. The South China Sea is an important sea route for world trade where Beijing has claimed most of it as its own territory, even though other countries also lay claim to parts of it. “Having such a widespread conflict, I think, really undermines the ability of policymakers to sort of cordon off and resolve tensions on these issues,” said Mariano. Trump or Biden? Analysts have warned that U.S. President Donald Trump, in seeking a second term in the White House, could ratchet up rhetoric and other actions against China in a bid to woo voters. The U.S. presidential election is scheduled for November this year. If Trump gets reelected, Washington’s stance toward Beijing will remain: More bluster, more threats and probably even more tariffs, said William Reinsch, senior advisor and Scholl Chair in international business at think tank, Center for Strategic and International Studies.  Let’s Get Ready Still, Beijing may actually prefer Trump to win the election over his Democratic rival, former Vice President Joe Biden, Reinsch told CNBC’s “Street Signs Asia” on Thursday. “I’ve asked that question to a bunch of Americans doing business in China and they all said the same thing: They think that the Chinese prefer Trump to be reelected,” Reinsch said in response to CNBC’s question on who would Chinese President Xi Jinping want as the next American president. “They believe that the Chinese think that the damage that Trump is doing to the western alliance is greater than the damage he’s doing to them. And so, they net come out better,” he said. Since taking office in 2017, Trump’s “America First” approach has isolated the U.S. from some of its closest allies. The president has threatened elevated tariffs on the European Union and abandoned a nuclear deal with Iran that is backed by traditional allies, including the U.K., France and Germany.  Let’s Get Ready Last month, Trump approved a plan to withdraw some 9,500 U.S. military personnel from Germany. That move came as the president complained that Germany has been “delinquent” in its payments to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization or Nato — an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 North American and European countries. “He’s irritated our allies, he’s losing friends — that gives China opening in Europe and other parts of the world that they hadn’t had before,” said Reinsch. Points to Discuss: Why do they differ in dealing with other countries? How do they affect other countries? What kind of influence do they have on different countries? Explain. Let’s Get On With It  Categories of the Countries After WWII, Cold War divided the world into: First World – NATO and the Western Alliance Second World – Communist Countries Third World – Those caught in between the superpowers. First World Countries  First World Countries The term "First World" refers to the so called developed, capitalist, industrial countries, roughly, a bloc of countries aligned with the United States after World War II, with more or less common political and economic interests: North America, Western Europe, Japan and Australia. Reference: www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/third_world_countries.htm Second World Countries  Second World Countries It refers to the former communist-socialist, industrial states, (formerly the Eastern bloc, the territory and sphere of influence of the Union of Soviet Socialists Republic) today: Russia, Eastern Europe (e.g., Poland) and some of the Turk States (e.g., Kazakhstan) as well as China. Reference: www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/10/150.html Third World Countries  Third World Countries They are all the other countries, today often used to roughly describe the developing countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America. The term Third World includes as well capitalist (e.g., Venezuela) and communist (e.g., North Korea) countries, as very rich (e.g., Saudi Arabia) and very poor (e.g., Mali) countries. Third World Countries  What kind of states do we need to handle today’s most pressing problems? How is globalization changing the overall balance of power between states and citizens? How does the resilience of states both advance and inhibit democracy – and how democratic is a world of globally-interconnected states? What is the impact of globalization on the nation – state? Is it true that ……..  ….the nation–state, as a complex modern political form, is on its last legs (Arjun Appadurai)?  ……with economic interdependence and global communication, nation–state is a “nostalgic fiction” (Kenichi Ohmae)? Nation – state According to Hans Schattle, globalization has not displaced the state.  Nation – state State - Coercive authority over specific territories (Max Weber) State - Independent political communities with governments (Hedley Bull) Nation - An imagined political community (Benedict Anderson)  Nation – state Not all states are nations and not all nations are states. Ex: Scotland (a nation with its own flag and culture but still under UK which is a state). Ex: Bangsamoro ( a nation but still recognizes the authority of the Philippine state) Single nation w/ multiple states: Nation of Korea w/ two states (North & South); Chinese nation w/ the People’ Republic of China and Taiwan.  Nation – state STATE A country and its government Attributes: 1. exercises authority over a specific population (citizens); 2. governs a specific territory; 3. has a structure of government that crafts various rules that society follow; and 4. has sovereignty over its territory.  Nation – state Sovereignty Internal and external authority Internally, no individuals or groups can operate in a given national territory by ignoring the state. They have to follow the laws of the state where they establish themselves. Externally, it means that the state’s policies & procedures are independent of the interventions of other states. One of the fundamental principles of modern state politics.  Nation – state NATION An ‘imagined’ community (Benedict Anderson) – it allows one to feel a connection w/ a community of people even if he/she will never meet all of them in his/her lifetime. It is ‘limited’, does not go beyond ‘official boundary’, rights & responsibilities are mainly the privilege & concern of the citizens of that nation. It often limits themselves to people who have imbibed a particular culture, speak a common language, and live in a specific territory.  Nation – state Extends political and economic power beyond its territory Expected to follow international norms/laws/standards (Universal Principles of Human Rights, Rome Treaty) Competes / cooperates with – international institutions (IMF, WB,ADB, UN) – transnational civil society ( Amnesty International, Green Peace) – Global corporations (Coca-Cola, McDonalds, Uniliver, Nestle)  The benefits of globalization are unevenly distributed across states and populations. State policies mattered greatly. – Neoliberal economy – Golden Straightjacket (Thomas Friedman) – Electronic Herd States set the agendas and drive the terms of cooperation that govern the world’s leading international organizations (UN, GATT, WTO).  Globalization places states into direct competition (economic investments, tourism, political legitimacy) Globalization has sparked competing dynamics of power diffusion and power consolidation (civil society vs. state security) CITIZENSHIP GAP (Alison Brysk and Gershon Shafir) – Globalization of migration, production, regulation and conflict construct rights without sufficient institutions to enforce them, identities without membership, and participation of some at the expense of others.  Globalization is often seen to have lowered the importance of the state, but in the end, the states that will remain the most successful in the face of globalization is those who adapt to the changes their role makes. In the words attributed to Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882), ‘It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but rather the one most responsive to change.’ Attributes of Modern International Politics - Countries are independent & govern themselves. - States interact with each other through diplomacy. - International organizations (UN) and institutions(IMF,WB) facilitate relations between states. - International organizations and institutions promote norms (respect for human rights, free-trade); hence, they also take on lives of their own.  Origins of the Nation-State (Interstate System) Peace of Westphalia (Germany) -Package of treaties/agreements that ended the 30 years European wars of religion (1618-1648) -European states – the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, France, Sweden and the Dutch Republic – agreed to exercise complete control over their domestic affairs and to respect one another's territorial integrity by not meddling with each other’s affairs. The three(3) core points of the Westphalian Treaty are the following : 1. the principle of state sovereignty; 2. the principle of legal equality of states; and 3. the principle of non-intervention of one state in the internal affairs of another. It provided stability for the nations of Europe until it faced its first major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte.  Nationalism The nation: 1. Imagined community (people) 2. Limited (territorial boundaries) 3. Seeks to govern itself (government institution) Effect: As nationalism became strong/popular in the 19th century, this solidified the Westphalian order - In Asia, earliest case of this was the Philippines. Global politics since Westphalia: Responding to notions of sovereignty -Direct challenges to sovereignty -Heighten interactions within the system -Provide alternatives loci of international politics  Earliest Challenge of the Westphalian System: Napoleon Bonaparte (1769- 1821) - Sought to spread the principles of the French Revolution (liberty, equality, and fraternity) across Europe (Napoleonic Wars, 1803-1815) - Napoleonic Code: Forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion, promoted meritocracy in government service Brief French hegemony over Europe - Was defeated in 1815 (Battle of Waterloo)  The Concert of Europe (1815-1914) - Sought to restore Europe to world before French Revolution and Napoleon (world of monarchial, hereditary, & religious privileges) - Alliances of Austria, Prussia, Russia, & United Kingdom agreed to maintain “balance of power” - restore the sovereignty of states under the Metternich system - would support each other if any revolutions broke out - helped nations unite whether they wanted to or not  Tenets of the Concert 1) Return of the monarchy 2) Return of Christian values in Europe 3) Repudiation of the Napoleonic Code 4) Renewed peace in Europe through great power diplomacy Internationalism - greater cooperation and unity among states and people. - Categories: 1. Liberal Internationalism 2. Socialist Internationalism The Birth of Liberal Internationalism Immanuel Kant (1795): “For states in their relation to each other, there cannot be any reasonable way out of the What this means: lawless condition which entails only war except that they, like individual men, should give up - Agreements among states merely their savage [lawless] freedom, avert war adjust themselves to the constraints of public law, and - Nations needed to give up their thus establish a continuously freedom and subject themselves to a growing state consisting of larger system of law various nations which will ultimately include all the - A form of global government is needed nations of the world.” to create and enforce these laws International Law Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832) – coined the term “international” in 1780 Advocated the creation of international law: law between states (governs the inter-state relations) “The end that a disinterested legislator upon international law would propose to himself would … be the greatest happiness of all nations taken together.”  Do these ideas mean world government? Do they entail the abolition of states? Mazzini’s Nationalist Internationalism - Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872) – architect of Italian unification, ardent nationalist, and major critique of the Metternich system. -He believed in a Republican government & proposed a system of free nations that cooperated w/ each other to create an international system. -Free, independent states would be the basis of an equally free, cooperative international system. -Free, unified nation-states should be the basis of global cooperation.  Wilsonian Internationalism Nations were subject to the universal laws of God, which could be discovered through reason. Principles include: self- determination (world’s nations had a right to a free & sovereign government), democratic government, collective security, international law, and an US President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) advocate of the League of Nations. Wilson in 1917… “I am proposing, as it were, that the nations should with one accord adopt the doctrine of President Monroe as the doctrine of the world: that no nation should seek to extend its polity over any other nation or people, but that every people should be left free to determine its own polity, its own way of development—unhindered, unthreatened, unafraid, the little along with the great and powerful.” Side Note: Philippine “Deweyan” Educators Camilo Osias (1940): When it is recalled that Voltaire dreamed of a “European Diet,” that Kant advocated a “United States of Europe,” that Tennyson had a vision of the “Parliament of Man, the Federation of the World,” and that Wilson and other statesmen actually organized the “League of Nations,” there is room for optimism that the day is not far distant when Jesus’ idea of the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man will become real. The pluralized philosophy seeks to broaden regional ideas among men and nations, and to secure a human order or a world system where individuality is conserved, where republicanism shall be the political form, and where democracy is the human way of life. When these shall have become universal, we may truly say that nations of the earth have at long last been pluralized.” (Osias 1940) Defining Liberal Internationalism The idea of common international principles – from Kant Cooperation and respect among nation-states – Mazzini and Wilson Promotion of global democracy & self- determination– Wilson These ideas became the foundation of the League of Nations. The League was the concretization of the concepts of liberal internationalism. League of Nations (1919-1946) Founded in the 1919 Paris Peace conference after WW1 Maintain world peace through international arbitration Birth of task-specific international organizations like the WHO and the ILO (international civil service)  An Alternative: Socialist Internationalism Karl Marx -Economic equality “Workers of the world, unite. You have nothing to lose but your chains.” “The proletariat has no nation” Marxist anti-nationalism: affinity to the nation retards the worker’s struggle Karl Marx - Capitalist Class – owners of factories, companies and other means of production. - Proletariat Class – those who did not own the means of production, but instead, worked for the capitalist. - Believed that in a socialist revolution seeking to overthrow the state and alter the economy, the proletariat ‘had no nation’. The Socialist International (SI,1889-1916) Organization of labor and socialist parties, mainly in Europe Achievements: 8-hour work day, International Women’s Day, May 1 Labor Day Its parties became major players in the electoral politics of Europe Collapsed in 1916 as its member parties supported the war efforts of their respective states Managed to re-establish in 1951 but its influence remained primarily confined to Europe  Communist International (Comintern),1919-1943 - Product of the Bolshevik Party victory in Russia (Russian Revolution-1917) which led to Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - Vladimir Lenin’s tool to promote revolution - Central body for directing all Communist Parties across the world - Dissolved in 1943 by Joseph Stalin to appease Allied Powers since the Soviet Union joined them in 1941  The Comintern and the Third World Lenin: “Monopolies, oligarchy, the striving for domination and not for freedom, the exploitation of an increasing number of small or weak nations by a handful of the richest or most powerful nations — all these have given birth to those distinctive characteristics of imperialism which compel us to define it as parasitic or decaying capitalism.” Ho Chi Minh:“ You must excuse my frankness, but I cannot help but observe that the speeches by comrades from the mother countries give me the impression that they wish to kill a snake by stepping on its tail. You all know today the poison and life energy of the capitalist snake is concentrated more in the colonies than in the mother countries… Yet in our discussion of the revolution, you neglect the colonies, while capitalism uses them to support itself, define itself and fight you.”  Communist Information Bureau (Cominform) - Established by Stalin after the WWII - Soviet Union took over the countries in Eastern Europe - Helped direct the various communist parties that had taken power in Eastern Europe Major Challenge to Internationalism: Fascism Hitler saw both variants of internationalism as an attack to the nation Fascists believed in the primacy of ethnic majorities Fascists believed in regional spheres of influence  The United Nations (1945- Present) - Created to preserve peace after the war - Reinforced principles of sovereignty and non-intervention - Reflected the postwar balance of power Security Council – to maintain peace and security Permanent 5 have veto power (vestiges of the Concert) - Took over the duties of the League - Grew larger than the league because of decolonization (2015) Internationalism and the colonized world Colonized world were largely ignored Concert-era international lawyers did not believe that colonies were part of the same legal terrain Wilson’s self-determination did not seem to include colonies Second international did not support anti-colonial struggles For a while, only Communists paid attention to issues of imperialism and decolonization  Decolonization after the war Imperial powers were in ruin and could not maintain colonies Wartime defeats exposed the weakness of imperial powers Wartime heroes in the colonized world became prominent  The Third World After WWII, Cold War divided the world into: First World: NATO and the Western Alliance Second World: Communist countries Third World: Those caught in between the superpowers  The Bandung Conference (1955) 29 countries participated Established to combat colonialism and neocolonialism by either the US or the USSR Birth of the non-aligned movement A Mazinnian internationalism for decolonizing countries  Indonesian President Sukarno at Bandung We are often told "Colonialism is dead." Let us not be deceived or even soothed by that. I say to you, colonialism is not yet dead. How can we say it is dead, so long as vast areas of Asia and Africa are unfree. And, I beg of you, do not think of colonialism only in the classic form which we of Indonesia, and our brothers in different parts of Asia and Africa, knew. Colonialism has also its modern dress, in the form of economic control, intellectual control, actual physical control by a small but alien community within a nation. It is a skilful and determined enemy, and it appears in many guises. It does not give up its loot easily. Wherever, whenever and however it appears, colonialism is an evil thing, and one which must be eradicated from the earth.... Legacies of Bandung Third world solidarity Developing World, Global South Cementing the emphasis on national development against “neocolonial intervention.” G22 and the anti-globalization movement Regionally-driven internationalism  Let’s Strengthen It Conduct a debate in your chat group on the impact of globalization on the nation-state.  Let’s Test Yourself ANALOGY. Analyze the relationship of the analogy to figure out the answer needed in the other set of analogy. Write your answers on the spaces provided. (10 points) 1. Bangsamoro : ____________________________ Republic of the Philippines : State 2. Golden Straightjacket : States are forced into policies that suit the companies ____________________________ : Companies swiftly move their money and resources to countries adaptable to their demands  Let’s Test Yourself 3. Treaty of Westphalia : Ended the 30 years European wars of religion ____________________________ : Restore Europe after the French Revolution 4. Napoleonic Code : Napoleon Bonaparte International Law : _______________________________ 5. Nationalist Internationalism : Republican Government ____________________________ : Global Government  Let’s Test Yourself 6. ____________________________ : Owners of factories, companies, and other means of production Proletariat Class : Does not own means of production and worked only for the other class 7. Communist International : Vladimir Lenin ____________________________ : Joseph Stalin 8. First-World : _____________________________________ Second-World : Communist Countries  Let’s Test Yourself 9. Immanuel Kant : Common international principles _____________________________ : Global democracy and self- determination 10. State : Coercive authority over a specific territory Nation : _________________________________________  My Realization How to maintain world peace? How will you educate your neighbours about peace? _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________  References Claudio, Lisandro E. and Patricio Abinales. 2018. The Contemporary World. C & E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City. Steger, Manfred B., Paul Battersby, and Joseph M. Siracusa, eds. 2014.The SAGE Handbook of Globalization. Two volumes. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Saluba, Dennis J., Carlos, Abigeil F., Cuadra, Jovy F., Damilig, Angelita D., Corpuz, Raizza P., Endozo, Maria Lorena A., Pascual, Marilou P., Hermogenes, Michael C., and Capacio, Jocelyn G. 2018. The Contemporary World. Panday-Lahi Publishing House, Inc. Muntinlupa City. Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1996. “The Future of the State.” Development and Change 27(2): 267–278. Mazower, Mark. 2006. “An International Civilization? Empire, Internationalism and the Crisis of the Mid-Twentieth Century.” International Affairs 82(3): 553– 566.