Cognitive and Moral Development PDF

Devlopemental Psychology Dr. Lamyaa Elhamrawy please record your attendence.  Developmental Psychology Definition:- It is the study of behavioral changes through a life span. It is concerned with how and why certain behaviors develops & what factors produc...

Devlopemental Psychology Dr. Lamyaa Elhamrawy please record your attendence.  Developmental Psychology Definition:- It is the study of behavioral changes through a life span. It is concerned with how and why certain behaviors develops & what factors produce abnormal development. The following will be discussed:- Cognitive development Moral development Psychosocial development Cognitive development (ILOS) By the end of the course, students will be able to : 1. Define each developmental field and their different stages 2. Establish a comprehensive psychological view in normal life situations 3. Search for a certain charachterstics of each stage.  Cognitive Development What is the cognitive devlopement? It is the acquisition of the ability to think, understand, and problem solve. Piaget studied cognitive devlopement through observation of children ( manily his 3 sons) 1. Sensorimotor stage (from birth to 2 yrs) Infants first begin to learn through sensory observation and they gain control over their motor functions through activity, exploration and manipulation of the environment so as to interact with the external world. By the end of this stage infant attain the following :- The ability to seek out new stimuli in the environment with the beginning of intentional behavior. Object permanence (at about 18 ms-2yrs): It consists of the ability to differentiate himself from the outside world and so to maintain a mental image for object, the existence of it is independent on the child involvement with them. The child start to search for hidden objects at 9th month.. Ex: 1. Child become upset when mother hide behind her hands, but become deliglated when she revles herself again ( absence of object permenance) 2. Hiding a toy under a blanket, the infant knows that it is still present and able to find it (presense of object permanence). Symbolization (at about 18 months): In which a word can signify a real object. 2. Stage of preoperational thought (from 2 to about 7 yrs) ‫مرحلة ما قبل العمليات‬ During this stage: - Language use is more elaborate. - Characteristic illogical ‫غير منطقى‬or non deductive thinking ‫ غير إستداللى‬so events are not connected by logical Symbolic thinking start where an object can represent another (doll may somblize a friend) 1-.No sense of cause & effect (the act and consequences) (e.g. when a child drop a glass & break it, he believe that it is ready to break, not that he broke the glass. 2- Inability to grasp sameness of an objects in different situations (e.g. the same doll in a carriage or in a chair is perceived as two different objects). 3- Phenomenalistic causality: events that occur together are thought to cause one another (e.g. afternoon nap is an indication for another day). 4-.Objects are represented in terms of their functions (when the child’s father is a policeman, then, he thinks that his father represents any other policeman). 5- Animistic thinking: there is tendency to endow physical events & objects a life like psychological attributes e.g. feelings. treating their dolls as a living ones eg: dressing, feeding them as they are alive. 6- Egocentricity: It is represented by limited view of being the center of the world, i.e., unable to modify his behavior for someone else. Application in the stage of pre-operational thought:- -Because of the inability to deal with concepts, so the child get benefit from role playing. -Because of inability to understand cause and effect, care for interpretation of physical illnesses of the child. -Because of inability to understand reversibility, so the child is unable to understand that broken bone will mend again. Classroom application in the stage of pre-operational thought: Teacher can use activities like: Counting and organizing objects with similar attributes. Actitivites that introduce letters of alphabet- sounds- words. Role play activities.  By the end of this stage infant attain ‫ يكتسب‬the following:- - The ability to seek out new stimuli in the environment with the beginning of intentional behavior - Object permanence (at about 18 ms-2yrs): It consists of the ability to differentiate himself from the outside world and so to maintain a mental image for object. the existence of it is independent on the child's involvement with them. - Symbolization (at about 18 months): in which a word can signify ‫يدل على‬a real object. 2. Stage of preoperational thought (from 2 to about 7 yrs) During this stage:- - Language use is more elaborate. - Characteristic illogical ‫ غيرر منطقرى‬or non deductive ‫ إسرتداللى‬thinking so events are not connected by logic symbolic thinking start where an object can represent another (doll may somblize a friend) 1. No sense of cause & effect (the act and consequences) (e.g. when a child drop a glass & break it, he believe that it is ready to break, not that he broke the glass. 2. Inability to grasp sameness of an objects in different situations (e.g.. The same doll in a carriage or in a chair is perceived as two different-objects). 3. Phenomenalistic ‫الظاهريةةة‬causality:- events that occur together are thought to cause one another (e. g afternoon nap is an indication for another day). 4. Objects are represented in terms of their functions (when the child's father is a policeman, then, he thinks that his father represents anyother policeman) 5. Animistic thinking:- there is tendency to endow physical events & objects a life like psychological attributes e.g. feelings. 6. Egocentric:- It is represented by limited view of being the centre of the world, i.e. unable to modify his behavior for someone else. Application In the stage of pre-operational thought:- - Because of the inability to deal with concepts ‫المفاهيم‬, so the child get benefit from role playing. -Because of inability to understand cause and effect, care for the interpretation of physical illnesses of the child. - Because of inability to understand reversibility, so the child is unable to understand that broken bone will mend again. At what age does the sensorimotor stage occur in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? A. 0–2 years B. 0–3 years C. 2–7 years D. 7–11 years E. 6–9 years What is the first sensory system to develop? A. Hearing B. Touch C. Taste D. Vision E. Vestibular By what age do infants begin to search for hidden objects? A. 1 month B. 3 months C. 9months D. 3 years E. 5 years  3- Stage of Concrete Operations (7-11 years): ‫مرحلة العمليات المادية‬ This stage is so named because the child acts on a real world & events of objects, so can organize & order a real world. Characteristics: Thinking become syllogistic ( ‫ (التفكير القياسي‬so can do logic conclusions from two premises eg, if Ahmed is taler than Nada and Nada is taller than jana then Ahmed is taller than Jana  - child gain the ability to take other’s presepectives The Conservation is the ability to recognize that although the shape and form of object may change, the object is still maintaining other characteristics that make it the same. ex: the ball of play dough is the same wherther it is a ball or make it like a robe Reversibility: is the capacity to understand the relation between things and to understand that one thing can turn into another and back again. eg water & ice 2+3=5 5-3=2 4- Formal operations stage (from 12 yrs. to the end of adolescence) ‫مرحلة العمليات المجردة‬ NB: Not all adolescence enter that stage at the same time or the same degree This stage is characterized by: The ability to think logically and systematically and in a symbolic manner (so as to abstract, reason, to make propositions, hypothesis & to test it against reality). as student become able to do science experiment  Summary: Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development: 1-Sensorimotor stage (0–2 years) 2-Preoperational stage (2–7 years) 3-Concrete operational stage (7–14 years) 4-Formal operational stage: (>14 years) Select the stage in Piaget’s model of cognitive epistemology from the above list that is most closely associated with each of the following descriptions:  (a) Concrete operations (b) Formal operationa (c) Preoperational (d) Sensorimotor (i)Knowledge of the world is primarily acquired through sensory experience and basic motor actions. (ii) The child engage in symbolic thought. (iii) Usually occurs between the ages of 18 months and 7 y. (iv) Complex self-identity develops. a) Concrete operations (b) Formal operational (c) Preoperational (d) Sensorimotor Select the stage in Piaget’s model of cognitive epistemology from the above list that is most closely associated with each of the following descriptions: (i) The child acquires the ability to see situations from the viewpoint of others. (ii) The child acquires reversible thinking. (iii) Focus is on static states rather than transformations. (iv) Only towards the end of this stage does the child begin to form internal mental representations of the world and begin to engage in intentional behavior