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What is Developmental Psychology?
What is Developmental Psychology?
The study of behavioral changes throughout a lifespan. It focuses on how and why certain behaviors develop and what factors contribute to abnormal development.
Which of the following are NOT discussed in Developmental Psychology?
Which of the following are NOT discussed in Developmental Psychology?
What is the cognitive development stage characterized by a child's ability to think, understand, and problem solve?
What is the cognitive development stage characterized by a child's ability to think, understand, and problem solve?
What is the age range for the sensorimotor stage?
What is the age range for the sensorimotor stage?
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The ability to differentiate oneself from the outside world is associated with cognitive development.
The ability to differentiate oneself from the outside world is associated with cognitive development.
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Children in the sensorimotor stage begin to understand that objects still exist even when they can't see them, a concept known as object permanence.
Children in the sensorimotor stage begin to understand that objects still exist even when they can't see them, a concept known as object permanence.
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Symbolic thinking is a characteristic of the sensorimotor stage.
Symbolic thinking is a characteristic of the sensorimotor stage.
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The preoperational stage is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
The preoperational stage is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
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Egocentricity is a hallmark of the preoperational stage.
Egocentricity is a hallmark of the preoperational stage.
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Concrete Operational Stage?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Concrete Operational Stage?
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What is the main characteristic of the Formal Operational Stage?
What is the main characteristic of the Formal Operational Stage?
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Which stage in Piaget's model of cognitive epistemology is most closely associated with a child's ability to see situations from the viewpoint of others?
Which stage in Piaget's model of cognitive epistemology is most closely associated with a child's ability to see situations from the viewpoint of others?
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Which stage in Piaget's model of cognitive epistemology is most closely associated with the development of symbolic thinking?
Which stage in Piaget's model of cognitive epistemology is most closely associated with the development of symbolic thinking?
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Which stage in Piaget's model of cognitive epistemology is most closely associated with the development of the ability to understand conservation?
Which stage in Piaget's model of cognitive epistemology is most closely associated with the development of the ability to understand conservation?
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Which of the following is the earliest stage in Piaget's model of cognitive epistemology?
Which of the following is the earliest stage in Piaget's model of cognitive epistemology?
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Which of the following is the most advanced stage in Piaget's model of cognitive epistemology?
Which of the following is the most advanced stage in Piaget's model of cognitive epistemology?
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In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, what is the level of moral reasoning characterized by the control of thinking, feeling, and behavior by external rewards and punishments?
In Kohlberg's theory of moral development, what is the level of moral reasoning characterized by the control of thinking, feeling, and behavior by external rewards and punishments?
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What is the age range for the preconventional reasoning level according to Kohlberg?
What is the age range for the preconventional reasoning level according to Kohlberg?
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What is the level of moral reasoning characterized by the internalization of moral values?
What is the level of moral reasoning characterized by the internalization of moral values?
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What is the level of moral reasoning characterized by individuals relying on abstract and universal ethical principles to guide their decision making?
What is the level of moral reasoning characterized by individuals relying on abstract and universal ethical principles to guide their decision making?
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Kohlberg's theory of moral development suggests that individuals move through a series of stages in a fixed order.
Kohlberg's theory of moral development suggests that individuals move through a series of stages in a fixed order.
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What is the term for the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, often attributed to children in the preoperational stage?
What is the term for the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities, often attributed to children in the preoperational stage?
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology
- Developmental psychology is the study of behavioral changes throughout a lifespan.
- It examines how and why certain behaviors develop.
- It also considers factors that contribute to abnormal development.
Topics to be Discussed
- Cognitive development
- Moral development
- Psychosocial development
Cognitive Development (Learning Objectives)
- Define developmental fields and their various stages.
- Form a comprehensive psychological understanding of normal life situations.
- Identify specific characteristics of each developmental stage.
What is Cognitive Development?
- The acquisition of thinking, understanding, and problem-solving abilities.
- Piaget studied this by observing children (primarily his three sons).
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
- Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
- Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years)
- Formal Operational (12 years and beyond)
Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)
- Infants learn through sensory observation.
- They gain motor control through activities, exploration, and manipulating their environment to interact with the world around them.
- By the end, babies develop:
- The ability to seek out new stimuli in the environment with intentional behavior.
- Object permanence (around 18 months-2 years): recognizing objects still exist even when unseen. Infants start searching for hidden objects around 9 months.
- Symbolic thought and word association (around 18 months): using words to represent objects.
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
- Language use becomes more complex.
- Thinking lacks logic or deductive reasoning. Events are not connected logically.
- Symbolic thinking emerges enabling a representation of objects through symbolic play (a doll can represent a friend).
- Key limitations:
- Lack of understanding cause and effect (e.g., a child dropping and breaking a glass may think the glass was destined to break).
- Difficulty understanding that objects remain the same despite changes in appearance (same doll in different settings perceived as different).
- Phenomenalistic causality: events occurring together are seen as causing each other (e.g., an afternoon nap leading to another day).
- Represent objects in terms of their functions (e.g., a child's father being a policeman leads them to believe any other policeman is also him).
- Animistic thinking: giving inanimate objects human qualities (e.g., talking to a teddy bear).
- Egocentrism: difficulty viewing situations from another's perspective.
Classroom Applications for Preoperational Stage
- Activities involving counting and arranging objects with similar attributes.
- Introduction to letters, alphabet sounds, and words through activities.
- Role-playing activities.
Preoperational Stage continued - Application
- Role-playing helps children cope with concepts they cannot yet fully understand.
- Understanding cause-and-effect is important for explaining physical ailments.
- The ability to understand reversibility helps children comprehend changing states (e.g., broken bones can mend).
Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
- Thinking becomes more logical and systematic.
- Able to draw conclusions using logic from two premises (deductive reasoning, e.g., Ahmed is taller than Nada, Nada is taller than Jana, then Ahmed is taller than Jana).
- Recognize that the amount of a substance remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance (conservation).
- Understand the relationship between things and that one thing can transform into another and back (reversibility). Examples include understanding water turning to ice or 2 + 3 = 5, and 5 -3 =2.
- Gain the capacity to take other's perspectives.
Formal Operational Stage (12 years and beyond)
- Ability to think logically and systematically using symbolic forms.
- Abstract reasoning, developing theories, and testing them against reality.
- Able to engage in scientific experimentation and create propositions, hypothesis, and theories.
Summary of Piaget's Stages
- Piaget identified four stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
- These stages describe how children's thinking abilities change and progress throughout childhood and beyond.
Moral Development
- Morality involves values that influence thinking, feelings, and behavior.
- Kohlberg theorized moral development occurs in three levels:
- Level I ("preconventional reasoning"): before age 9, reasoning is based on external rewards or punishments.
- Level II ("conventional reasoning"): during early adolescence, standards of others (e.g., parents, society) become more important.
- Level III ("postconventional reasoning"): during early adulthood, individuals develop personal moral codes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the key concepts of developmental psychology, including cognitive, moral, and psychosocial development. Explore Piaget's stages of cognitive development and understand the various behavioral changes throughout the lifespan.
