Pharmacognosy II Lecture Notes 2024-2025 PDF

Pharmacognosy II For Second year Pharm D Students Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Menoufia University 2024-2025  Fruits (Latin: Fructus) Typical carpel Fruit Defined as the whole product of...

Pharmacognosy II For Second year Pharm D Students Department of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Menoufia University 2024-2025  Fruits (Latin: Fructus) Typical carpel Fruit Defined as the whole product of development of the gynaecium as a result of fertilization.  Fruit Formation: After fertilization, The ovary enlarges to form the fruit. The ovarian wall becomes the fruit wall it is called the Pericarp. The ovules become the seeds. A fruit may have one or more seeds. The petals, sepals and other parts of the flower start to wither away and fall off.  Fruit Function: 1- Protection of the seeds. 2- Nourishment of the seeds. Fruits  Fruits True Fruit False Fruit Composite, multiple or collective fruit Simple Aggregate Dehiscent Succulent Dry ( with leathery or Indehiscent woody pericarp ) Schizocarpic Berry Drupe ll- False Fruits (spurious fruits or pseudocarps fruit) Derived from mature ovary or ovaries of a single flower, accompanied by other parts of the same flower which on ripening become usually swollen an fleshy e.g. Apple, pear. The receptacle become fleshy, constituting the main part of the fruit, and enclosing the leathery or hard pericarp.  III- Composite Fruits (multiple, collective or compound fruits) http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR9Fx5pHry49xR3fkWPqLoOAgnfpX3G5UFtwYwjtmxJm2rrfuzifTx_eO0 Mulberry Figs  Macroscopical and Microscopical Characters of Fruits Macroscopical characters of fruits: Any fruit has two distinct scars: 1- Minute apical scar marking the remains of the style. 2- Large basal scar marking the attachment of the stalk of the parent plant.  Externally, the surface of the fruit Smooth e.g. Capsicum. Spiny e.g. Ridged e.g. Stramonium Umbelliferae Glabrous e.g. BOTANY06_3821 Cardamom Pubescent e.g. Anise See full size image  The external surface of the fruit may be: - Smooth as in Capsicum. - Hairy as in Anise. - Spiny as in Stramonium. - Transversely striated as in Senna. - Wrinkled as in Vanilla. - Glabrous as in Fennel. - Granular as in Citrus fruits. - Longitudinal striated as in Cardamom. - Reticulated as in black pepper. - Ridged as in Umbelliferous fruits.  Typical fruit consists of the swollen modified ovary wall known as Pericarp, enclosing its seeds arranged on the placenta, the wall of the pericarp is divided into three zones i.e. the epicarp (exocarp), the mesocarp and the endocarp.  The epicarp (exocarp): It is the outer zone of the pericarp, it may be: -Thin and membranous i.e. Umbelliferae - Leathery i.e. Banana - Thick and hard i.e. Colocynth  The mesocarp: It is the middle zone lying in between the epicarp (exocarp) and the endocarp in which the vascular bundles exist, it may be: Parenchymatous i.e. Colocynth Consist of several layers of different types. The endocarp: It is the inner zone of the pericarp, it may be: Membranous i.e Date. Thick and leathery i.e. Cassia pods. Woody and thus constitutes the stone of the fruit i.e.Olive.  Microscopical characters Epicarp outer epidermis Mesocarp parenchyma cells traversed by vascular bundles Endocarp inner epidermis  2-Microscopical features: The fruit consists of the swollen and modified ovary wall known as pericarp, enclosing the seeds which are arranged on the placenta The wall of the pericarp is divided into three regions: The epicarp, The mesocarp The endocarp.  1-The epicarp: It is the outside region of the pericarp. It may be: Thin and membranous Thick and hard as in Tomato Leathery as as in Colocynth See full size image in Citrus, See full size image The epicarp is usually formed of: a- The outer epidermis only as Capsicum b-The outer epidermis with one or more modified hypodermal layers as Colocynth  2-The mesocarp: It is the region in between the epicarp and endocarp, in which the vascular strands ramify. It may be : Succulent, parenchymatous as in Colocynth, or may consist of several layers of different types. It may contain secretory tissues Oil cell e.g. Pepper Oil duct e.g. Umbelliferous fruits Laticiferous vessels e.g. Poppy capsule  3-The endocarp: See full size image It may be: http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSpFBACXl2CJTr8HObU_VEUthc6GhUGFPc0x_khMB2YquGZB7MUZBqJjQ very thin and membranous as in Date, thick and either leathery as in Cassia Pods, or hard and woody forming the stone of the fruit as in Olive. It is formed of a- Parallel cells e.g. Anise b- Parquetry cells e.g. Fennel c- Thickened lignified pitted cells e.g. Pepper 4-The placenta: Thin-walled parenchyma with wide intercellular spaces.  Official Fruits a- Umbelliferous Fruits b-Non-Umbelliferous Fruits - Ammi visnaga fruit. - Capsicum fruit. - Ammi majus fruit. - Colocynth fruit. - Anise fruit. - Senna fruit. - Caraway fruit. - Bitter orange peel. - Coriander fruit. - Lemon peel. - Fennel fruit. Non-Official Fruits of Medicinal importance - Hemlock fruit. - Vanilla pods. - Black Pepper. Umbelliferous Fruits Umbellifereae  Umbelliferous fruits General characters of Umbelliferous Fruits: 1- They are usually cremocarps either entire or separated into its mericarps. (one cremocarp = two mericarps) mericarps  2- From bilocular bicarpellary inferior ovaries. 3- The carpophore connects the mericarps. 4- The carpophore is attached to the stalk. carpophore stalk  5- At the apex of the fruit there are the remains of the sepals and style forming the stylopod.  6- Each mericarp has two surfaces, a flat surface called the commissural surface “ventral” and a rounded one called the dorsal surface. 7- The mericarp is ridged with 5 primary and 4 secondary ridges. 8- A bicollateral vascular bundle is found under each primary ridge. 9- A schizogenous duct (vittae) is located under each secondary ridge. 10- Two more vittae are located towards the commisural surface. 11- The endocarp cells may divide to form a parquetory-like structure.  12- Each mericarp encloses a single seed derived from anatropus ovule, the seeds show a large oily endosperm, small epical embryo and a raphe in the middle of the commissural side.  Members of the family Umbelliferae 1- Ammi visnaga 2- Ammi majus 3- Fennel 4-Anise 5- Caraway 6- Coriander  Ammi visnaga fruits ‫ثمر الخلة البلدى‬ Fructus Visnagae, Visnaga fruit, Fruita de Khella, Toothpick fruit, Bizrul Khellah Botanical Origin: Ammi visnaga fruits are the dried ripe fruits of Ammi visnaga Lam., Family: Umbelliferae (Apiaceae). Geographical source: The plant is indigenous to the Nile Delta, the Fayoum, the Mediterranean region and the Near East.  Macroscopical characters: Condition: dried cremocarp Colour: brownish to greenish brown in color with a violet tinge Surface: glabrous Shape: small ovoid Odour: slight aromatic Taste: aromatic bitter and slightly pungent  radiating club-shaped cell The transverse cut of the mericarp is an almost regular pentagonal shaped showing a pericarp with six vittae, four in the dorsal and two in the commisural side with five vascular strands.  vittae Lacuna Epicarp Endocarp crescent shaped T. S. of Ammi visnaga mericarp vascular bundle  Powdered Ammi visnaga fruits: Color: brown. Odour: slightly aromatic. Taste: aromatic bitter and slightly pungent. Simple vittae + parquetry endocarp (porous, non- lignified)+ porous innermost layer of mesocarp  Active Constituents: 1- Bitter principles (2-4%) named: Khellin (visammin), Visnagin, Khellol, and its glucoside Khellinol. 2- Coumarins (Visnagans) named: Visnadin, Samidin and di-hydrosamidin. 3- FIavone glycosides (mono and disaccharides) of quercetin and kampferol. 4- Sterols, Fixed oil and protein.  Actions and Uses: The drug acts as a spasmolytic especially on the muscles of the bronchi, GIT, biliary tract, urogenital system and the coronary vessels. 1- the drug is indicated for whooping cough, cramp-like conditions of the GIT, biliary colic and painful menstruation. 2- It is used for the removal of small bladder and kidney stones by relaxing the muscles of the ureter, it also reduces the pain caused by the trapped stones and helps ease the stone down into the bladder.  3- The drug relaxes the coronary arteries, helps to improve the blood supply to the heart muscle and thereby eases angina pectoris. 4- It is now given for bronchial asthma and is safe even to children. Khellin may also have a role to play in the treatment of vitiligo and psoriasis. 5- It acts as a diuretic. N.B.: The essential active principles are furano- chromones (Khellin and Visnagin). The coumarin derivative (Visnadin and Samidin) are involved in the overall effects especially through their spasmolytic coronary dilating action.  Contraindications: Ammi visnaga is contraindicated in pregnancy due to emmenagouge and uterine stimulating activity of Khellin. Side effects: 1- May cause photodermatitis in sensitive individuals (avoid long exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet radiation while taking Khella). 2- Prolonged use or an overdose may cause nausea, vertigo, constipation, lack of appetite, headache, allergic symptoms (itching) and sleeplessness.  Chemical Tests: Boil about 0.1 g of powdered Ammi visnaga + 5 ml water for a minute, filter, add 1 or 2 drops of the filtrate to a pellet of NaOH, a rose red color is produced within two minutes.  Fructus Ammi majus ‫ثمر الخلة الشيطانى‬ Ammi majus Bizrul Khella Al-shetani Botanical Origin: Ammi majus is the dried ripe fruits of Ammi majus L., Family: Umbelliferae/Apiaceae.  Macroscopical Characters: Closely resembles Ammi visnaga but can be differentiated by the following: 1- Ammi majus is larger in size about 3mm & 1.5 mm wide. 2- The mericarp is oval, oblong almost cylindrical with yellowish brown outer surface but with no violet tinge. 3- The outer surface is glabrous and marked with 5 distinct primary ridges and 4 prominent secondary ridges.  Active constituents: Contains: - Psoralens which is furano-coumarin bitter principles was found to be a mixture of 3 bitter principles which are Xanthotoxin (Ammoidin), Bergapten and Imperatorin (Ammidin). - Fixed oils - proteins  Actions and Uses: Used as paint from the fruit is used in the treatment of leucodermia (vetiligo) because psoralene stimulates pigment production in skin exposed to UV light. Used in combined herbal therapy for alopecia and psoriasis. Melanocyl Methoxsalen Tablet  Fennel Fruit ‫ثمر الشمر‬ Fructus Foeniculi,Fenchelsame, Shamar Botanical Origin: Fennel is the dried ripe fruits of Foeniculum vulgare known as Sweet fennel, Family: Umbellifereae. Geographical origin: The plant is native to the Mediterranean coasts. Cultivated Europe, India, China and Egypt.  Macroscopical characters: consists of entire cremocarps. partly of isolated mericarps. oval oblong. yellowish-green to yellowish-brown. Glabrous.  Macroscopical characters: Condition: dried cremocarp Colour: yellowish green to yellowish brown coloured Surface: glabrous Shape: oval with bifid styploid Odour: aromatic Taste: sweet, aromatic and agreeable.  The transverse cut shows the presence of: primary ridges in each mericarp, in each of which is a vascular strand, six brown vittae; four in the dorsal side and two in the commissural side, large oily endosperm and a small apical embryo. T.S in Fennel Fruit mericarp T.S in Fennel Fruit mericarp  Powdered fennel fruits: Colour: yellowish-brown to greenish-brown. Odour: a pleasant aromatic odour. Taste: sweet agreeable aromatic taste. reticulate parenchyma of the mesocarp Fragments of the epicarp (anomocytic stomata) the vittae Fragments of the endocarp (simple) (parquetory parenchyma)  Active constituents: 1- Volatile oils (2-5%) and not less than 1.4 % of which contains mainly Anethole (60-80 %) and the terpene ketone Fenchone (20%). 2- Flavonoids: Kaempferol, quercetin, iso-quercetin and rutin. 3- -Proteins (16-20 %) - fixed oils (12-18 %) - Minerals (relatively high Ca & K) - Sugars - Vitamins  Actions and Uses: 1- It is aromatic, carminative and regulates the peristaltic function of the GIT. 2- It promotes the function of liver, spleen and kidneys. 3- Clears the lungs (volatile oil is proven to have a secretolytic action in the respiratory tract) so fennel can be used as a gargle for sore throats and as a mild expectorant.  4- promotes the breast milk production (lactogogue) and has anti-inflammatory effect. 5- an aid to weight loss. 6- agreeable aromatic flavoring agent. 7- The volatile oil has a pronounced estrogenic activity. 8- The fixed oil is suggested as a substitute for cocoa butter in the preparation of suppositories.  Contraindications: Fennel in high doses is a uterine stimulant therefore contraindicated in pregnancy. Side effects: In rare cases, allergic reactions affecting the skin and respiratory system.  Special chemical tests: Powdered fennel fruits + Sudan III examined under the microscope orange colored oil globules, evaporated when the slide is warmed.  Anise Fruits ‫ثمر األنيسون‬ Fructus Anisi Anise, Anisum, Anason, Anasur, Anisu, Aniseed, Semen Anisi Botanical Origin: It is the dried ripe fruits of Pimpinella anisum, Family: Umbellifereae (Apiaceae). The plant is indigenous to Egypt, Greece, and Turkey. Now cultivated in Russia, Spain, and Bulgaria.  Powdered Anise Fruits: Color: grey, greenish-brown or yellowish brown. Odour: strong aromatic, agreeable & characteristic odour. Taste: sweet strongly aromatic taste.  the vittae fragments of epicarp (branched) Aleurone grains lignified parenchyma. Calcium oxalate micro- rosette crystals non-glandular hairs: conical and curved with thick walls, bluntly pointed apices and finely covered with warty cuticle  Active Constituents: 1- Anise fruits yield from 1.5 -3.5 % of volatile oil containing up to 90 % of the phenolic ether trans- anethole which is chiefly responsible for the taste and the smell. 2- Anise fruits also contain: - protiens, - coumarins - (8-11 %) fixed oil.  Actions and Uses: 1- employed as an aromatic carminative. 2- used as an expectorant depending on the secretolytic and secretomotor effects of its essential oil (like fennel). 3- used in hard dry cough where expectoration is difficult. So, it may be used in bronchitis in case of persistent irritable coughing and in whooping cough. 4- The volatile oil is used widely in pharmaceutical preparation i.e. it has long been used for relieving colic in children. 5- The volatile oil of anise exhibits marked estrogenic activity.  6- Anise also has sedative action. 7- In folk medicine, used as lactogauge and emenagauge. 8- Essential oil is used externally (in fatty oil or ointment vehicle) as a stimulating liniment. 9- Oil is also employed in food and drink industry as a flavour enhancer. Contraindications: Allergy to anise fruits and anethole.  Side effects: Occasional allergic reactions of the skin, respiratory tract and GIT. Special Chemical tests: Powdered anise fruits + Sudan III examined under the microscope orange-red colored oil globules which are evaporated when the slide is warmed.  Adulterants: Fructus Conii ‫ثمر الشوكران‬ Hemlock Botanical Origin: Hemlock is obtained from the dried ripe fruits of Conium maculatum, Family: Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)  Hemlock can be distinguished from Anise fruit Morphologically: - Smaller in size. - Slight odour and taste. - Having crenate ridges, often separated into mericarps. Histologically: - Absence of vittae and hairs.  Chemically: Can be detected by rubbing the fruits with a solution of caustic alkalis strong mice like odour. Active Constituents: Hemlock contains coniine alkaloid and other related alkaloids. Contraindications: Hemlock is contra-indicated in pregnancy.  Actions and Uses: 1- It is analgesic, anti-spasmodic and emetic. 2- In very small doses, it is used to treat a variety of cases, including tumors, epilepsy, whooping cough and rabies and as an anti- dote to strychnine poisoning. 3- It is also used externally in ointments and oils on treatment of malignant tumors (especially breast cancer), anal fissures and hemorrhoids.  Side effects: - Hemlock can cause congenital anomalies. Toxicity: - Hemlock is highly toxic. - Toxicity characterized by: - Sore throat - Diarrhea - Vertigo - Muscular weakness - Weak pulse - Paralysis of breathing  Medical treatment: - Gastric lavage. - artificial respiration. - emetics.  Allied Drugs Fructus Anisi stellati ‫أنيسون نجمى‬ Chinese Star Anise Star Anise Botanical Origin: Dried ripe fruits of Illicum verum, Family: Magnoliaceae. Geographical Origin: China  Active Constituents: - 5 % volatile oil (2.5% in seed and 10% in follicle) - With trans anethole as the major constituent. Actions and Uses: 1- It is reported to be: -analgesic, - anti-septic, - carminative, - anti-rheumatic, - expectorant, - lactogauge, - diuretic and - stomachic.