Church History 2 - Full Notes PDF

**NOTES** ***[The Ecclesiastical Background of the Reformation]*** **Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377)** Pope removed to Avignon, France **Great Schism (1378-1417)** Two rival popes Rome and Avignon; the burden of maintaining two papal courts. **Conciliar Movement** = attempts to revert to origin...

**NOTES** ***[The Ecclesiastical Background of the Reformation]*** **Babylonian Captivity (1309-1377)** Pope removed to Avignon, France **Great Schism (1378-1417)** Two rival popes Rome and Avignon; the burden of maintaining two papal courts. **Conciliar Movement** = attempts to revert to original rule of bishops. *Council of **Constance*** **(1414-1418)** Martin V restores papacy (Huss killed at CofC) **Council of Basel (1431-1439**) tried to restore bishops' rule, but failed to do so **Black Death (1348-1350)** Plague that wiped out almost one third of Europe **Prayers for the Dead --** the NT does not support this practice. From early times it seems that prayers for the dead developed in the church. This was probably due to wrong ideas about the future life. In the early church, however, martyrs were remembered with affection. Especially during the times of persecution, Christians would gather at the tombs of martyrs to remember their lives and their example of faith. There was no prayer for their souls. It was Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), the great Catholic Teacher who fully developed the idea of Purgatory. Thought his teachings on the subject are complex, in a general sense he taught the following: **Teaching of Aquinas** on purgatory. There are three types of people: 1. For whom nothing can be done -- they are the wicked, they go straight to hell 2. For whom nothing needs to be done -- the saints. They have done more good than is needed for salvation 3. For whom something needs to be done -- those people who died without completely getting rid of some of their sins **Penance:** The four main parts of the Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation are contrition, confession, penance, and absolution. **The Treasury of Merit:** A depository where the excess merit of the saints is supposed to be kept for the use of the Pope to give to those who wish to avail these blessings. **The Lord's Supper vs. Catholic Mass:** The Lord's Supper **is** called by different names in Protestant churches. Protestant Episcopalians would refer to this as Communion, Whereas most of the others would refer to the celebration as the Lord's table or the Lord's Supper. The Roman Catholics believed that during the mass the elements of bread and wine actually changed into the actual body and blood of Jesus. In many ways, the Catholic Mass was a re-enactment of the death of Christ. The Protestants believe that the elements remain the same, and their views range from remembrance of Christ's death, to experiencing the spiritual presence of Christ at the table. **Masses for the Dead.** This was a practice in the Catholic church that somehow was thought to have some merit that would help the deceased person. This was especially associated with the doctrine of Purgatory. **Results of the above that led to the Reformation.** As the Roman Catholic Church grew in Power it began to exert a strong control on its members. Any dissenting voices were dealt with swiftly, either by death, punishments, bans, or excommunication. In general, the masses of the people did not have the ability or the knowledge to challenge the Church; they were afraid to question its authority. Among the clergy, however, dissenting voices began to question the Roman hierarchy, among the most well-known are Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli. The famous humanist priest, Erasmus, of Rotterdam, Holland, though knowing the evils of the Church chose only to poke fun at the priesthood rather than coming out openly against the Church. Luther hoped that Erasmus would join him against the Church, but Erasmus stayed clear and did not want his reputation to suffer in any way. According to Luther, "Erasmus is an eel -- only Christ can catch him. **The Sociological Background of the Reformation and the Causes that led to it. The expanding world**-The knowledge of the world expanded through discoveries and explorations. Discoveries by Columbus (1492) and other explorers expanded oceanic knowledge. Magellan's fleet completed voyage around the world (1522). **Political change** Europe's feudal setup changes into nation states. The feudal system functioned in a restricted and confined pattern. The main source of occupation was farming and the social hierarchy was clearly demarcated. All this was to change by the sixteenth century. The feudal rulers in their respective areas became rulers of considerable importance -- on whom the Emperor would have to depend on. This was to play an important role in the Reformation as time and again powerful rulers stood by the Reformers. This also meant that The rulers of these nation states refused to tow along with the Church as in the past. **Economic Change --** as a result of the discoveries of new trade possibilities in the East. As trade became international rather than inter-city, a new Middle class of wealthy families emerged. Wealth was not more confined to the nobility and those of good social standing; it was now open for anyone who had the courage to venture into the new world that was opening up. As these changes happened there was also another development, the rulers of Western Europe eyed the wealth of the church, especially its lands. **Social change**- the individual had the opportunity to rise up through the ranks and become wealthy instead of living in the class into which he was born. This was to have three results. 1) Opportunities were numerous for those desiring to change their status in life; 2) the strict class divisions were slowly dissolving and making way for venturing into new fields of service and work; and the rise of towns and business made people look for other ways to earn their living instead of tilling the soil. **Intellectual and cultural change**- This is known as the Renaissance (from a French word 'renaistre' that means 'to be born again') which means a rebirth of culture. The meanings given for renaissance are: *1. A rebirth or revival. a. The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe.b. The period of this revival, roughly the 14th through the 16th century, marking the transition from medieval to modern times.*(online dict). The Renaissance was a key factor in the change that was to sweep through Europe and bring about the Reformation. There was one significant difference as to the emphasis of the renaissance: while southern states of Europe mostly went back to the arts and rediscovering their past heritage by reviving Greek and Roman art forms, the northern states focussed on literature and rediscovering the original works of the past. The enlightened people who sought answers to ecclesiastical questions went back the Greek and Hebrew texts of the Bible. This rediscovery of what the Bible said about faith led to an examination of the practices of the church as compared with what the Bible taught. **Moral Changes in the Church.** With the changes that happened in the world the church too changed. As the nations got wealthy part of their wealth found its way into the church. The Pope played an important role in Europe as the Father of the powerful Christian maritime powers that were emerging. He settled disputes between warring Christian nations. The growing power of the church; its money and influence seem to have paved the way for the Church to lose its spiritual impact. Nepotism, Simony, Immoral living, avariciousness, and other sins were rampant among the clergy. **The Introduction of Printing and Its Impact.** As scholars began to study the scriptures, they began to question the practices of the church. Their quest for answers was greatly helped by the invention of the printing press in Germany. The Reformers forums that questioned the teaching of the church that salvation was obtained by grace through the sacraments was given by a boost by the printing press. Now ideas could travel far and wide as they were printed in large quantities, unlike having to pen each document. In the past the church was not challenged enough to answer the questions that were raised, but with the arrival of the PRESS, it had to defend itself. In opposition to this the tendency, in the spirit of the Renaissance, the Reformers questioned the practices of the Church. **The Direct Cause of the Reformation was the selling of Indulgences.** Indulgences were certificates of pardon sold by the church to raise money for the building of St Peter's Rome. Indulgences were supposed to take away the punishment of sin after forgiveness had been granted. This was applicable to those living and those in purgatory. Pope Leo X had employed the best architects, painters, and sculptors to create a magnificent cathedral which is still the world's largest. In order to pay these artisans the Pope sold indulgences. **[Main characters involved in the sixteenth century Reformation:]** **Martin Luther (1483-1546)** "A Christian is a perfectly free lord of all, subject to none. A Christian is a perfectly dutiful servant of all, subject to all." From *Freedom of a Christian* (1520) 1. *Traditional upbringing*. His parents were 'pious and superstitious.' They were also very demanding of young Luther. Luther grew up with a sense of fear ingrained into him by his parents. He was thrashed by mother for stealing a nut; it seems he ran to the cloister to escape the tough life at home. Even at school he was beaten 15 times for making a wrong Latin declension (Will Durant, *The Reformation*). The Roman Catholic church through its teaching demanded a level of spirituality and outward holiness that emphasized by its teachings on purgatory, hell, sin, judgment, punishment, and the saints. Thus throughout early life developed idea that God was a stern judge even Jesus was the Jesus of the Last Judgment. Mary and the saints played a vital role in reaching Jesus to seek His favour. 2. *Solid Education.* Went to University of Erfurt 1501 received MA 1505 planned for the study of law. 3. *Crisis Experience.* In 1505 caught in a thunderstorm, lightening struck nearby tree. Cried out "St. Anne save me, I will become a monk." Thus he turned to the monastic life in about one month's time. His father, who was working hard to help his son finish law school, wasn't happy with Luther's decision. 4. *Monastic Experiences.* In 1506 took vows of Poverty, Chastity, and Obedience. In May 1507 was ordained a priest. a. Took on lowly duties, punished body, in order to rid himself of feelings of unrighteousness. B. Constant awareness of falling short of the standards of God, he confessed up to 20 times a day. C. Trying to earn salvation by his works -- fasting, being in isolation etc. d. He read Tauler (mystic) and John Huss -- began to wonder why Huss was burned at stake. Yohann von Staupitz, his superior at the monastery, urged him to read God's Word (gave Latin Bible) and Augustine, and replace his 'works of righteousness' with reading of God's Word. Even entering the monastery did not rid him of his fear of God; it seems it became more. Staupitz also encouraged Luther to study theology, hoping that his would take his mind away from introspection. 5. In 1507 began his study of theology at Unv of Erfurt. In 1510, only 27 years of age, he was sent to Rome to represent his monastery. In Rome he was shocked by the ignorance, vice, immorality, and indifference of the priests. He began to doubt the idea of relics and the claim of the church that their worship would reduce time in purgatory. He completed doctorate of Theology in 1512 and was appointed professor of Theology at the new Uni of Wittenberg. 1514 is appointed priest of Wittenburg City Church. In 1515 he came across Romans 1:17 "The Just shall live by faith" which was to become a turning point in his life. He wrote: "I felt that I had been born anew and that the gates of heaven had been opened. The whole of Scripture gained a new meaning. And from that point on the phrase 'the justice of God' no longer filled me with hatred, but rather became unspeakably sweet by virtue of a great love." 6\. One of the key people who was so important for the Reformation was **Elector Frederick of Saxony.** Wittenburg was the capital of Saxony in Germany. The Elector Frederick or Frederick the Wise was the ruler of Saxony during the time of Luther. He defended Luther and protected him in his most difficult confrontations with the Church. 8. Luther was appalled at this development and wrote the 95 theses (statements). He nailed it on the door of the Castle Church at Wittenburg on 31 October 1517. This date is traditionally taken as the date of the Reformation. In the 95 theses he condemned the indulgence system and called scholars to debate on this. With the invention of printing, the 95 these were to find wide circulation and response. It is said that a copy of the 95 theses reached the Pope and he is reported to have said, **"Which drunken German monk wrote these?"** The Pope directed the Augustinian order to deal with Luther. When Luther was summoned to the next meeting of the order in 1518 he went fearfully, because the punishment for heresy was death. But surprisingly he found that many of Augustinian monks agreed with him. 9. Leipzig Debate. The Leipzig Debate was held in June/July 1519 between Andreas Karlstadt (pro-reforming ideas) and John Eck (Roman Catholic priest). Luther joined the debate in July 1519. From the debate it became obvious that Luther knew the Bible well, but Eck was a clever debater. He cornered Luther into saying that councils can err and that an average Christian armed with the Scriptures is superior to the councils and the Pope himself. Eck was happy as he had now proved Luther to be a heretic like John Huss. From this time on Luther was referred to as the"Saxon-Huss." **In 1520-1521 he published three important writings, *\"Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation\"* (in which he attacked the hierarchy of the Roman Church. He attacked the Pope's claims -- that spiritual authority is superior to temporal authority; that only the Pope could interpret Scripture; and that only the Pope could call a council.) *\"The Babylonian Captivity*" (this attacked the heart of Rome's system -- the Sacraments as a means of grace when dispensed by the priesthood. He also said that the Lord's Supper and Baptism were the only valid Sacraments.) and *\"The Freedom of the Christian Man\"* ( this attacked Rome's theology and taught the priesthood of all believers).** 10. **On December 10, 1520 Luther publicly burned the Papal Bull and canonical law books.** [On January 3, 1521 Luther was excommunicated by the Pope. ] 11. However, because of the growing tension in the Empire, the Emperor summoned an Imperial Diet at Worms to resolve the problems as he wanted unity in the Empire and other political reasons. The climax of Luther's confrontation with the powers came in April 1521 at the Diet of Worms. There he had to appear before the Emperor twice and asked to take back (recant) what he had taught. Both times he refused as he did not find anything that he had written that he wanted to take back. He finished his defence with these famous lines: *\"Unless I am convinced by Scripture and plain reason - I do not accept the authority of the popes and councils, for they have contradicted each other - my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything for to go against conscience is neither right nor safe. God help me. Amen.\"* He was not arrested as he had a guarantee of safe conduct which allowed him to travel for 21 days without harm. He left the Diet of Worms on 25^th^ April 1521 and was immediately placed under an Imperial Edict that made him an outlaw (he may killed by anyone without warning). On May 4, Elector Frederick the Wise arranged for Luther to be kidnapped (with Luther's knowledge) and he was taken to Wartburg Castle amid rumours that he had been killed. The 95 theses in a sense opened a new phase in the history of the Roman church in Western Europe. Many factors were at work and God wonderfully orchestrated all these happenings to bring about the most significant Reformation in the history of the church. Other reforms had been witnessed by the church in the past; other Reformers had stood up for the faith in the past and many had become martyrs, but this time reform and reformer were kept by the Lord. **Luther hid in Wartburg Castle until May 1522 when he returned to Wittenburg. By September 1522 he had translated the NT in German and by 1534 he completed the OT too.** Luther used the 1516 edition of Erasmus' Greek New Testament (called *textus receptus*) his translation of the New Testament. He is said to have known William Tyndale the English Reformer Bible Translator to whom he assisted by giving Erasmus 1522 edition of the Greek NT. This was used by Tyndale for his English translation of the NT in 1525-1526. Luther was controversial in many ways. He was outspoken. He did not like the emphasis on works in the book of James so he called it an Epistle of Straw. Similarly, frustrated with the symbolism of Revelation he said that it is not part of the canon and that it should be thrown into the river. He retracted these statements later. He initially reached out to the Jews, but later when they did not respond he turned against them. One infamous episode in his life was the developments during the Peasants' Revolt. In 1524 the peasants, unable to bear taxes and other frustrations, rose up in revolt. At first Luther was sympathetic to their demands. He later turned against them and wrote *Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants.* He gave three reasons for his stand: The peasants had 1) broken the oath they took to serve their rulers and were deserving punishment; 2) they had robbed, murdered, and plundered and therefore deserved to be punished in body and soul; and 3) they had committed their crimes in God's name and therefore had shamed and blasphemed Christ's name. The peasants were brutally suppressed and about 100,000 of 300,000 peasants were slaughtered. The peasants were led by Thomas Muntzer, a radical reformer, who preached an apocalyptic message. 12. He was captured and killed on May 27, 1525, In 1525 Luther, married Katherine von Bora, a former nun who had left the convent. Together they raised six children. **Erasmus (1466-1536)**. Leading humanist scholar and leader of the Renaissance in Europe. Erasmus was well-respected by both Reformers and the Roman Catholics. He published the Greek NT in 1516 which became the basis for several translations: Luther's German, Tyndale's English, etc., but the most important of these translations was the King James Bible of 1611, which is still in use today. Erasmus was so much in demand in various countries. For a while he taught at Cambridge University. Erasmus was more a [social] Reformer than a theological or ecclesiastical one. He criticized the excesses of the clergy, their ignorance and their lifestyle. His satirical work, *In Praise of Folly* (1510), became so popular among people who liked the boldness of someone willing to speak out, yet in a jovial manner. For example he wrote of priests who "shrink from the mere touch of money as if it were poison. They do not, however, retreat from the touch of wine or of women" (quoted in Spickard and Cragg, *AGHC*, 167). During his lifetime he was a close friend of Pope Leo X (as he was of Luther too), even though he boldly spoke out against the evils of the church. He disagreed with images, relics, prayers to Mary, celibacy of priests, and many other practices of the Roman church. Various sections of the church tried to silence him, but perhaps due to his proximity to Leo he survived. After his death, the Roman Catholic *Council of Trent (1545-1563)* termed him an "impious heretic" and his Greek NT was banned by the Roman Catholic church. He wrote against hypocrisy, pride, greed, jealousy and other vices that were so evident among the church's hierarchy. Initially Erasmus was sympathetic to Luther, but eventually distanced himself when he found that Luther was too outspoken against the church. The church asked Erasmus to oppose Luther, which he did reluctantly by writing, *The Freedom of the Will.* Luther responded by publishing *The Bondage of the Will.* Luther wrote of Erasmus, "One cannot lay hold of you. You are like an eel that slips through the fingers." For Luther, Erasmus was too diplomatic and careful with his comments -- so unlike himself. Though an outstanding scholar, there was widespread criticism for his Greek NT. However, he defended himself against these comments admirably. Luther was a Reformer who based his opposition to the church on the basis of the Bible. Luther was simple and straightforward. Erasmus, on the other hand, was a reputed humanist scholar who criticised the church for its excesses from a humanistic perspective. Erasmus was as important in the Reformation as Luther and Calvin, but his contribution is not the same as the other Reformers; he tried to reform the church from within and did not have the courage to step outside. A common saying is 'Luther hatched the egg that Erasmus laid." **John Calvin (1509-1564).** 1. EARLY LIFE: Calvin was born in Noyon, France. 2. He belonged to a wealthy family with good church connections. 3. His father held an important position in the Church and therefore was able to secure ecclesiastical benefices for his sons. These assured Calvin and his brother of a steady income from a church -- a status obtained through buying such an office. 4. Calvin was an upright, humble, studious person. His only desire was to be a lone scholar. 5. EDUCATION AND CONVERSION He tried to establish himself as a humanist scholar by writing a commentary on Seneca's *De Clementia'* (On Mercy). Seneca was a Roman Stoic philosopher who wrote this appeal to the Roman Emperor Nero in AD 55/56. The work contrasted a good ruler and a tyrant. Calvin trained to be a lawyer. 6. Calvin's conversion is a matter of speculation, but in his commentary on the Psalms (1532/33) he alludes to this experience; though it is not as dramatic as Luther's it nevertheless was a turning point in his life. 7. REFORMATORY IDEAS AND FLIGHT FROM FRANCE 8. With the growth of the Renaissance and the coming of new ideas challenged the age old practices of the RCC, there was religious and social ferment all across Europe. 9. In France Calvin was suspected to have been the author of a controversial speech given on *All Saints Day.* 10. He fled for safety looking for a place to continue his studies. 11. As he travelled, he used several pseudonyms to ensure his physical safety. 12. ONE FATEFUL NIGHT In 1535 he arrived at Geneva for a night, hoping to continue his journey the next day. 13. The leader of the Reformation in Geneva, Guillaume Farel (1489-1565), begged Calvin to stay back and help the cause of the Reformation in Geneva. 14. When Calvin refused, Farel said that God would curse his studies if he didn't help the cause of the Reformation in Geneva. 15. Stuck by fear, Calvin agreed. 16. INTRODUCTION TO REFORM IN GENEVA First stay in Geneva 1536-1538. 17. Calvin's first stay was marked by the following: 18. Produced catechism. 2. Helped to prepare a "Scheme of Church Order" 3. The catechism became the basis for judging the theological soundness of the people. 4. Gradually citizens of Geneva were asked to swear to the confession of faith, if they didn't they were kept under observation. 5. Life in Geneva was strictly controlled. 6. The following were penalized: Parents not sending children to school; keeper of "gaming house;" person who dressed bride in "unseemly manner." 7. Calvin also asked town council to banish those who did not confess the Reformed Faith. 19. The result was that Calvin and Farel were expelled from Geneva. 20. 'Exile' in Strasbourg 1538-1541, during his absence the RC Cardinal Sadoleto tried to woo the Genevans back to the RCC. In Strasbourgh Calvin wrote REPLY TO CARDINAL SADOLETO. In 1540 he married a widow, wife of an Anabaptist named Idelette de Bure, who had two children from her previous marriage. 21. As the spiritual and civil life in Geneva began to deteriorate, the town council requested Calvin and Farel to return. 22. Second stay in Geneva 1541-1564, 23. Calvin began his reforms on his return to Geneva. 24. He modelled Geneva as a theocratic state. Calvin's zeal was not always appreciated by the Genevans and throughout his life he had a continuing struggle with some of them. 25. GENEVA CATECHISM, 1541; ECCLESIASTICAL ORDINANCES, 1541 26. With his background in law, he wrote a civil code for Geneva. A consistory (Presbytery) of 6 ministers and 12 lay leaders (elders) oversaw the work with a leader. 1. Every Thursday -- examination of "blasphemers, drunkards, fornicators, brawlers, dancers, dancing masters, disseminators of heresies, absentees from divine service, those acting disrespectfully towards church or clergy etc.." 2. Usually punishment was excommunication; serious cases taken more seriously. 3. In the tradition of the church fathers to Calvin the church was our 'mother.' 4. To him, wherever the word was faithfully preached and heard, and the sacraments properly administered there was a true church of God. 27. Calvin stood between two extremes: Erastian (after Thomas Erastus (1524-1583) who required the submission of the church to the state, and the Anabaptist idea that the church had nothing to do with the state. Calvin believed that the State was responsible to protect the church and carry out its agenda of discipline etc. 28. Between 1542 and 1546 there were 58 executions and 76 banishments. By Calvin's death 1564, his position became extremely strong. 29. The execution of Michael Servetus, a heretic, in Geneva has earned for Calvin a bad name. What people do not know is that Calvin had tried to persuade Servetus and had pleaded with the town council for a more humane means of execution than burning. 30. HIS WRITINGS, *THE INSTITUTES OF CHRISTIAN RELIGION (editions?); COMMENTARIES; TREATISES, SERMONS, LETTERS, TRACTS ETC.* 31. Being a humanist scholar and lawyer Calvin used his critical abilities in theology. 32. Calvin's theology can be summed up in four parts: 1) God is sovereign in all things. 2) Mankind is tainted by sin and depraved. 3) God has elected his own people by His own sovereign choice before the creation of the world through Christ (Eph 1:4). 4) God, through the Holy Spirit, calls people to salvation in time; through them he transforms the world and establishes His Kingdom. (see also TULIP) +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Week 4.2 | The Four Main Branches of | | | Protestantism | | | | | | 1. Lutheran (Germany, | | | Scandinavia) | | | | | | 2. Reformed (Switzerland, | | | Holland, Scotland, France) | | | | | | 3. Anabaptist (Switzerland, | | | Germany, Holland) | | | | | | 4. Anglican (England) | | | | | | France: | | | | | | 1. Lutheran ideas reached France | | | in the early 16^th^ century | | | | | | 2. John Calvin and others | | | promote Protestant ideas in | | | France | | | | | | 3. Francis, King of France, | | | suppresses Lutheran ideas | | | | | | 4. Calvin is arrested, but | | | escapes and flees to | | | Switzerland | | | | | | 5. In 1536 Calvin writes the | | | first edition of the | | | *Institutes* to defend French | | | Protestants | | | | | | 6. By 1559, the French | | | Protestants organize | | | themselves into a synod | | | | | | 7. From 1560 the French | | | Protestants are known as | | | Huguenots | | | | | | 8. On Aug 24, 1572, about 2000 | | | Huguenots are massacred on | | | St. Bartholomew's Day; in 2 | | | days more than 10,000 are | | | killed | | | | | | 9. In 1593, Henry of Navarre, a | | | Huguenot leader, converted to | | | Roman Catholicism, and rules | | | as Henry IV; Huguenots | | | accepted as a tolerated | | | minority by Edict of Nantes | | | (1598). | | | | | | 10. The Edict of Nantes was | | | revoked by Louis XIV in 1685. | | | Huguenots flee to other | | | countries. | | | | | | Scotland | | | | | | 1. From the 14^th^ century | | | Scotland joined with | | | England's enemy France to | | | resist England's interference | | | in Scotland | | | | | | 2. The RCC was immoral and | | | corrupt in Scotland | | | | | | 3. Patrick Hamilton introduced | | | Lutheran ideas and was burned | | | in 1528; the same happened to | | | George Wishart in 1546. | | | | | | 4. Wishart influenced John Knox | | | (1505-1572), who became a | | | priest in 1530. Knox later | | | went to Geneva and was | | | greatly influenced by John | | | Calvin. | | | | | | 5. In 1559 Knox returned to | | | Scotland and coincided with | | | the Scottish nobles | | | covenanting to bring about | | | religious reform. In 1560, | | | French control over Scotland | | | ended. | | | | | | 6. Also, in 1560, the Scottish | | | Parliament met under the | | | direction of John Knox and | | | began religious reform | | | | | | 7. In 1567 the Church of | | | Scotland was formally | | | established, with | | | presbyteries, synods and a | | | national assembly. | | | | | | 8. The Pope lost control, the | | | mass was declared illegal; | | | laws against heretics were | | | repealed. | +===================================+===================================+ | Week 5.1 | ENGLAND | | | | | | The key players in the English | | | Reformation were: | | | | | | 1. The Monarchs: Henry VIII, | | | Edward VI, Mary Tudor (Bloody | | | Mary), Elizabeth I | | | | | | 2. The Parliament | | | | | | 3. The Lollards (Wycliff's | | | followers), who spread their | | | teachings secretly | | | | | | 4. The Humanists (Erasmus, | | | Colet). | | | | | | Peculiarities of the English | | | Reformation. | | | | | | 1. Changed according to Ruler's | | | preferences/ wishes; | | | | | | 2. Marked by ups and downs | | | | | | 3. Many martyrs, during the 36 | | | year reign of Henry VIII, it | | | is estimated that about | | | 70,000 people were killed. | | | His daughter, Mary Tudor or | | | Bloody Mary, killed about 300 | | | during her 6 year reign | | | | | | 4. Production of theological | | | statements by the Church | | | backed by government, e.g. | | | Westminster Assembly. | | | | | | 5. Bibles translated into common | | | language from originals. | | | | | | 6. The English Reformation was | | | more of a political | | | reformation than a | | | theological one. Political | | | and personal issues resulted | | | in England breaking away from | | | the Roman Catholic church and | | | forming the Anglican Church | | | or the Church of England.. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Week 5.2 | Henry VIII (1491-1547). | | | | | | Henry was a renaissance man. He | | | was a man of varied talents: | | | scholar, hunter, sportsman, etc. | | | | | | When Luther wrote "Babylonian | | | Captivity" in which he questioned | | | the sacramental system of Rome, | | | Henry replied defending the seven | | | sacraments of the RCC. In | | | gratitude for this Pope Leo gave | | | him the title "Defender of the | | | Faith." When Henry left the | | | church the title was withdrawn by | | | the church, but it was given to | | | Henry's heir by Parliament (see | | | KJV Bibles). | | | | | | 1. When Henry's brother Arthur | | | died, Henry was asked to | | | marry his brother's Spanish | | | widow, Catherine of Aragon, | | | to keep England's | | | relationship with Spain. | | | | | | 2. Canon law did not permit a | | | man to marry his brother's | | | wife, but a special papal | | | approval was given because | | | Catherine swore that the | | | marriage to Arthur was not | | | consummated. | | | | | | 3. Catherine lost many children | | | at childbirth, and only had | | | one daughter who survived, | | | Mary. Since Catherine could | | | not give the King a male | | | heir, Henry sought for an | | | annulment of the marriage -- | | | since it was anyway | | | prohibited by canon law | | | | | | 4. The Pope refused because | | | Catherine was the aunt of | | | Emperor Charles V who now | | | controlled Europe and the | | | Pope. | | | | | | 5. Henry was even advised to | | | have a secret affair and have | | | a male child, but he wanted | | | to have a child who could | | | properly succeed him. | | | | | | 6. Thomas Cranmer, the King's | | | advisor (later Arch of | | | Canterbury), after consulting | | | European and English | | | scholars, declared Henry's | | | marriage to Catherine | | | invalid. | | | | | | 7. England broke with Rome | | | in 1534. Parliament | | | introduced laws that | | | prevented money going to | | | Rome, they declared Henry's | | | marriage invalid, and made | | | the king 'the supreme Head of | | | the Church of England.' | | | | | | 8. Thomas More, the King's close | | | friend and chancellor of | | | England, refused to accept | | | the title given to Henry as | | | head of the church. | | | | | | 9. He was beheaded. His last | | | words were: "The King's good | | | servant, but God's first." | | | | | | 10. Henry married Anne Boleyn, a | | | mistress, who bore him | | | Elizabeth. She was accused of | | | adultery and executed. | | | | | | 11. Henry then married Jane | | | Seymour who bore him a son, | | | Edward (VI). | | | | | | 12. After Seymour's death he | | | married Anne of Cleves from | | | Protestant Germany, to | | | strengthen his ties with | | | Germany which was anti-Rome. | | | When threats from other | | | nations decreased and Germany | | | began to insist on doctrinal | | | matters, he divorced Anne of | | | Cleves (1540), and beheaded | | | the person who arranged the | | | marriage. | | | | | | 13. Henry then married Catherine | | | Howard who was beheaded | | | (1542). | | | | | | 14. He finally married Catherine | | | Parr (1543) who outlived him. | | | | | | The reformation in England: | | | Changes that happened (1529-39). | | | | | | 1. No English clergy could live | | | outside England | | | | | | 2. No appeal of English church | | | matters to the Papal courts | | | of Rome | | | | | | 3. The introduction of the Act | | | of Supremacy 1534 which made | | | Henry 'the supreme head of | | | the Church of England.' This | | | broke all ties with Rome. | | | | | | 4. In 1536 375 monasteries, with | | | less than 200 Pounds income, | | | ordered closed and their | | | property was taken by the | | | King. | | | | | | 5. In 1539 the larger | | | monasteries were closed by | | | Act of Parliament. The King | | | kept some land and sold the | | | rest or gave to wealthy | | | families, who then became his | | | supporters. | | | | | | 6. Doctrinally the Anglican | | | Church remained RC. Henry | | | authorized the translation of | | | the Bible into English (a | | | revision of the translation | | | of Tyndale and Coverdale). It | | | was called the Great Bible or | | | the Chained Bible as it was | | | chained to its stand in many | | | churches. | | | | | | In his will Henry stated that | | | Edward VI should take the throne. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Week 6.1 | Edward VI (1537-1553) became king | | | (1547-1553) at 9 years of age. | | | His mother's brother, the Duke of | | | Somerset, was appointed regent | | | (one who acts as king when the | | | sovereign is absent or disabled). | | | The Duke liked Protestant ideas | | | and religious liberty; he | | | influenced Edward to introduce | | | reforms. Some changes made were: | | | | | | 1. Worship services were to be | | | in common language (English), | | | not Latin | | | | | | 2. The creed of the Anglican | | | Church called the 42 Articles | | | were made by Thomas Cranmer, | | | now Archbishop of Canterbury, | | | with the help of other | | | theologians like John Knox. | | | These were approved by | | | Parliament in 1552. | | | | | | 3. The cup was given to the | | | laity in the Holy Communion | | | (Lord's Supper) | | | | | | 4. Clergy were allowed to marry | | | | | | 5. Images were prohibited in | | | churches | | | | | | 6. *The Book of Common Prayer* | | | was composed, largely by | | | Cranmer, and used in public | | | worship | | | | | | When Edward VI died in 1553, Mary | | | Tudor (1516-1558) became queen | | | (1553-1558). She became known as | | | 'Bloody Mary,' because she | | | persecuted Protestants. Her | | | becoming queen coincided with the | | | 'Counter Reformation' of the RCC. | | | The following events took place: | | | | | | 1. Mary, a strong RC, supported | | | by Parliament restored | | | religious practices to what | | | they were during her father's | | | time. Those clergy who | | | refused lost their churches. | | | | | | 2. Many clergy fled to Geneva | | | and Frankfort, and about 300 | | | became martyrs | | | | | | 3. The three most famous martyrs | | | are: Hugh Latimer, Nicholas | | | Ridley and Thomas Cranmer. | | | | | | 4. They were arrested by Mary | | | and taken for questioning to | | | Oxford in 1555. | | | | | | 5. Ridley was asked whether the | | | pope was holding the | | | authority of St Peter. He | | | replied that the church was | | | not built on any man but the | | | confession of Peter, that | | | Christ was the Son of God. | | | | | | 6. Both Ridley and Latimer | | | refused to accept the RC mass | | | as a sacrifice of Christ. | | | Latimer said: "\"Christ made | | | one oblation and sacrifice | | | for the sins of the whole | | | world, and that a perfect | | | sacrifice; neither needs | | | there to be, nor can there | | | be, any other propitiatory | | | sacrifice.\" | | | | | | 7. Both Ridley and Latimer were | | | burned at the stake in Oxford | | | on October 16, 1555. | | | | | | 8. Ridley suffered a slow death. | | | Latimer died more quickly and | | | was heard to say, \"Be of | | | good comfort, Mr. Ridley, and | | | play the man! We shall this | | | day light such a candle by | | | God\'s grace, in England, as | | | I trust never shall be put | | | out.\" | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Week 6.2 | Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of | | | Canterbury, (1489- 1556), first | | | Protestant Archbishop of | | | Canterbury (England). | | | | | | 1. Studied at Cambridge | | | University, and was part of a | | | group interested in Luther's | | | reforms | | | | | | 2. Known as "Little Germany" the | | | group included, William | | | Tyndale, Robert Barnes, | | | Thomas Bilney, all who were | | | to be involved in the English | | | Reformation | | | | | | 3. Cranmer became and advisor to | | | Henry VIII and later to | | | Edward VI | | | | | | 4. Cranmer was respected by | | | Henry VIII who listened to | | | him, but did what he wanted | | | | | | 5. Cranmer pleaded for those | | | condemned to death by Henry, | | | included Anne Boleyn, Thomas | | | More and others. | | | | | | 6. He probably was the chief | | | architect of the English | | | Reformation | | | | | | 7. He is known for his role in | | | drafting the 42 Articles and | | | the *Book of Common Prayer* | | | that remains the book of | | | worship in Anglican churches | | | today. | | | | | | 8. Cranmer brought about great | | | reforms in the time of Edward | | | VI | | | | | | 9. He gave up the RC idea of | | | transubstantiation in favour | | | of consubstantiation, and | | | believed that Christ was | | | really present in the | | | Eucharist, though differing | | | in Luther's view. | | | | | | 10. After Edward's death, Cranmer | | | and the English Reformation | | | came to a standstill. | | | | | | 11. Mary Tudor began to restore | | | Roman Catholicism to England | | | | | | 12. Cranmer was made to witness | | | Ridley and Latimer burned at | | | the stake in Oxford (1555) | | | | | | 13. He was tempted with the hope | | | of freedom and therefore | | | signed several recantations. | | | | | | 14. Mary, wishing to make him a | | | public spectacle, planned his | | | execution on March 21, 1556 | | | | | | 15. Prior to the execution he was | | | to make a public recantation | | | of his errors | | | | | | 16. With death so close and | | | nothing to lose, but only his | | | soul to win, Cranmer | | | surprised his opponents by 1) | | | refusing to recant any of his | | | beliefs; 2) refusing to | | | acknowledge papal authority, | | | and 3) saying that | | | transubstantiation was | | | untrue. | | | | | | 17. As he was being burned, he | | | held out his right hand, | | | which "had offended" by | | | signing the false | | | recantations, into the flames | | | until it was consumed. | | | | | | 18. Cranmer stands out as the | | | leader of the true English | | | reformation. | | | | | | Mary Tudor (1516-1558), daughter | | | of Henry VIII, queen of England | | | and Ireland | | | | | | 1. Mary became queen after the | | | death of Edward VII. | | | | | | 2. She tried to reintroduce | | | Roman Catholicism | | | | | | 3. Her marriage to Philip of | | | Spain was not a happy one, | | | and she had no children | | | | | | 4. Her persecution of | | | Protestants earned her the | | | title 'Bloody Mary' | | | | | | 5. She reintroduced clerical | | | celibacy, and other RC | | | practices. | | | | | | 6. Many clergy lost their | | | parishes and became martyrs | | | | | | 7. She was an unhappy person, | | | who craved for love | | | | | | 8. Prior to her becoming queen | | | she spend long periods in | | | seclusion because of the | | | annulment of her mother's | | | marriage | | | | | | 9. Her fierce desire to restore | | | RCism was because | | | Protestantism would make her | | | an illegitimate child | | | | | | 10. When she died of an illness, | | | Elizabeth became queen. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Week 7.1 | **PHASE IV Elizabeth I** (Last | | | Tudor monarch 1533- 1603), | | | daughter of Henry VIII and Anne | | | Boleyn (2^nd^ wife). | | | | | | 1. When Elizabeth was two years | | | old, her mother was beheaded | | | for adultery | | | | | | 2. Catherine Parr, Henry\'s | | | sixth wife, befriended young | | | Elizabeth and gave her the | | | best education possible | | | | | | 3. When (Bloody) Mary died in | | | 1558, Elizabeth succeeded her | | | to the throne. | | | | | | 4. Elizabeth's 45 year reign is | | | seen as a golden age of | | | English history. | | | | | | 5. She was a wise, intelligent | | | (fluent in six languages) | | | woman who was loved by the | | | English. | | | | | | 6. Elizabeth returned England to | | | the Protestant faith. | | | | | | 7. In 1559 she promulgated the | | | Act of Supremacy that | | | described the monarch as "the | | | only supreme governor of this | | | realm" in spiritual and | | | temporal matters. | | | | | | 8. Elizabeth was excommunicated | | | by the Pope in 1570 | | | | | | 9. She was supported by some | | | loyal administrators who | | | helped her to establish | | | control of England | | | | | | 10. She was close to her people. | | | During her 45 year reign she | | | travelled on horseback | | | (rather than carriage) 25 | | | times around the country to | | | speak with her people. | | | | | | 11. Elizabeth executed her RC | | | cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, | | | in 1587 -- after 19 years, | | | only when it became clear | | | that she was plotting to | | | overthrow her. | | | | | | 12. In 1588 Philip II of Spain, | | | former husband of Mary Tudor, | | | organised a great fleet of | | | ships called the Spanish | | | Armada to fight England. | | | | | | 13. Backed by the Pope, Philip's | | | goal was to restore RCism in | | | England | | | | | | 14. With her brilliant rhetoric | | | she encouraged her soldiers | | | saying, 'I know I have the | | | body of a weak, feeble woman; | | | but I have the heart and | | | stomach of a king - and of a | | | King of England too.' Though | | | the Spanish had a larger | | | navy, the English defeated | | | them | | | | | | 15. She remained unmarried and | | | died in 1603 and was | | | succeeded by the son of Mary, | | | Queen of Scots, James I (of | | | England) and VI (Scotland). | | | (Taken from BBC History, | | | Elizabeth1) | | | | | | **RADICAL REFORMATION: The | | | Anabaptists**. | | | | | | 1. The Anabaptists did not share | | | Zwingli's vision of a state | | | church | | | | | | 2. They wanted to go beyond | | | Zwingli's OT ideals to a NT | | | church. | | | | | | 3. For the Anabaptists | | | separation from the ungodly | | | state church was important. | | | | | | 4. This was marked by the | | | baptism of adults, not of | | | infants. Those who were | | | unhappy with these people | | | called them 'anabaptists' | | | means rebaptizers. | | | | | | 5. The Anabaptists followed (or | | | tried to follow) the NT | | | literally -- specially Jesus' | | | teaching on the Sermon on the | | | Mount (Matt 5-7). | | | | | | 6. All Anabaptists had some | | | common beliefs: 1) The Bible | | | is the final authority; 2) | | | The pure church is an | | | association of the | | | regenerated rather than a | | | State church in which some | | | are unregenerate. 3) Baptism | | | of adults, at first they | | | poured water, later they | | | required immersion. 4) they | | | objected to infant baptism as | | | unscriptural; 5) complete | | | separation of church and | | | state; 6) practiced | | | pacifism; 7) refused to take | | | oaths in courts; and 8) were | | | simple in speech 'yes' and | | | 'no' (Jesus' teaching in | | | Sermon). The movement | | | appealed to peasants and | | | simple folk who were ignored | | | by the other Reformers. | | | | | | 7. Conrad Grebel (1490-1526) is | | | regarded as the founder of | | | Anabaptist movement in | | | Switzerland. He was closely | | | associated with Zwingli, but | | | separated from him in 1525. | | | | | | 8. In 1527 Feliz Manz of Zurich | | | became their first martyr. | | | The state's sentence on him | | | read "Manz shall be delivered | | | to the executioner, who shall | | | tie his hands, put him into a | | | boat, strip his bound hands | | | down over his knees, place a | | | stick between his knees and | | | his arms and thus push him | | | into the water" (quoted in | | | Spickard and Cragg, *AGHC*, | | | 182). | | | | | | 9. The Anabaptists developed a | | | millennial perspective saying | | | the world was evil and that | | | they had to prepare for the | | | coming of Christ. They held | | | to a literal 1000 years. | | | | | | 10. In 1534 they took over the | | | city of Munster in Germany | | | and made one of their | | | leaders, Jan van Leiden | | | (1509-1536) who was from | | | Holland, "King David." Van | | | Leiden gathered a harem of | | | women in the fashion of some | | | OT kings. The city was laid | | | under siege and the | | | Anabaptists were starved and | | | made to surrender. The | | | motivation of van Leiden was | | | the leading of the Holy | | | Spirit, but it went counter | | | to Anabaptist beliefs that | | | the state was evil (when they | | | themselves took on that | | | role). | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Week 7.2 | **PURITANS** Puritans (from Latin | | | *purus* = 'pure') were a party | | | within the Anglican Church that | | | wanted their church to be free | | | from "the rags of popery." | | | | | | 1. Cambridge University became | | | their center of operations. | | | | | | 2. Already in 1593, Elizabeth | | | had passed a law to imprison | | | Puritans who refused to | | | worship in the Anglican | | | church. | | | | | | 3. Thomas Cartwright (1535-1603) | | | a Puritan leader was clearly | | | inclined towards | | | Presbyterianism; Jacob , | | | towards Congregationalism. | | | | | | 4. When James I came to the | | | throne the Puritans thought | | | he would favour them. | | | | | | 5. He refused to help them; | | | James commissioned the | | | translation of the KJV | | | (1611). | | | | | | 6. Since James inherited | | | England, Scotland, and | | | Ireland, he faced many | | | challenges. | | | | | | 7. He, and most of the | | | Parliament, were almost | | | killed in Guy Fawkes foiled | | | attack. | | | | | | 8. In 1625 James died and was | | | succeeded by his son | | | Charles I. | | | | | | 9. From 1628 to 1642 about | | | 20,000 Puritans migrated to | | | America. | | | | | | 10. In 1638 the Scots invaded | | | England desiring to establish | | | Presbyterianism. | | | | | | 11. Civil War broke out as a | | | result of Charles' religious | | | policies. | | | | | | 12. The army of Oliver Cromwell | | | defeated the Kings army and | | | Charles was tried and | | | beheaded in 1649. | | | | | | 13. Cromwell ruled till his death | | | in 1558. His son Richard | | | could not continue his | | | legacy. | | | | | | 14. In 1660, the English restored | | | episcopacy and recalled | | | Charles II as King. | | | | | | Westminster Assembly (1643-1649) | | | | | | 1. The Westminster Standards | | | were composed amidst the | | | English Civil War. | | | | | | 2. The Westminster Assembly was | | | commissioned by the English | | | Parliament. | | | | | | 3. It was composed of 151 | | | English Puritans (120 | | | ministers of the Anglican | | | Church + 30 members of | | | Parliament) and 6 Scottish | | | Presbyterians | | | | | | 4. Their task was to develop the | | | creed and government of the | | | English national church. | | | | | | 5. The Assembly held 1163 daily | | | sessions between 1643 | | | and 1649. | | | | | | 6. The clearly Presbyterian | | | Directory of Worship, | | | completed in 1644, was | | | accepted by the Scottish and | | | English Parliaments in 1645. | | | | | | 7. The Form of Government, | | | completed 1645, was adopted | | | by Parliament in 1648. | | | | | | 8. The Westminster Confession of | | | Faith, thoroughly | | | Calvinistic, was completed in | | | 1646 and adopted by Scots in | | | 1647, and by the English | | | in 1648. | | | | | | 9. The Westminster Standards | | | lost their importance in the | | | national church in England | | | which became Episcopal. | | | | | | 10. The Westminster Standards are | | | generally the accepted creeds | | | for all Presbyterian churches | | | worldwide. | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Week 8.1 | **THE COUNTER REFORMATION** | | | | | | 1. The Reformation compelled the | | | Roman Catholic Church to | | | introspect itself. | | | | | | 2. This led to starting | | | movements a). *The Oratory of | | | Divine Love* (1497, 1517) | | | sought to deepen spiritual | | | life among the laity; b) The | | | *Theatine Order* (1524) | | | worked to bring about | | | clerical reform; c) the | | | *Capuchin Order* (1525) | | | *Order of Friars Minor | | | Capuchin (O.F.M.Cap.)*, this | | | was an order that followed | | | St. Francis more closely than | | | the Franciscans themselves. | | | They wore pointed hoods | | | (*capuccino* = Italian | | | 'hood'), and worked peasants | | | restoring their faith in | | | RCism; d) the *Ursuline | | | Order* (1535), composed of | | | women, nursed the sick and | | | promoted women's education. | | | | | | 3. Pope Paul III (P 1534-1549), | | | through a commission, | | | discovered the fault of | | | previous Popes and their way | | | of functioning. | | | | | | 4. Paul III set about to counter | | | the effects of the | | | Reformation by a) approving | | | the Jesuit Order (The Society | | | of Jesus); b) setting up the | | | Inquisition; c) introducing | | | the Index of Books; and d) | | | calling the Council of Trent | | | (1545-1563). | | | | | | The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) | | | was formed in 1534 by Ignatius | | | Loyola (1491-1556). He and 6 | | | friends were approved as the | | | Jesuit Order by Pope Paul in | | | 1540. Their main aim was to win | | | back people who were converted to | | | Protestantism and to strengthen | | | the RCC. The Jesuits won back | | | large areas of Europe back to | | | RCism. Their most outstanding | | | missionary is Francis Xavier | | | (1506 -- 1542), who worked in the | | | East while being based in Goa. | | | | | | The Inquisition was an | | | ecclesiastical police to check | | | heresy, Protestantism, and to | | | punish Jews and Muslim who had | | | converted to RCism, but were | | | unfaithful or insincere. Their | | | way of operation a) accused were | | | given one month grace to repent; | | | b) the accusers' names were not | | | disclosed; c) the accused would | | | be excused if their enemies had | | | spread false rumours maliciously; | | | d) the punishments included loss | | | of property, imprisonment, or | | | burning at stake. | | | | | | Index of Books. The advent of | | | printing in Europe resulted in | | | book being published. Roman | | | Catholic believers were given a | | | list of books that they were not | | | supposed to read. These included | | | writings of the Protestant | | | Reformers and other generally | | | Protestant material. The last | | | edition of the Index was made in | | | 1948; in 1966 it was made | | | invalid. | | | | | | The Council of Trent: The council | | | of Trent consolidated the | | | doctrine of the RCC. It was held | | | during three different periods: | | | | | | 1. 1545-1547 under Paul III. The | | | council declared that. A) The | | | Bible, with the Apocrypha, in | | | | | | the Vulgate (Latin) edition of | | | Jerome and church tradition would | | | be the final authority of the | | | church. B) Man is justified by | | | faith and subsequent works and | | | not by faith alone. C) The seven | | | sacraments were reaffirmed by the | | | church. i. Baptism = formal sign | | | of reception of salvation and | | | becoming part of the church; ii. | | | Eucharist (lit. Thanksgiving), | | | the participation of the ac