Period 2 Test PDF

Protestant Reformation Martin Luther theologian, Catholic scholar university of Wittenberg, Germany indulgences - confession → indulgence → eucharist - getting into heaven is related to economic class, so only nobles get into heaven - purgatory...

Protestant Reformation Martin Luther theologian, Catholic scholar university of Wittenberg, Germany indulgences - confession → indulgence → eucharist - getting into heaven is related to economic class, so only nobles get into heaven - purgatory, in between heaven and hell ❖ where all souls go to get cleansed to go to heaven ❖ “temporary hell” Martin Luther: 95 Theses (1517) - to change Catholic Church - in Latin - not in German (common man) because they don’t know the Bible because it is ONLY in Latin goal: - original goal was to reform Catholic Church done in Germany after, he goes into hiding or else he will be put for blasphemy why was it so central to European life? - Germany is the only country that starts out centralized and goes to being decentralized tradition versus sacred scripture secular rulers use to achieve sovereignty Lutheran Church Holy Roman Reich not following Catholic Church because all the German princes are following Martin Luther Protestant Churches Edict of Worms - Charles the 5th calls Martin Luther - and says the Holy Roman Reich is going to remain Catholic - all the princes hide Martin Luther and join his Church Background of Catholic Church: St. Peter made Catholic Church one of Jesus’s descendants (33 AD) - New Testament: Apostles, written by Holy Spirit (60 AD) - first to come - only one to have tradition (beholders of tradition) lineage back to Jesus (direct lineage) ❖ Martin Luther says “uh-no-no-no”, tradition does not matter but it is the sacred scripture that does ❖ Catholic Church said “uh-no-no-no”, we been doing this we must continue ❖ if they change tradition they lose all legitimacy - nobody knows what the Bible says because nobody speaks Latin religious nationalism - only thing they have in common to share is Catholicism - issue is that in 1500s and 1600s is because Europeans kill each other and have wars because of religion very very violent and cruel, to get attention The Catholic World Responds he gets excommunicated tells printing people not to print them and they secretly go print them and just sell them it’s in Latin - Latin people cannot read it counter reformation Franciscan and Jesuit missionaries attempted to spread faith - warrior monks - do not fight, but they will spread Christianity even if it results in their own death ❖ new world ❖ China ❖ Japan - China and Japan do convert but not massively Spanish Inquisition - Spain, 1478 - Ferdinand and Isabella - targeted Jews and Muslims - keep Protestantism out of Spain - political purpose: ❖ nationalism is tied to their identity ❖ if you are not Catholic, you are not Spanish Catholicism means state religion of France, Spain, and Austria CULTURAL Catholicism Protestantism hearth - Rome - Germany connection to God - through the church - direct connection to God - confession - faith alone saves salvation - indulgence - eucharist (communion) purgatory - yes - no celibacy (for priests) - yes - no women as priest - no - yes - no - depends on the church LGBTQ+ - maybe now (recent development) - no - frowned down upon, but abortion - sin depends on the church and the community - Latin (1970s) - local vernacular - German, English, etc. bible language - issues: translation can mess  up the thing language of services - reading of life: Latin - all local language - sermons = local language - France, Spain, Austria, Italy, - Germany, Switzerland, later Central and South America, England, America countries Ireland - not in France and Austria anymore The English Reformation or Anglican happening in England King Henry VIII (8) “Defender of the Faith” given by the pope British Monarch Catherine of Aragon ○ “Failed” to birth a son no genetic, genes, dna idea so they don't know why ○ only child was Mary Tutor keeps whole england catholic lady catherine of aragon ○ Aragon is a province ○ blamed for not giving birth ○ due to patriarchy society no son = lose of throne for family no heir King henry had several women he sleeps with BUT ONE IN PARTICULAR KING WAS INTERESTED WAS (down) Anne Boleyn Noblewoman - part of king henry’s court interested meeting after a series of affairs with her sister Anne Boleyn refused King’s sexual advances only making the King want to do it more Sought an annulment/go to pope - grant of marriage / means the souls are combined sacredly ○ no divorcing = sin ○ null and void if u have unholy actions between the union of between souls Flaw - Holy Emperor Charles the 5th was Catherine’s nephew Emperor Charles might be angry - cause war or chaos  ○ POPE accept - german Reject lose england of being catholic (rejected) King Henry - makes new church and now head of the church Thomas Cranmer (arched bishop) allows the annulment - king Henry married Anne Boleyn They had a daughter named Elizabeth Series of miscarriages Infatuated with Jane Seymour Had Anne Boleyn charged with adultery and beheaded Many Catholics protested this and were executed for treason King Henry executes wives for not being able to give birth Religious order went underground - the Jesuits - continues to spread catholicism Henry’s son sies and Mary tutor now is Queen But kicked mary tutor begin making england catholicism - england = catholicism ○ kills everyone and haunts those who do not believe in catholicism. ○ Bloody Mary Elizabeth I daughter of king henry VIII Virgin Queen - not married after Mary’s Death She ended the religious tensions with a compromise allowing both forms of religion to exist in England Safavids Dynasty 1501 Shiite sect of Islam - Theocracy Hatred w/ Ottoman Sunni’s Persecutions of each minority in each other’s nations War in 1514 Battle of Chaldiran ○ Ottoman use of artillery ○ Safavids views ottomans as wrong religion follower or enemy Ottoman Expansion Continued Conquest of Mamluk Sultanate - 1516 ○ Ottomans rifleman vs. Mamluk swordsmen  ○ Ottomans become leaders of Muslim world ○ Claims Islamic Caliphate - Sultan absolute ruler - leader of the Islamic World - “Commander of the Faithful” ○ Access to Indian Ocean ○ Dhows - maritime tech ○ HAVE SULTANATE BUT NOT IMPORTANT EXCEPT SULEIMAN (down) Suleiman the Magnificent takes thrown 1520 Conquers Hungary Attempt to take Vienna 1529 and 1532 Zenith of Ottoman Rule ○ Largest empire got ○ Tulip Mania ○ Furniture - Ottoman ○ Strongest of the Ottoman Empire ○ uses geometric art Roxelana From present day Ukraine Roxelana’s ethnic group was Ukraine-Russian / Russian, Ukraine, Slav - all ok ○ Slav Fair, Redheaded roxelana - Russian Slav put in Suleiman’s harem Suleiman becomes devoted only to her ○ different from others, bold married her because Roxelana was the only one loved Suleima wrote love poems to her Sultana - wife of sultan - women leader Expansion Hernan Cortes ○ Wealthy landowner in Cuba ○ Unauthorized expedition ○ Burned ships behind him - to abandon the ships ○ Battle of Tenochtitlan 1521 ○ Destroys Aztecs Mining gold because golds are all gone on top Francisco Pizarro ○ Destroyed Incan Empire 1572  ○ Spain expansion of empire is expanded here Lets go to get gold from these people Central Government is centralized by the people out of the range of the empire Colonies Conquistadors made horrible administers - for wealth - do anything for gold and resources Smash and Grab vs Stabilize, control, and tax Conquistadors died fighting themselves - not all died - gradually replaced by middle class people in Spain ○ Feudal Society - with the period 1 thingies ○ Not much land - so they go to the New world for land - so the middle class becomes rich like the high class / europe can’t go and steal blabla ○ 250,000 Spanish immigrants in the 1500s that came to the New World Increase Population by potatoes and maize - so the loss of people going to New World doesn’t affect much ○ Francisan Friars - people wants to spread Catholicism / DIE TRYING STILL GONNA SPREAD ○ Very successful because to this day central america is catholic CASTAS SYSTEM - Social hierarchy based on the cultural aspect of one’s bloodline - connection to SPAIN (Doesn’t know DNA) Social rank rather than pigmentations Pure Spainiards viewed themselves as only a little better than those who were mixed race  W - White A - Anglo - Viking Groups (down) S - Saxons - France, England, German, Scandinavian, U.S. P - Protestants - any Christianity that broke off from the Catholic Church Bottom are Non white Groups - All of Asia, African Slaves, Native Americans Catholics, Italians, Slavs - big and strong but dumb, Jews, Irish - happy because they made it to America after discrimination Mughal/Mughal Empire 1526 - 1857 AD Pretty Successful by conquering except the southern tip Babur - “The Tiger Founded Dynasty Descendant of of Timur and Genghis Khan Turkmenistan to Afghanistan to India Conquest facilitated by the use of artillery and matchlock muskets (European manufactured) Religious Toleration 25% are Muslims The Rule of Akbar - “The Great Mughal” Wanted to win Hindu’s over Abandoned all attempts at persuaded conversion Abolished Jizya Tax Appointed Hindus to Bureaucrats - but allowed Hindu ○ Muslims and Hindus HATE EACH OTHER Large harem - 5k - chose wives of various nationalities ○ Inclusive, accepting by sex from various groups Land Tax - paid ⅓ annual value of crop wether or not it's bad year or good year ○ Farmers from going on criticism to the government ○ The government has bills to pay for defense and welfare Gold currency - trade gold for wealth and that means their economic system is ok Slavery was allowed The Rule of Shah Jahan Erection of costly buildings Urbanization - Delhi and Agra - some 600k residents 70 mosques and 500 baths Peacocks Throne - show of wealth and power What type of government system was it Taj Mahal - to build tomb for his wife The Rise of Religious Sects Various religious sect went against the kingdom States within a state Various religious community that becomes a country Poses a threat to the empire ○ They become divided and weak The Marathas - Hindus Confederacy of tribes made up of the sudra caste Masters of Guerilla Warfare King nicknamed “Mountain Rat” Sikhs Religious group from Punjab Formed by Namakin the 1400s Syncretism of Islam and hinduism Was the goal to unite the two? NO  ○ Had both aspects of religion - new path to Salvation Key beliefs: ○ Oneness of God ○ Brotherhood of man - similar to Islam ○ Acts of charity ○ Equality of all: rejected the caste system ○ Guru or spiritual leader Do not Drink o cut hair - wrap hair into some type of hat Some Sikhs are vegetarians Become a own community that is transformed from a peaceful movement of military when prosecuted by Mughals The Price Revolution of Europe Europe suffers from Inflation where Sain is at the hardest Inflation - increase population - increase demand - increase in price Spanish Silver from Americas coined Increase of money supply without expansion of GDP Led to inflation Prices x5 Next century-limited economic growth in Europe The Rise of the Privateers Easiest way to get wealth from the New World - steal it - “Pirates” ○ Other countries are jealous but they are smart they steal BUT Dutch , English, and French lacked large NAVY to steal from GALLEONS Privateers - “Pirates” ○ Letter of Marque - sign, so monarch keeps it later says they have no proof ○ Some spoils go to issuer ○ Get wealthy Much of Cortes gold stolen by the privateer on its way back to Spain Francis Drake - english - made noble - gave of title of being able to have land ○ Knighted by Queen Elizabeth I - lets team to invade spain and their galleons Spanish Armada 1588 These small boats conquer galleons by the range advantage by circling around them ○ Spanish Navy destroyed END OF SPANISH EMPIRE British replaces by having the strongest navy Spain Conquered Portugal ○ Talen 1560 ○ Lost 1668 Spanish Armada 1588: Spain gets mad from privateers so they decide to invade England and conquer them. They get all their galleons which are called the spanish armada. ○ They sail through the English canal. The English don't have a navy but get the privateers and Dutch to help England out to take the Spanish Armada out. England is very outnumbered, galleons are big not maneuverable boats but the privateers are very maneuverable. Galleons have like 50 cannons which are inaccurate. The privateers just sail in circles around galleons while shooting their more accurate cannons and gradually sink the Spanish ships. Bad weather so they have to go to port but their privateers set their ships on fire. Spain’s navy is destroyed and the beginning of the end for the Spanish empire. After the Spanish armada: The British have a stronger navy. Spain conquered portugal: Taken in 1580 and then lost in 1668. Evidence that Spain is on the decline. Spain loses its power in 1588 Era of Religious Wars in Europe: In the 1500s- well into 1600s with protestant reformation. Protestant vs. Catholics- both viewed each other as minions of Satan. ○ Mean they viewed each other as followers of satan and not following a true religion. Political element to it. Europe is tearing eachother apart in the 1600s due to religion. States enforced religious uniformity- attempt to avoid sedition(negative stuff said against gov) for legitimacy. 30 years of war-region of Germany in the holy roman empire between catholics and protestants. Both sides used mercenaries and led to a lot of civilian death and destruction of towns. ○ The Juggernauts- are french protestants who rebel against french monarchy who are catholic. France tries to run them out of France and are successful and they go to America. ○ Tudor conquest of ireland- monarchs of england who subjugate ireland and they fight. A lot of death and blood. The Witchcraft Hysteria: 15 and 1600s. When England goes crazy about witches. Europe is catholic or protestant but both believe in sorcery and that there are different types of magic. ○ White magic-good and black magic- bad. Only able to do black magic if they have been influenced or follow the devil. This is like animism. A lot of papal inquisitions, the pope holds witch trials.  To execute people for witchcraft and not following christianity. People were burned at the stake. Usually defenseless old women, bad things that happened were blamed on these witches. These women were just used as scapegoats. Mostly women because of misogyny and more susceptible to the devil. Eve ate the apple in christianity so the reason sin exists is because woman ate the apple. She came from the rib of Adam and that Eve is evil and comes from man. Kinda done for no reason. The Rise of Nationalism and Capitalism: Nationalism is devoted to the nation. Capitalism is the means of production that is privately owned; free trade. Relationship with trade and foreign policy becomes intertwined. ○ Mercantilism ties them together. Joint stock company is a company during this time period that is involved in mercantilism and goes out and gets materials and gives them back to their country. Stock is %ownership in a company. If you own 8% of 1 mil then you make 80 grand. ○ Catch- go to places where their country has not been colonized, they force people to trade with them. Each company has a private military. Dutch east india company- netherlands, they go to indonesia and colonize it. Not the Dutch gov doing but private business for the dutch. Monopoly over spice trade. British east india company and go to india and make textile mills and get indian textiles. Britain now controls portions of the mughal empire and india. But acc the company. Threaten to kill and conquer if not agree to trade. Joint stock companies lead to colonization. Company acts independently but for the country. The Dutch Empire: Largest merchant fleet in the world at the time, ships with commodities. Majority of europe use dutch east india company and control half of europe’s trade. Most countries don't have enough ships. The Dutch were the most powerful group for a bit, by the 1700s not the case. In the 1600s they ran it though. Exclusive right to trade with Japan. Indonesia. Also cape of good hope South africa. The British Empire: Colonies were Jamestown,Virginia in 1607. Not the first British colony in the new world but this is the first successful one. Jamaica- took it from spain. Barbados. St. Knits. Both in caribbean. Small islands but are very rich. Most profitable for European colonizers. Profits from the Caribbean exceed profits from trade in India and china. Sugarcane helps make molasses-rum-sugar. Jamestown does tobacco. Sir Walter Raleigh(married pocahontas) learned from native americans(indians). The British government encouraged tobacco. Popular by the 1650s. The French Empire: Quebec(modern Canada); hunted beavers in the cold because they couldn't grow crops. Beaver gave hides and pelts that were very high quality. Everyone wants these for clothes. They also peacefully interact with the native americans because they know about hunting patterns. And to trade with them. st. dominique, western half of hispaniola-taken from spain. Plantations for sugar. India has various trade points. The Philippines: Spanish trade outpost in manila. It's a harbor. The Ming dynasty switched from paper currency(tang and song) to silver coins. Trade with spain to get silver for coins from america's.Traded american bullion(silver) for silk- shipped to spain through mexican ports Tokugawa Shogunate: 1603 to 1868 AD. last shogunate in Japanese history. End feudal wars- for 200 years of peace. Centralize power under the Tokugawa family with secret police. Dual state w/ royal family having little power. Loyalty created by secret police watching gov workers. Family of daimyo was left in edo as “hostages”. Kept them from betraying by threatening to kill their families. National spirit begins to emerge, members of the Yamato race and all Japanese people are together. National identity. Isolationism: Originally allowed European missionaries into japan. Portuguese Jesuits and Spanish Franciscans spread Catholicism peacefully. Successful with conversions. Shogunate concerned they would politically divide Japan and be loyal to the pope instead of the shogun. Peasant rebellion turned into a christian rebellion against the shogunate. Shogunate then killed all christians, including Japanese and also kicked out all europeans. Just wanted all christians out no matter if they are japanese or euro. Now euros are not allowed to japan. One dutch ship a year allowed to unload at nagasaki while being heavily supervised by the shogunate “ Economic Change: From manor economy to mercantile. Gradually morphs. Begin to adopt a more mercantile economy, the only trade with dutch but become more based on industry. Feudalism becomes obsolete. Class line broke down as wealth determined status; into the wealthy merchant class who purchased samurai. Daimyo borrows money from merchants to save their status. Power is based on wealth instead of family name, instead of lineage. As they borrow money they go further into debt. Japanese Culture: Also begins to change and morph away from feudal structure to urbanization. Edo or modern day tokyo. Osaka and kyoto. Trade hubs and industry based in these cities. Bourgeois and cosmopolitan. Geisha girls- beauty queens new gender norm. Some urbanize and half stay rural. Prostitution becomes rapant in these cities, different from geisgar girls. Development of Japanese culture. Kabuki drama- live theater. For everyone paid for by the wealthy but everyone consumes it. Confucian scholars come from China after the fall of ming. From national identity and popular culture and away from feudal transitions but not completely switched to industry. Emergence of modern japan. Qing Dynasty (ch’ing) 1936 (1644)-1912 AD Last Chinese dynasty ever. The Han Chinese, ethnic Chinese, lost to the Manchus from nomadic invasions and conquest. Manchuria. They used guns purchased from the Portuguese traders in the 1600s. Overthrow the Ming dynasty. Ruled by non-Chinese ethnic groups. Largest and most centralized Chinese dynasty. Very powerful. Bring back the civil service system and exam. They exalted the state cult of Confucianism and required temples to be maintained in every district, and had to be confucian. They are from submission chinese men. Were required to wear manchu clothes and hairstyle (queue). The population increased while the Qing were in power. Western Influence: Under the Ming it was more isolationism. Trade silver with spain. Europe is in Asia now. The euro pillaged Chinese ships to steal merchandise. They raided and looted coastal towns. All euros are banned from China because of these bad things. Except for the island of Macau, it was a Portuguese colony in 1557. The Chinese built a wall around the entire city of macao. Do allow french jesuits to convert chinese to christianity. Trying to control western influence in china. As west expands into east, China and Japan lead into more isolationism because of the threat to legitimacy. Patriarchal: Prostitution and concubinage flourished. Female widows were to stay in permanent mourning or commit suicide. Men have complete control over women lives. Foot binding surged in popularity and stay a continuity. The Age Of Absolutism (europe, 1638-1789): Absolutism is a historiographical term used to describe a form of monarchical power that is unrestrained by all other institutions, such as churches, legislatures, or social elites. Monarchs having absolute power over their state. Absolute rule carried out through armed forces, legal system, collection and distribution of tax revenues. Starting in this age, monarchs no longer use mercenaries, form armies and militaries that are directly united to them. Social identity to the emperor. Create a legal system that protects the king's power. Everyone within the empire is taxed, the monarch has more power now with wealth. State before all other institutions, state before church and before nobility. To get nobles to submit to the monarchs, through appeasement or coercion. Using wealth titles and estates or government jobs. Gave them more control over serfs. Relationship between state power and economic innovation/expansion= need more taxes. peasants/serfs taxed by nobility carried out the taxation- kept some of the revenue for themselves. King knew but was okay to coerce the nobles. Rulers have to justify actions they took- responsible for the well -being of subjects. Popular amongst Europeans because it offered stability from all the religious wars. The Rule Of Theater: Louis fourteenth absolute monarch. He acted and conducted himself to create absolutism. He was considered the SUN KING, ruler with divine right. And he was endowed with god-like powers. He creates this image within his own people. He had a healing touch. Very rarely appears to the general public so it strengthens the image and rumor. He ties national identity to catholicism. Religious uniformity = national unification. Centripetal force. VS. Huguenots are persecuted because they are protestant. Destroyed churches and schools and they flee to south africa and america. One king, one law, one faith is their saying. Constructed the palace of versailles. The Time of Troubles in Russia 1598 Rurikid Tsar dies with no heir Six kings in Fifteen years Time period of political and social upheaval 1613 replaced by Romanov Dynasty The Romanov Rule of Russia Tsar Peter I= Peter the Great Westernized Russia ○ Travel to England and Holland to recruit skilled foreign workers ○ Cut “Eastern Beards” of Russian Noblemen ○ Published book of manors-no spitting on floor or eating with one’s fingers ○ Creation of standing army: 1/20 males conscripted for lifelong service Ruled as Despot ○ Replaced dumas (group of noblemen who advised the prince then Tsar on state matters) with “national assembly” ○ Opposition gibbeted outside Kremlin ○ Heavily taxed serfs ○ Gave control of serfs to nobility The Scientific Revolution Europe 1600s Reason over faith Idea that their are natural laws that apply to the world Empiricism -the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience Sir Isaac Newton ○ Principia (1687) Newton's laws of motion law of universal gravitation Ottoman Decline Ottoman Governance Circle of Equity ○ State needs a large army to exercise authority ○ There can be no army without wealth ○ To generate wealth, the state most promote the prosperity of its people ○ For people to be prosperous, the state must enforce just laws Centralized government in Istanbul, but local provinces and towns ruled by local nobility in charge of carrying out the rule of law and collection of taxes At first, Arabs were not used By 1720s, Arabs were taking office and increasing their influence on local affairs Noble rule of Damasus broke the circle of equity ○ Landed nobles hoarded extra grain to artificially increase prices ○ Rampant prostitution largely funded by the town soldiers Sharia Law not followed=loss of state’s legitimacy Ali Bey Egyptian Dictator (1760-1773) Mamluk Withheld payment of taxes from Istanbul Attempted to achieve independence from Ottomans and return the Mamluk sultanate Viewed Ottoman rule of Egypt as illegitimate Murdered envoys from Istanbul Militarily expanded ○ Sought Catherine the Great’s help ○ She gave them assistance of Russian fleet Overthrown by local commander for this alliance Wahhabism Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab ○ Believed the Arab world needed to return to a conservative interpretation of the Quran and rule by a caliph ○ Called for execution of women who committed adultery ○ Exiled from local community Accepted by Muhammad ibn Sa’ud who was the leader of a nearby oasis 1774/75-start of the first Saudi state Wahhabis believed Sufis were polytheistic for attempting to achieve a mystical union with their creator Took Mecca 1803 Blocked Ottomans on the Hajj Used Egyptian mamluk rulers to seize Mecca and Medina by 1813 The prvoinces and states were too big and the rulers wouldn’t follow the sharia laws. Sa’ud still rules arabia They rise create the first state