Unit #2 Review Guide - The Rise of the British Empire PDF

1 } Unit #2: Review Guide - The Rise of the British Empire The Protestant Reformation Growing concerns about the corrupt power and influence of the Catholic Church in the 16th century fomented challenges to church doctrine known as the Protestant Reformation. Questionable church practices included...

1 } Unit #2: Review Guide - The Rise of the British Empire The Protestant Reformation Growing concerns about the corrupt power and influence of the Catholic Church in the 16th century fomented challenges to church doctrine known as the Protestant Reformation. Questionable church practices included simony, indulgences, excessive papal wealth, and clerical violations of church and biblical rules of behavior. The initial challenges to Catholic orthodoxy were meant to  2 reform the practices of the church, but ultimately led to a schism in European Christendom. The split in European Christianity resulted in far-reaching political and social changes. (The Protestant Reformation: A Guide For Teachers & Students) Context Previous attempts at reform in Europe (Jan Huss, John Wycliffe) Both men were executed for their "blasphemy" against church doctrine Martin Luther  3 A Catholic Monk. Motivated by what Luther believed were corrupt practices within the Church While indulgences were a key focus of reformers during this time, many other questionable practices preceded it. For many years, clerical immorality such as the neglect of celibacy, drunkenness,and gambling, led people to question the moral authority of the church. Other questionable administrative practices included simony, nepotism, and pluralism. All of these practices had the cumulative effect of diminishing the respect for and authority of the Catholic Church. (The Protestant Reformation: A Guide For Teachers & Students) The most controversial practice during the Reformation period was the sell ing of indulgences by the Catholic Church. Indulgences were papal pardons for the reduction of the time a soul spent in purgatory. The money raised by the sale of indulgences was used to fund the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome was authorized by Pope Leo X in the early 1500’s. (The Protestant Reformation: A Guide For Teachers & Students) Many groups prospered and suffered as a result of the selling of indulgences. Besides the steady flow of vast sums of money into the hands of church officials, merchants, laborers, and bankers gained wealth through the use of money obtained from the selling of indulgences. On the other hand, state and national leaders, such as the German princes, saw their coffers regularly depleted as funds flowed south to Rome. Enticed by the idea of a quicker avenue to heaven, the poor were encouraged to spend money on a religious luxury they could not afford. (The Protestant Reformation: A Guide For Teachers & Students) Luther taught that salvation and, subsequently, eternal life are not earned by good deeds but are received only as the free gift of God’s grace through the believer’s faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin. His theology challenged the authority and office of the pope by teaching that the Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge from God, and opposed priestly intervention for the forgiveness of sins by considering all baptized Christians to be a holy priesthood. Those who identify with these, and all of Luther’s wider teachings, are called Lutherans, though Luther insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ. (Lumen Learning: Boundless World History) Luther excommunicated from Catholic church and branded a heretic by Emperor Charles V The emperor presented the final draft of the Edict of Worms on May 25, 1521, which declared Luther an outlaw, banned his literature, and required his arrest: “We want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic.” (https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/protestantism/) Luther's followers are called "Lutherans" and many other denominations of Christianity are formed  4 Effects of the Reformation Increased literacy Empowerment of women Independent thinking Numerous denominations of Christianity in western Europe Wars between Christians across Europe A lessening of Church influence in matters of state (German kingdoms & England under Henry VIII) Colonization: Colonial territories of the world will establish a "Catholic Nature" (Spain/Portugal/France) or a "Protestant Nature." (England/Holland)  5 Henry VIII The Nature of his reign as King War of the Roses results in the Tudor Dynasty coming to power in England.  6 Henry VII (father of Henry VIII) is the new King. I as Weak claim to the throne of England = Henry VIII's concern for a male heir Henry VIII claimed the throne in 1509 and married Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella) and their daughter Mary was born in 1516. Catherine was the widow of Henry VIII's deceased brother Arthur. Characteristics as king "Henry had charm and intelligence. Fluent in six languages, a gifted musician, a patron of the arts, he had a grasp of theology remarkable for a monarch and was an apt student of mathematics. It was not uncommon for Henry, according to Thomas More's son-in-law and biographer, William Roper, to sit in his private room and confer with the great humanist on "matters of astronomy, geometry, divinity and... his worldly affairs." Henry was also a superb athlete who could tire out horses in a chase and opponents in tennis; he could shoot an arrow straighter than his archers, and he took the lead in tournaments and jousts." (World History in Context, pg. 3) "In the first part of his reign, he devoted his energies to the pursuit of pleasure and to war (with some success against France, with more against Scotland, but all at great cost), and he otherwise left the business of government in the capable but greedy hands of Cardinal Wolsey. But then, beginning in about 1527 and coinciding with problems of divorce, the beast in Henry began to overwhelm the beauty."( World History in Context, pg. 4) Henry VIII and Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation Henry VIII remained a royal Catholic following the 1517 posting of the 95 Theses and the fracturing of the Catholic Church Was coined with the phrase "Defender of the Faith" by Pope Leo X for Henry's book in defense of Catholicism Henry VIII's Reformation By 1527, Henry VIII and Catherine's only child was Mary. Henry VIII desires a  7 son. He seeks an annulment based on the advice of Cardinal Wolsey Pope Leo X denies the annulment (Catherine of Aragon is niece of Emperor Charles V) Wolsey fails to get the annulment and is removed from his office Thomas Cromwell steps in to replace Wolsey and secures The Act in Restraint of Appeals in March, 1531 Henry VIII's marriage with Catherine of Aragon is annulled. He quickly marries Anne Boleyn. The English Reformation is a "top down" reformation. Moreover, the rich, corrupt, and uncelibate Cardinal Wolsey, who was also Henry's chief minister, symbolized the worldly aspects of the Church in its worst light. And it was Wolsey who was charged with the responsibility for persuading the pope to grant the divorce. At this task Wolsey failed and, for political reasons, the papacy kept its involvement at a minimum and itself uncommitted. For his failure, Wolsey was forced from his political office in 1529 and surely would have been tried (for exceeding his authority) and executed had his natural death not beaten the executioner's ax. (World History in Context, pg. 6) By 1531, little progress toward divorce had been made. At this point Thomas Cromwell, a former aide to Wolsey and a member of the Privy Council, emerged with a plan that would not only take care of the divorce but also help in creating England as a sovereign national state. Cromwell was the driving force in the decade of the 1530s, and it was he who gave a coherence and purpose to policy that had otherwise been lacking during Henry's reign. (World History in Context, pg. 6) SUPREME POWER The Act in Restraint of Appeals (March, 1531)  8 The crucial Act in Restraint of Appeals became law in March, and henceforth all decisions of the English church court would be final and not subject to appeal to the pope. (World History in Context, pg. 7) The Act in Restraint of Appeals, formulated by Cromwell with Henry's support, essentially stated a new doctrine: the king was supreme head and the country was a sovereign state free from all foreign authority...(World History in Context, pg. 7) An Act of Supremacy in 1534 made Henry the "Supreme Head of the Church of England." The Anglican Church does the not RADICALLY break from Catholicism in regards to doctrine Henry VIII granted the land of the monasteries to noblemen in return for their support Power, wealth, sovereignty and expansion = the foundations for the British Empire The destruction of the monasteries ("putrefied oaks" one contemporary called them) eliminated the last sources of papal support in England, and it provided vast amounts of land (about one-tenth of the country) and income--first from the revenue and then from the sale of more than half of that land--to a financially troubled government. Moreover, the sale of those lands, to the gentry and the nobility, tied these powerful segments of society to the new order. (World History in Context, pg. 7) The Legacy of Henry VIII and Royal Inheritance The six wives of Henry VIII (Catherine, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleaves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr) The executions of Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard The three children (Mary I, Elizabeth I, Edward IV) and the problems of succession. But to return to Henry VIII, the reckless and vicious elimination of his various wives have been the source of many books, dramas and histories and will only be tabulated here for record. Catharine of Aragon, mother of Mary the Catholic, was finally divorced after 20 years. Anne Boleyn, mother of Elizabeth, was beheaded. Jane Seymour, mother of Edward VI, died apparently of natural causes. Of the last three, Anne of Cleves was divorced and Catherine Howard was beheaded while Catherine Parr outlived the king. (Ref. 119) In the last of his reign Henry was the most absolute monarch England had known. His late,  9 terrible disposition may have been in part fashioned by his syphilis and a chronic leg ulcer. Upon his death in 1547 his son by Jane Seymour became Edward VI, when he was ten years old, and he never did gain the strength to rule. (World History in Context, pg. 7) Conclusion England as a sovereign nation Strengthen the position of the English crown Imperial rivals of Spain and France (Catholic nations) On balance, Henry VIII achieved some critical successes: the position of the Crown was strengthened and monarchy in England was raised to near-idolatry; control of the country was exercised--and not without some justification since there was neither a police force, nor a standing army, nor a modern bureaucracy--through fear and the suppression of dissent; the papacy was excluded and the clergy subdued; the administration was reformed; a navy was created (Henry inherited only five ships from his father, but he left 53 to his son); Wales was incorporated and Welshmen were granted equal rights; and much of the great wealth of the Church came under royal control. Henry, Henry, Henry What's going on in other parts of the world during this era? Spanish Empire in Europe (1545) under Emperor Charles V  10 England (with Wales in 1542) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  11 Edward VI (1547 - 1553) Edward was raised to be king by a regency privy council that was chosen by Henry VIII. Edward would be crowned king as soon as possible after the death of Henry VIII (Edward was only 9 years old).  12 Privy Council was intentionally “Protestant” to raise Edward as Protestant Lord Somerset (Edward Seymour, the uncle of Edward Tudor) was quickly voted Lord Protector. Somerset lost support due to financial problems and social unrest. Duke of Northumberland (John Dudley - Earl of Warwick) becomes Protector and seems to have improved economic conditions by utilizing a skilled businessman, Thomas Gresham, to solve England’s challenges. The Church of England became much more Protestant during Edward’s reign. This was led by Archbisoph of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer. The incorporation of English language into the services, incorporating the concept of “faith alone” as a significant element of belief, removal of icons, Common Prayer Book, Evidence of rebellion in western and eastern England against changes to church in 1549. By 1553, a Protestant Church had been established by Edward’s government. The doctrine and the liturgy of the Church had been transformed from the top. The attacks on the appearance and practices of the Church were profound. Exercise of power by the government extended to the very language used in worship. English replaced Latin and words which had been fundamental in Catholic doctrine, such as “Mass” were forbidden. The extent to which the changes were supported, and how far the laity were Protestant by Edward’s death, is more difficult to assess. Evidence from wills is inconclusive in terms of conveying beliefs. Some evidence is open to interpretation; was the decline in money left to parish churches in people’s wills between 1547 and 1552 the result of Protestant conversion or the result of the attack on ritual and images? What is known, is that in some localities, such as those in the south-west and Lancashire, liturgical objects and vestments were hidden away before the arrival of commissioners only to be brought out on the death of Edward and the accession of Mary. It seems clear that the Edwardian Reformation was a political event from above rather than a religious movement from below. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  13 Mary I (1553 - 1558) Crisis over succession. Henry VIII left Mary in succession in his will (after children of Edward VI, who did not have any children) Lady Jane Grey named Queen for about two weeks Mary had support from provincial nobles and gentry Mary has Duke of Northumberland tried and executed She marries Philip II of Spain in October of 1553 Despite the fears that the succession of Mary Tudor as a woman and a Catholic would plunge England into a political and religious crisis, the transition from Protestant Edwardian regime passed relatively smoothly for the majority of England. The small rebellions that existed were localized and did not last long,  14 and government control was not seriously challenged. The reason for the smooth transition may have been because religion and authority were based in parliamentary legislation. Mary was astute in recognizing the importance of such laws. She was also ultimately aware of the importance of carrying the Political Nation and the Privy Council with her; she married Philip but gave him no real power. Her attempt to restore England as a Catholic country failed partly because of the brevity of her reign. What should have been the restoration of relations with Rome was further undermined by the election of Pope Paul IV who did not recognize Mary's leading cleric (Cardinal Pole). Unlike her father, Mary was not the Supreme Head of the Church, but whilst her regime remained at odds with the papacy, England could not be fully part of the one Holy Church of Rome.  15 Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Religious Settlement (1559) 1. Elizabeth as Supreme Governor of Church of England (rather than Supreme Head) 2. Act of Uniformity (mandatory attendance at Anglican mass or fined, use of a Book of Common Prayer, keeps the crucifix as a symbol in both Anglican and Catholic churches)  16 Reeves: “She is opposed to the hard-line reform position.” (The birth of the Puritans - John Knox who has been inspired by Calvin. The Parliament Parliament’s power had really increased in 1530’s when Henry VIII used it to split from Catholic Church. The nobility who supported Henry were rewarded with confiscated church lands (Monasteries) as well as special positions. House of Lords: Nobility House of Commons: Gentry (Sons of nobility who could not inherit titles), Burgesses The line between gentry and burgesses was becoming blurred during the 16th century. - Elizabeth used Parliament to raise taxes, but was cautious not to let Parliament persuade her too much. - Many of the members of the House of Commons were Puritans (also known as congregationalists) who were challenging government decisions. She was the first Tudor to recognize a monarch ruled by popular consent. She therefore always worked with parliament and advisers she could trust to tell her the truth—a style of government that her Stuart successors failed to follow. (Lumen, pg. 6) The Rise of The British Empire EMPHASIS ON THE GROWTH OF ENGLISH TRADE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH. THE RESULT IS SUCCESSFUL MERCHANT ADVENTURERS AND PRIVATE COMPANIES. Further, English ships began a policy of piracy against Spanish trade and threatened to plunder the great Spanish treasure ships coming from the new world. (Lumen, pg. 4) In 1562, Elizabeth sent privateers Hawkins and Drake to seize booty from Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of West Africa. Spain was well established in the Americas, while Portugal, in union with Spain from 1580, had an ambitious global empire in Africa, Asia, and South America; France was  17 exploring North America. England was stimulated to create its own colonies, with an emphasis on the West Indies rather than in North America. (Lumen, pg. 5) In the last half of the century foreign trade began to be an important part of the English economy for the first time and in the last quarter, there was a great overseas expansion, first with piracy and then world-wide trade. The Merchant Adventurers was a wool and cloth, closed corporation which actually operated primarily outside of England in Antwerp and later Hamburg. Joint stock companies including the Muscovy Company (1555), the Levant Company (1581) and the English East India Company developed. Sir Francis Drake, the most unscrupulous of the English pirates, left England in 1577 to sail through the Strait of Magellan and enter the Pacific, there harassing every Spanish ship, ransacking cities of Chile and Peru and finally sailing up past San Francisco and then across to the Moluccas and Java. He arrived home with great loot, to be made a hero, and gave hope to English farmers and shepherds who were resenting feudal taxes and tithes. That trip really stimulated the colony experiments of the next century. The defeat of Spanish invasion by the Armada (1588) secures Protestantism in England and establishes England (Scotland, Ireland) as a European power. Attempted colony of Roanoke (1585). Permanent colonies would be established in North America by 1607. (Jamestown, Virginia)  18 The Stuart Monarchs: James I & Charles I ‘Between 1603 and 1640, relations between the monarchy and its subjects deteriorated.’ (Change & Revolution, pg. 397) JAMES I (1603 - 1625) I. Parliament - House of Commons (gentry, burgesses) gaining power. Primogeniture - House of Lords (only nobility) weakening in power - Divine Right James I: "The Kings Are Justly Called Gods" James I believed that he owed his superior authority to God-given right, while Parliament believed the king ruled by contract (an unwritten one, yet fully binding) and that its own rights were equal to those of the king. II. Religion: - Son of Catholic Mary Queen of Scots - But raised Protestant. - The Gunpowder Plot (1605) - Catholics/Anglicans/Presbyterians/ Puritans - Puritan beliefs (hierarchy-congregationalists, The Millenary Petition, "Power from below" Religious/Political Implications) - King James Bible (A compromise), III. The Economy & Domestic Issues: - selling titles of nobility, customs duties, Charters and privileges for private companies (East India Company) (Virginia Company) IV. Empire: - England/Ireland/Scotland/Wales - Colonization - North America (1607) of Jamestown, Virginia - The Pilgrims (Purtians) (Thanksgiving in United States) (1620)  19 CHARLES I (1625 -1649) I. Parliament: Wealthy House of Commons, Puritan dominated House of Commons, Desire for more political power that matched wealth, Petition of Right, Dissolves Parliament, II. Religion: - marries French Catholic wife - formalizes customs/traditions, - Belief in Divine Right - Imposes Book of Common Prayer in Scotland III. The Economy & Domestic Issues: challenges in raising money from Parliament, Scotland (Presbyterian) - rebellion, Ireland(Catholic) - rebellion, (See Map at bottom of document) IV. Empire: - The Great Migration (1630's) - Massachusetts Bay Colony (New England) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Some Reflections: - The 17th century, like the 16th, was one in which people would experience religion in all aspects of their lives. People view politics through a religious lense, and religion through a political lense. - Protestantism is the defining religious and political identity of North America. So, Protestantism is central to the identity of the people of British North America. This is different than the central and south American colonial experience which is entirely Catholic. - Will sovereignty in England reside with the King or Parliament?  20 Lecture Guide: James I and Charles I Recording: part 1: James I Passcode: 0$T@5LFb (37 minutes) Recording: part 2: Charles I Passcode: 8*PL^dWh Causes of the English Civil War The importance of Parliamentary Democracy in all of the conflict. Eventually resulted in a Constitutional Monarchy that remains to this day (but not until 1689) Divine right (Political Absolutism) vs. Constitutional government Parliament could only legally convene by King’s request Parliament developed “de facto” power over raising taxes  21 Charles marries Henrietta of France “Useless Parliament” of 1625 granted Charles only one year of Tonnage and Poundage tax, whereas historically it had been for life. “Forced Loans” imposed by Charles. Petition of Right (1628) developed by Edward Coke A. No Arbitrary imprisonment B. Taxation only with Parliamentary consent 1629 Charles dissolved parliament 11 years tyranny or era of “Sole Rule?’ “All was not well in England.” Charles was tolerant of Catholics and against extreme Puritans ArchbishopLaud made life for dissenters miserable’ Continued economic challenges to Charles Selling of monopolies (soap monopoly) People living in undesignated domestic space Ship money ——————————————————————————————————----------- Scottish Bishops Wars Scottish National Covenant dedicated to upholding Scottish Presbyterianism at any cost (in response to Prayer Book) Charles I response (prepare for war) created more financial problems First Bishops War of 1639 (result of Prayer book imposed by Laud) Charles summons “Short Parliament” (3 weeks) to raise money Second Bishops War was a complete disaster Charles I has to convene “Long Parliament” (Nov. 3, 1640) More radical members of Parliament (i.e. Earl of Warwick) began to dominate Parliament Grand Remonstrance (1641) (Parliament's opposition to Charles policy) Catholic revolt in Ireland (1641) Charles I takes army to arrest 5 Mp’s (huge failure) Long Parliament (1640) Battle of Edgehill (1642) Battle of Naseby (1645) Execution of King Charles I (1649) Reflection on the Civil War (First phase of English "Revolution") Lawrence Stone (Princeton University)  22 - Was it a Puritan revolution, to whom the driving force behind the whole episode was a conflict of religious institutions and ideologies? - Was it the first clash of the liberty of ordinary citizens against royal tyranny? - Was it the first bourgeois revolution, in which the growing wealth of the middle class struggled to emerge from their feudal oppression? - Was it the first revolution of modernization? A struggle to recreate the institutions of government to meet the needs of a more efficient, rationalist and economically advanced society? Stone says "There is a grain of truth in each of these theories." (Stone, Lawrence. The Causes of the English Revolution, 1529-1642. Routledge, 1996. 52)  23 The Commonwealth/Republic/Interregnum/Protectorate The execution of Charles I led to a unique period of rule in England. Government by a Republic. The Parliamentary Army General, Oliver Cromwell, would become the de facto leader and ultimately be named "Lord Protector" of England, Scotland and Ireland. Republic = "Power is held by the people and their "elected representatives" Parliament was the legislative body with a council of state. Some city-states in Europe had been practicing as Republics. (Venice, Genoa) Also the Swiss Confederacy. Also, the Dutch that rejected Spanish rule and led to a Republic in 1588. The Italian city-states had been inspired by the Roman Republic. In northern Europe, it was the Protestant Reformation that seems to have led to the inspiration for the republic. The execution of Charles I horrified most Europeans on the continent. It was assumed throughout Europe that monarchy was the natural order of government. The Parliament (Rump Parliament) abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords. Made an elected council of state as the executive. It had mixed support. It was the political tool of the army leadership with Cromwell as lord general. Called the "Protectorate," the rule of Oliver Cromwell (1653 - 1658) was really a military dictatorship. In England, the greater part of the nation accepted the Commonwealth and then the Protectorate sullenly. Its de facto authority, as Hobbes argued in Leviathan (1651), was preferable only to the brutal state of nature that was perpetual civil war. Most gentry withdrew from local government, giving way to men lower in the social order and leaving justice and administration in the hands of novices. (Mark A. Kishlansky, "Monarchy Transformed: Britain 1603 - 1714) "Instrument of Government" was created (a constitution) but it didn't last. England was divided into 12 military districts for control Censorship of the press, closed theaters, forbade sports (Puritan beliefs), closing of pubs.  24 In August of 1649 Cromwell led army into Ireland to squash Catholic rebellion Scotland acknowledged Charles II as king of Scotland in 1651. England saw this as a hostile act and so Cromwell attempted to invade. Cromwell defeated the Scots and took Edinburgh. England controlled Scotland all the way to the highlands. This was a source of irritation to the council of state. Charles II then invaded England but lost. Charles II left for France. The Commonwealth fell into disputes among members of Parliament. Cromwell was named "Lord Protector" and asserted himself as a military dictator. Many saw his rule as nothing different than a tyrannical king. Thus, there was support to restore the monarchy after he died. He stated that his eldest son, Richard, should replace him upon his death Read: The End of the English Republic The Rise of British Empire (Economic Growth) The commonwealth built ships and changed the names of old Royalist ships. Blake “The Father of the Royal Navy” (he built the largest Navy the country had ever known and made number of laws and regulations) Protectionist policies. Navigation Act (1651)The Commonwealth was isolated from other countries. France placed embargo on English textiles and England placed embargo on French products. The United Dutch Provinces were also a republic but did not unite the countries. The 7 provinces of the Dutch Republic were rich from North Sea fish, African slaves trade, East Indies, Mediterreanean products. Dutch East India Company (first joint-stock company) Anglo-Dutch Wars:1652 - 1674 Empire in North America includes New England colonies, Virginia, Maryland, Providence Plantation (Rhode Island, Delaware), islands in the Caribbean including Barbados and Jamaica (1655)  25 The Restoration The Problems of The Republic - The experiment with republican government failed. Cromwell quarreled almost as much with Parliament as had the Stuart kings, and parliament resentment of central power resurfaced. Cromwell's commonwealth had neither settled the nation nor solved its problems (Revolution & Change in England, pg. 402)  26 - Oliver Cromwell passes his authority on to his son, Richard Cromwell, but Richard doesn't retain the same support or power base. - There is no clear authority that emerges. - The death of Oliver Cromwell in 1658 was a moment of re-evaluation of the Revolution’s achievements and failures. Support had been intense though shallow; opposition ran silent and deep. (Kishlansky, p. 215) - General Monck, head of the English Army stationed in Scotland, sort of asserts his authority and marches into London and negotiates to restore the monarchy. - The Convention Parliament ( a majority) wants to restore the monarchy. * Most people had never wanted to execute Charles I! Charles II So, Charles II (son of Charles I) was restored as monarch in 1660. a. 19 years old when his father was executed b. He goes into exile. (Disguises himself). Eventually goes to France. c. Declaration of Breda (pardoning of crimes against his father, religious toleration, property will remain in the hands of those who currently own) d. 12 people executed when Charles II restored (plus Cromwell's corpse being destroyed) The Restoration a. Reversal of Puritan rule (theater, pubs, sports, Christmas) b. Anglo-Dutch War (1664) = taking of New Amsterdam (New York City) (the brother of Charles II is James II who is also given the title "Duke of York. When English take New Amsterdam they rename it "New York." c. The Plague of 1665 d. The Great London Fire of 1666 e. Charles prefers toleration, the Anglican church does not f. Clarendon Code: enforces Anglican supremacy. Anti-Catholic g. Catherine of Braganza - Tangiers, Bombay (Mumbai) = India h. Rise of France - Louis XIV = rivalry with England (North America, India, Asia)  27 i. The CABAL j. No heir to the throne = James II (Exclusion Acts Fail) (Charles dies 1685) Political Parties a. Tory (tolerant of Catholics, but still supported Anglican church) b. Whig (anti-Catholic, mostly Presbyterian) James II a. Catholic b. Daughters (Mary & Anne) are Protestant c. Son is Catholic d. anti-Catholics in England unite Political Philosophy a. Thomas Hobbes b. John Locke c. "The State of Nature" (A thought experiment) d. The Social Contract The Glorious Revolution The Glorious Revolution led to the establishment of an English nation that limited the power of the king and provided protections for English subjects. In October 1689, the same year that William and Mary took the throne, the 1689 Bill of Rights established a constitutional monarchy. It stipulated Parliament’s independence from the monarchy and protected certain of Parliament’s rights, such as the right to freedom of speech, the right to regular elections, and the right to petition the king. The 1689 Bill of Rights including trial by jury and habeas corpus (the requirement that authorities bring an imprisoned person before a court to demonstrate the cause f the imprisonment). I. CAUSATION: The myriad of causal factors must not be underestimated.  28 - Trying to understand the complex and multi-faceted politics of a nation and people is nearly impossible. At a time when information was not as available it proved even more difficult. - Ongoing fear of ‘Catholic Tyranny’ England would be merely a ‘satellite state, controlled by Catholic monarchy. They would not have their sovereignty to progress independently. (In this way, it is still linked to the Protestant Reformation.) - To ensure that the monarch could not become a tyrant. It essentially gave the Parliament equal power as the monarch. - The desire for the "middle classes" to be able to shape their future. The influence of the Dutch model serves as the inspiration for this. - To ensure the dominance of Protestantism by establishing the Anglican church as the dominant church of England. II. CONTENTS: The Glorious Revolution established significant change in political governance - A Constitutional Monarchy 1688) with William & Mary on the throne - English Bill of Rights (1689) - Toleration Act (1688) - Triennial Act (1694) III. ITS EFFECTS: The Revolution established significant institutional and economic change - Parliament gained powers over taxation, over the royal succession, over appointments and over the right of the crown to wage war independently, concessions that William thought were a price worth paying in return for parliament’s financial support for his war against France.  29 - Established not only to grow modern financial institutions – most notably the Bank of England founded in 1694 – but also to greater scrutiny of crown expenditure through parliamentary committees of accounts. V. Historical conclusions: "The Revolution of 1688-89 was not a self-contained event lasting only a few months. To understand it in such narrow chronological terms is to miss the radical significance of the revolution. Instead, it is best to understand the revolution as a process set in motion in the wide-ranging crisis of the 1620's which unleashed an opposition movement [...]. By the end of the revolutionary [17th] century, the English state, society, culture and religion had been transformed. England had diverged from the Continental pattern on every dimension." "Was this revolutionary transformation a bourgeois revolution? Not in the sense that a self-conscious class, the bourgeoisie, overthrew another class to place itself in power. [It] was characterized by conflict, insecurity, and uncertainty rather than by unity or group consensus." Nevertheless, it is, I claim, justifiable to understand the Revolution of 1688-89 as a bourgeois revolution in a cultural and political sense. England in the later seventeenth century was [...] a trading nation. In the later seventeenth century, England had become 'one of the most trading countries in Europe' where 'the greatest body of the commonalty is that of traders, or men that live by buying and selling.' In England [...] merchants played a critical role in shaping public opinion. [They] embraced urban culture, manufacturing, and economic imperialism. "The First Modern Revolution radically transformed England and ultimately helped to shape the modern world. The Revolution of 1688-89 was a radically transformative event in England's century of revolution. The revolutionaries reversed England's foreign policy, rearranged England's economic priorities, and reconfigured the Church of England. Like all revolutions, the Revolution of 1688-89 arose out of competing visions of social, economic and political modernity - visions made possible only by the social and economic developments of the second half of the seventeenth century. The Revolution of 1688-89 was the culmination of a long and vitriolic argument about how to transform England into a modern nation." - Steve Pincus "1688: The First Modern Revolution" 30