Merriman Teacher Notes 2023 Summer PDF

# The Two Reformations ## 1457 Pope announced indulgences could be applied to family members * Wealthy easier access to heaven * Church offices were cardinals (mostly Italian clergy benefitted) * Lived in Rome but were cardinals for places far away (but didn't care about those places but went to th...

# The Two Reformations ## 1457 Pope announced indulgences could be applied to family members * Wealthy easier access to heaven * Church offices were cardinals (mostly Italian clergy benefitted) * Lived in Rome but were cardinals for places far away (but didn't care about those places but went to the wealthy families of popes to give members cushy jobs to ↑ Fanny's wealth) * Priests charged high fees for burials * Cleric immune from civil justice * Moral abuses: Clergy supposed to be celebate but most had concubines & children * Nepotism- giving jobs to family members * Experienced deep guilt over sin & doubts about salvation ## 1515 Albert of Hohenzollern paid Pope Leo X to become archbishop of Mainz (income) * Albert already got profit from 2 other Church jobs * Albert got loan from Fugger family to pay Pope * Albert needed to pay back loan so authorized selling of indulgences ## Johann Tetzel (Dominican Friar) traveled around the HRE selling indulgences ## Martin Luther was outraged by & protested * Reformation began * RCC eventually responded w/ Catholic/Counter Reformation * Since 1215 penance/confession to a priest necessary for salvation * Priests opportunity to interrogate ## Religious Map of Europe * **Faithful:** Seen as "ble priests/bishops/cardinals/popes all lived immorally" ## 1610 Augsburg Diet refused to give pope it for war against Turks until end financial abuses ## 1512-1517 Fifth Lateran Council * Urged more education for clergy * End some monastic financial abuses * Insisted on chastity ## Martin Luther * Born to peasant (wealthy peasant) family * 1505 caught in storm, made vow if God kept him safe, he would become a monk * Became an Augustinian monk * Became doctor of theology & taught @ University of Wittenberg ## 1517 October 31 Luther posted 95 Theses to door of Church in Wittenberg condemning abuses * Church & false doctrine * Printed & distributed copies as well * Invited opponents to a debate * Pope not amused * Found protector in Frederick!!! Elector of Saxony ## 1518 Luther successfully defended his Theses to Augustinian Superiors * Luther published 3 treatises * Marked final break w/RCC * Faith alone for salvation (good works to follow) * Pope not head of Church or infallible * Called on German rulers to reform the Church in their states * Priesthood of all believers * 2 sacraments (communion & baptism) * Rejected monasticism/nuns ## 1521 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther * Luther publicly burned the pope! * Holy Roman Empire summoned Luther to explain himself * The Diet of Worms * Luther refused to recant, "Here I stand! I can do no other. God condemned by Diet" * Kidnapped by Frederick!!! for safety