Abnormal Psychology Chapter 15 - Quiz 2, Assessment Tasks, Dec 2024 - PDF
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This is a quiz and assessment document for a 2024 Abnormal Psychology course, covering topics such as mood disorders, schizophrenia, and autism.
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15 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment - II Quiz 2 Date: Dec.6, 2024 (Fri.) Time: 3:15-4:45 a.m. Venue: LI-3508 Format: MCs & Questions (35%) Contents: 12. Stress & Health, 13. Social Psychology, 14. Personality, & 15. Abnormal Psychology © 2020 Cengage. Al...
15 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment - II Quiz 2 Date: Dec.6, 2024 (Fri.) Time: 3:15-4:45 a.m. Venue: LI-3508 Format: MCs & Questions (35%) Contents: 12. Stress & Health, 13. Social Psychology, 14. Personality, & 15. Abnormal Psychology © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Assessment Tasks Term Paper – Due on Dec. 13, 2024 (20%) A brief introduction of the theory or concept in psychology Critical appraisal of the chosen theory and concept, and relevant empirical Studies with reference to practice and implication Organizations Use of sources / References Writing and reference styles both in APA format Word limits: 1,500 excluding references © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Practical Marks (10%) Participation in Research Studies 30 minutes = + 1 mark, +1.5 marks (lab studies) Submission of Commentary on Articles 250 words = + 2 marks No Show & Lateness Penalty 1 absence = - 1 mark Late for > 5 minutes = - 1 mark Due date of research participation and commentary submission: Dec. 13, 2024 © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Table 15.1 Categories of Psychological Disorders According to DSM-5 Neurodevelopmental Disorders Schizophrenia Spectrum Bipolar and Related Disorders Depressive Disorders Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Trauma-Related Disorders Dissociative Disorders Somatic Symptom Disorders Eating Disorders Elimination Disorders Sleep-Wake Disorders Sexual Dysfunctions Gender Dysphoria Impulse Control Disorders Substance Abuse and Addictions Neurocognitive Disorders Personality Disorders Paraphilias Others © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. module 15.4 Mood Disorders, Schizophrenia, and Autism After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe the symptoms and possible causes of major depression. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of several treatments for major depression. Distinguish bipolar disorder from major depression. List the primary symptoms of schizophrenia. Discuss evidence for a genetic basis of schizophrenia. State the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, and cite evidence that supports it. Describe therapies for schizophrenia. Describe and discuss autism spectrum disorder. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Artists with mental illnesses 曾灶財 King of Kowloon 草間彌生Yayoi Kusama KingofKowloon DottyWorld_Kusama © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Schizophrenia Positive symptoms - symptoms of schizophrenia that are excesses of behavior or occur in addition to normal behavior; hallucinations, delusions, and distorted thinking. – Delusions - false beliefs held by a person who refuses to accept evidence of their falseness. – JohnNash- ABeautifulMind – TheProfessor&TheMadman – DanielFisher_UMassMedicalSchool © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Schizophrenia Delusional disorder - a psychotic disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions (may or may not be schizophrenia). – Hallucinations - false sensory perceptions, such as hearing voices that do not really exist. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Schizophrenia Negative symptoms - symptoms of schizophrenia that are less than normal behavior or an absence of normal behavior; poor attention, flat affect, and poor speech production. – Flat affect - a lack of emotional responsiveness. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized - type of schizophrenia in which behavior is bizarre and childish and thinking, speech, and motor actions are very disordered. Catatonic - type of schizophrenia in which the person experiences periods of statue-like immobility mixed with occasional bursts of energetic, frantic movement and talking. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Types of Schizophrenia Paranoid - type of schizophrenia in which the person suffers from delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy, together with hallucinations. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Schizophrenia Psychosocial factors play a role in schizophrenia, but only trigger it in persons with genetic vulnerabilities. Family members can influence whether patients relapse (expressed emotion). © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Schizophrenia Brain abnormalities: – Enlarged ventricles – Increased sulci size – Hypofrontality – Neurotransmitter differences in dopamine, norepinephrine, glutamate, and serotonin Significant genetic element © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Genetic explanations of schizophrenia © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis Schizophrenia develops with nervous system impairments occur before birth or in early childhood because of either genetics or early environment, especially prenatal environment © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Risk factors of Schizophrenia Mother: – A difficult pregnancy, labor or delivery – Poorly nourished during pregnancy – Infected by influenza, rubella and other infection during first or second trimester – Under extremely stressful experience in first trimester – A mother with Rh-ve blood type given birth to more than on baby with Rh+ve blood Individual: – expose to lead or other toxins in early childhood – Infected by the parasite toxoplasma gondii that attacks the brain © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Schizophrenia (slide 1 of 3) Schizophrenia – a condition marked by a prolonged deterioration of daily activities such as work, social relations, and self-care, and some combination of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and thought, movement disorder, and loss of normal emotional responses and social behaviors – The symptoms must include at least one of the first three (hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech and thought) and at least two of the five overall. – Hallucinations – perceptions that do not correspond to anything in the real world – Delusion – belief that is strongly held despite evidence against it © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Schizophrenia (slide 2 of 3) Prevalence Schizophrenia is: – Most frequently diagnosed in young adults in their 20s – More common in men than women – More severe in men – More common among people who grew up in big cities than among people who grew up in rural areas or small towns Causes Much evidence indicates that it is possible to inherit a predisposition toward schizophrenia. Neurodevelopmental hypothesis – idea that schizophrenia originates with nervous system impairments that develop before birth or in early childhood because of either genetics or early environment, especially prenatal environment © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Schizophrenia (slide 3 of 3) Brain Abnormalities Many people with schizophrenia show indications of mild brain abnormalities. Therapies Antipsychotic drug – a drug that can relieve schizophrenia Typical antipsychotic drugs block dopamine synapses in the brain. Antipsychotic drugs produce unwelcome side effects. – Tardive dyskinesia – a condition characterized by tremors and involuntary movements Atypical antipsychotic drugs – drugs that relieve schizophrenia without causing tardive dyskinesia © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Adherence to medication © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Vulnerability to Schizophrenia Diathesis-stress models propose that disorder is a joint product of a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) and stressors that trigger it Early warning signs of schizophrenia vulnerability: – Social withdrawal – Thought and movement problems – Lack of emotions, decreased eye contact © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Multiple Causation Predisposing High Disorder Amount of stress manifested causes – in place before onset Disorder – make person not manifested susceptible Low – inherited Low High characteristics Predisposition for the disorder – learned beliefs – sociocultural beliefs © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Multiple Causation Precipitating causes High Disorder – immediate events that Amount of stress manifested bring on the disorder (stress) Disorder – loss (e.g., loved one, not manifested job) Low – perceived threat Low High – when predisposition Predisposition for the disorder high, precipitating event may be small © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. No of SEN students in public primary and secondary schools by types from 2014-2021 (EDB, 2021) Sch Sch SpLD ID ASD ADHD PD VI HI SLI MI Total Year Level 14-15 PS 8089 740 3801 3270 114 31 274 1892 18211 SS 10518 905 1985 3641 216 93 383 240 17981 15-16 PS 8365 663 4420 3853 116 34 279 2099 19829 SS 11016 928 2383 4350 194 82 392 300 17789 16-17 PS 8861 671 5019 4349 114 29 296 2517 21756 SS 11259 907 2802 5093 190 78 351 354 21034 17-18 PS 9253 690 5426 4668 117 39 347 2432 22972 SS 11457 827 3276 5863 173 65 339 367 22367 18-19 PS 10370 760 5690 5110 110 40 360 2510 60 25010 SS 11430 830 3840 6780 150 60 310 360 310 24070 19-20 PS 11200 810 6400 5500 110 30 390 2810 70 27320 SS 11480 790 4410 7660 140 60 310 510 500 25860 20-21 PS 11220 930 6880 6030 130 40 380 2910 130 28650 SS 12010 780 4990 8550 140 60 270 530 660 27990 Autistic Spectrum Disorder Autism spectrum disorder – a lifelong condition characterized by impaired social contact The main symptoms are: – Impaired social relationships (little eye contact; little social contact) – Impaired communication (repetitive speech; no sustained conversations) – Stereotyped behaviors (repetitive movements such as flapping fingers) Other symptoms include: – Fluctuations of temperature regulation – Insensitivity to pain – Decreased tendency to become dizzy after spinning with the lights on – A tendency to focus attention narrowly on one item to the exclusion of everything else The causes apparently relate to genetics and prenatal environment. Researchers have found many brain abnormalities related to autism but none that occur consistently. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Autism Awareness Day World Autism Awareness Day & Month RomanceforASD © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Autism Spectrum Disorder (DSM-V, APA, 2013, p. 50) Diagnostic criteria: persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction (A), restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities (B), symptoms present from early childhood (C) and limit/impair everyday functioning (D) A1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity: abnormal social approach and failure of normal back-and-forth conversation; reduced sharing of interests, emotions, or affect; failure to initiate or respond to social interactions A2. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors: poorly integrated verbal and nonverbal communication, abnormalities in eye contact and body language or deficits in understanding and use of gestures, a total lack of facial expressions and nonverbal communication A3. Deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships: difficulties adjusting behavior to suit various social contexts, difficulties in sharing imaginative play or in making friends, absence of interest in peers © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Autism Spectrum Disorder (DSM-V, APA, 2013, p. 50) B1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech: simple motor stereotypies, lining up toys or flipping objects, echolalia, idiosyncratic phrases) B2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines, or ritualized patterns or verbal or nonverbal behavior: extreme distress at small changes, difficulties with transitions, rigid thinking patterns, greeting rituals, need to take same route or eat same food every day B3. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus: strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circumscribed or preservative interests B4. Hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment: apparent indifference to pain/temperature, adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling and touching of objects, visual fascination with lights or movement © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Autism Spectrum Disorder (DSM-V, APA, 2013, p. 50-51) C. Symptoms present in early developmental period, not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities or masked by learned strategies in later life D. Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning. E. Disturbance cannot be explained by intellectual disability or global developmental delay. Prevalence: 1% of children and adults ASD – not a degenerative disorder, learning and compensation can continue throughout life ASD-screening_tools..\CHAT_23_HK.pdf © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Level of Social communication Restricted, repetitive severity behaviors Level 3 Severe deficits in verbal and nonverbal Inflexibility of behavior, extreme - Requiring social communication skills cause difficulty coping with change, or very severe impairments in functioning, very other restricted/repetitive substantial limited initiation of social interactions and behaviors markedly interfere support minimal response to social overtures with functioning in all spheres. from others Great distress/difficulty changing e.g. with few words of intelligence, focus or action responds only to very direct social approaches Level 2 Marked deficits in verbal … Inflexibility of behaviors, … in a - Requiring e.g., speaks simple sentences, limited variety of contexts. substantial interaction and narrow interests support Level 1 Without supports, deficits in … Inflexibility of behaviors, … in - Requiring e.g., speak in full sentences and engage one or more contexts. Difficulty support in communication but whose to-and-from switching between activities. conversation with others fails, and Problems of organization and whose attempts to make friends are odd planning hamper independence and typically unsuccessful. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Age Symptoms 12-24 months - early developmental delays preschool - a gradual or relatively rapid deterioration in social behaviors or language skills - delayed language development plus a lack of social interest or unusual social interactions (e.g. pulling individuals by the hand without any attempt to look at them) -Odd play patterns (e.g. carrying toys around but never playing with them) -Unusual communication pattern (e.g., knowing the alphabet but not responding to own name) - clinical distinction: type, frequency, and intensity of repetitive behavior (e.g., a child who daily lines up objects for hours and is very distressed if any item is moved) childhood -Developmental gains in some areas, e.g., increased interests in social interaction Adolescence - most improve but some deteriorate behaviorally Adulthood - a minority live and work independently if they have superior language and intellectual abilities © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. ASD (DSM-V, 2013, APA, p. 56) Prognostic factors: absence of associated ID and LI (e.g. functional language by age 5 years), absence of epilepsy (associated with ID and lower verbal ability) Risk factors: Environmental: advanced parental age, low birth weight , fetal exposure to valproic acid (in anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing drugs) Genetic: 37-90% in twin concordance rates, 15% associated with genetic mutation Gender: males to females (4:1); female more likely to show ID Functional consequences: hamper learning and social interaction in schools, extreme difficult in eating, sleeping and routine care (e.g., haircuts, dental work), lower adaptive skills, extreme difficulties in planning, organization, and coping with change, social isolation and communication problems in adulthood and old age Comorbidity: intellectual impairment, structural language disorder (i.e. an inability to comprehend and construct sentences with proper grammar), ADHD, developmental coordination disorder, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders Youtube_ASDTips © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. module 15.5 Treatment of Mental Illness After studying this module, you should be able to: Distinguish among forms of psychotherapy. Describe how researchers evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy. Describe possible ways of providing psychotherapeutic help inexpensively to more people. List possible methods to prevent psychological disorders. Discuss the insanity defense and other societal issues related to mental illness. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Overview of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy – treatment of psychological disorders by methods that include a personal relationship between a trained therapist and a client. Psychotherapy has changed greatly from mid-20th century in the following ways for economic and scientific reasons: – Health insurance can pay for therapies instead of patients paying themselves – A greater number of empirically supported treatments – Clearer and more precise diagnoses – Brief therapies that are effective Asian countries have imported the basic framework and techniques for psychotherapy from Europe and North America, although adapted to the cultural context(s). © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Effectiveness of Psychotherapy © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Effective Therapists Warm and direct Establish a positive working relationship Tend not to contradict clients Select important topics to focus on in session Match treatments to needs of clients © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Insight Therapies Psychotherapies where the goal is to expand awareness or insight Include psychodynamic and humanistic therapies © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Treatment – Initiate, engage & maintain change in behavior, emotion, thoughts, environment © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Types of Psychotherapy (slide 1 of 4) Psychodynamic Therapies Psychodynamic therapies – methods that attempt to understand conflicting impulses, including some that the individual does not consciously recognize Psychoanalysis – method that tries to bring unconscious thoughts and emotions to consciousness – Techniques used in psychoanalysis: Free association – procedure in which a client says everything that comes to mind Dream analysis – method that seeks to understood symbolism in reported dreams Transference – situation in which clients transfer onto the therapist the behaviors and feelings they originally established toward their father, mother, or other important person © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Psychodynamic Therapy Believe that abnormal behaviors stem from adverse childhood experiences Analyze avoided thoughts and feelings; wishes and fantasies; significant past events; and the therapeutic relationship Believe that symptoms will vanish when clients gain insight into unconscious material © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Freud’s Model of Personality Structure © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Freud’s Case Histories Dora – a case of hysteria 1882 - Dora born 1888 – Father ill with TB, family move to Berline 1889 – bed-wetting 1890 – dyspnoea – difficult respiration 1892 – Father’s detached retina 1894 – Father’s confusional attack. His visit to Freud. Migraine and tussis nervosa (coughing) 1896 – Scene of the kiss with Herr K. 1898 – Dora’s first visit to Freud. Scene by the lake with Herr K., death of aunt 1899 – appendictis, family leave B and move to factory town 1900 – family move to Vienna. Suicide threat, treatment with Freud 1901 – case history written 1902 – Dora’s last visit to Freud 1905 – Case history published The kissing scene …suddenly clasped the girl to him and pressed a kiss upon her lips. This was surely just the situation to call up a distinct feeling of sexual excitement in a girl of fourteen who had never before been approached. But Dora had at that moment a violent feeling of disgust, tore herself free from the man, hurried past him to the staircase… The displacement of sensation She declared that she could still feel upon the upper part of the body the pressure of Herr K.’s embrace. … I believe that during the man’s passionate embrace she felt not merely his kiss upon her lips but also the pressure of his erect member against her body. This perception was revolting to her; it was dismissed from her memory, repressed, and replaced by the innocent sensation of pressure upon her thorax, … we find a displacement from the lower part of the body to the upper. Dora’s Dream A house was on fire. My father was standing beside my bed and woke me up. I dressed quickly. Mother wanted to stop and save her jewel- case; but Father said: “I refuse to let myself and two children be burnt for the sake of your jewel-case.” We hurried downstairs, and as soon as I was outside I woke up. Personality Structure Migraine, coughing Loss of voice Repressed Abused feeling Appendictis (9 mths after) Wish – Father’s Save You are what you are not aware © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Psychoanalysis Developed by Freud; one of the first forms of therapy Goal is to decrease guilt and frustration and make the unconscious conscious Tries to bring to awareness previously repressed impulses, conflicts, and memories © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Psychoanalysis Six core techniques: 1. Free association 2. Interpretation 3. Dream analysis 4. Resistance 5. Transference 6. Working through © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Freud’s Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis - an insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts. – Dream interpretation Manifest content – the actual content of one’s dream. Latent content – the symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams. – Free association – Freudian technique in which a patient was encouraged to talk about anything that came to mind without fear of negative evaluations. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Freud’s Psychoanalysis Resistance - occurring when a patient becomes reluctant to talk about a certain topic, either changing the subject or becoming silent. Transference - in psychoanalysis, the tendency for a patient or client to project positive or negative feelings for important people from the past onto the therapist. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Types of Psychotherapy (slide 2 of 4) Behavior Therapy Behavior therapy – treatment that begins with a clear, well-defined goal, such as eliminating test anxiety, and then attempts to achieve it through learning Cognitive Therapies Cognitive therapy – procedure that seeks to improve psychological well-being by changing people’s interpretation of events Cognitive-behavior therapy – treatment in which therapists set explicit behavioral goals, but also try to change people’s interpretation of situations © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Types of Learning © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning Behavior therapies - action therapies based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning and aimed at changing disordered behavior without concern for the original causes of such behavior. CognitiveBehaviorTherapy_Techniqu es © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Behavioral Therapy and Classical Conditioning Behavior modification or applied behavior analysis - the use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Behavior Therapy Behavior therapists focus on specific problem behaviors and the variables that maintain them. Assume that behavior change results from the application of basic principles of learning Use a wide variety of behavioral assessment techniques © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Developed by Albert Ellis starting in 1950s Emphasizes changing how we think, as well as how we act How we feel about the consequences of an event is determined by our beliefs or opinions. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. The ABCs of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Set explicit behavioral goals Change people’s interpretation of situations © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Cognitive Restructuring Ellis’s ABC Model of maladaptive arousal Antecedent event: a math test Belief: I’m terrible in Maths Consequence: feeling overly anxious and performance impaired by the inadequate thought 1. What is the evidence for the thought? 2. Is there another way to look at the situation? 3. Even if the thought is true, is it as bad as it seems? CognitiveDistortion CognitiveRestructuring © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Types of Psychotherapy (slide 3 of 4) Humanistic Therapy Humanistic therapists assume that people can solve their own problems. Person-centered therapy (nondirective or client-centered therapy) – procedure in which a therapist listens to the client with total acceptance and unconditional positive regard Family Systems Therapy Family systems therapy – treatment based on the assumption that most people’s problems develop in a family setting and that the best way to deal with them is to improve family relationships and communication Hong Kong Satir Center - Virginia Satir Group Therapies Group therapy – treatment administered to several people at once © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Person-Centered Therapy Developed by Carl Rogers Nondirective – encourages clients to direct the course of their therapy To ensure positive outcome, therapist must: – Be authentic and genuine – Express unconditional positive regard – Show emphatic understanding © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Four Elements of Roger’s Therapy © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Active Listening I am finding this work difficult. This work is s**t. Please help me. F**k off and leave me alone. I do care. I don’t care. S/he does not understand me. This work is too easy (or too hard). S/he hates me. I’m frightened of failing and showing This is boring. myself up in class. I’m not doing this work. I find this subject difficult/or I am frightened of the class/teacher. I’m not going to … I respect you because you have high I hate you. expectations of me. I haven’t got a pen. I’m frightened of failure (or I don’t know how to start). I feel sick. I feel threatened and/or anxious (by the Shut up. work/the teacher/children in the class). You can’t make me do this task. You are embarrassing me. I’m terrified of failing. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Person-Centered Therapy Tries to increase awareness and heightened self-acceptance This ideally causes people to: – Think more realistically – Become more tolerant of others – Engage in more adaptive behaviors © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Types of Psychotherapy (slide 4 of 4) Group Therapies Group therapy – treatment administered to several people at once Morita Therapy Therapies imported from Western cultures may not be effective for other cultures, originated in Japan Morita therapy – treatment focuses on helping people accept unpleasant emotions as a natural part of human existence rather than eliminating symptoms per se © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Third Wave of CBT After behavioral (first) and cognitive (second), these therapies focus on acceptance. Includes Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Cognitive_Fusion_Defusion_ACT Highly eclectic; remains to be seen if these are superior to established CBT methods © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Mindfulness based stress reduction (Kabat-Zinn, 2005) Mindfulness training Mindfulness training- 2 Mindfulness_for_kids Mindfulness_Brain_Emotion Mindfulness_JCPanda Mindful_Breathing Mindful_parenting Mindfulness_SEN NewLife_Mindfulness © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Animal Therapy Some therapists claim that contact with dolphins can treat a variety of psychological problems, including autism. However, research does not support the idea that dolphin therapy is effective for any problem or disorder (Marino & Lilienfeld, 1998; 2007). © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Five Stages of Grief (Kübler-Ross, 1969) Denial & Isolation Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. How Effective is Psychotherapy?/ Comparing Theories The average person in therapy improves more than at least 80 percent of the equally troubled people not in therapy. In general, all mainstream therapies appear about equally effective, although cognitive or cognitive-behavioral therapy is somewhat better for reducing anxiety or other primary symptoms. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Sequential model of promotion, prevention, and treatment Health Promotion Prevention Treatment Interventions to Interventions to Whole population At-risk groups Interventions to Increase health Reduce risk to Individual patients & well being Develop problem Alleviate problem Universal Selective Indicated preventive intervention © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Ten Tips for Stress Management – YouTube © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. The Future of Psychotherapy and Prospects for Prevention Community psychologists – those who try to help people change their environment, both to prevent disorders and to promote a positive sense of mental well-being Prevention – avoiding a disorder from the start We need careful research to identify effective methods of prevention and treatment. Effective prevention programs: – Give participants active practice at specific behaviors – Build up step by step from simpler skills to more complex ones – Work with people at appropriate times in their lives Examples of effective prevention programs: – Educate pregnant women about prenatal care. – Outlaw smoking in public places and educate people about the risks of smoking. – Help people get jobs. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Social Issues Related to Mental Illness Deinstitutionalization – the removal of patients from mental hospitals Deinstitutionalization was and is a good idea in principle but only if implemented well, and too often it has not been, as many patients released from mental hospitals do not receive adequate alternative care. The Duty to Protect Tarasoff case – court ruling that a therapist who has reason to believe that a client is dangerous to someone must warn the endangered person or take other steps to prevent harm The Insanity Defense Some defendants accused of a crime are acquitted for reasons of insanity, which is a legal rather than a medical or psychological concept. M’Naghten rule – statement that someone is legally insane if he or she was so mentally disordered at the time of an act as not to understand what he or she was doing © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.