Mental Health Disorders Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What type of causes are thought to immediately bring on a disorder?

Underlying causes

Contributory causes

Chronic causes

Precipitating causes (correct)

Which of the following symptoms is NOT generally associated with autism spectrum disorder?

Stereotyped behaviors

Impaired social relationships

Impaired communication

Expert verbal communication (correct)

What is a common misconception about the causes of mental health disorders?

They can arise from both genetics and environmental influences

They affect only children

They are purely environmental

They are solely due to genetic factors (correct)

In the prevalence of special educational needs, what indicates that the number of students with such needs has been generally increasing?

A rise in reported cases across different types Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is considered critical in understanding how stress can influence mental health?

A small precipitating event can have significant effects if predisposition is high Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a key symptom of major depression?

Persistent sadness or low mood Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant genetic factor associated with schizophrenia?

Family history of schizophrenia Signup and view all the answers

Which emotional manifestation is commonly observed in individuals experiencing anxiety disorders?

Excessive worry Signup and view all the answers

In terms of sociocultural factors, which aspect is likely to affect mental health significantly?

Social support networks Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes bipolar disorder from major depression?

Bipolar disorder includes episodes of mania Signup and view all the answers

Which category of psychological disorders includes autism?

Neurodevelopmental Disorders Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential advantage of cognitive-behavioral therapy for major depression?

It helps in changing negative thought patterns Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following has been found to correlate with higher prevalence of special educational needs?

Family dynamics and stressors Signup and view all the answers

Stress can significantly impact mental health by contributing to which disorder?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological disorder is characterized by excessive fears of specific objects or situations?

Phobia Signup and view all the answers

What psychological issues have some therapists claimed dolphin therapy can help with?

Psychological problems including autism Signup and view all the answers

Which therapy method is reported to be somewhat better for reducing anxiety symptoms?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is one key goal of community psychologists?

To help change people's environments for better mental health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages is NOT part of Kübler-Ross's Five Stages of Grief?

Defiance Signup and view all the answers

What is the aim of preventive interventions in mental health care?

To avoid the onset of disorders Signup and view all the answers

How much improvement is noted among people in therapy compared to equally troubled individuals not in therapy?

More than 80 percent improvement Signup and view all the answers

Which type of preventive intervention targets at-risk groups?

Selective interventions Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a key aspect of health promotion in mental health?

Treating individual patients Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of careful research in mental health practices?

To identify effective prevention and treatment methods Signup and view all the answers

Which stage in the Five Stages of Grief involves recognizing and accepting one's emotional pain?

Acceptance Signup and view all the answers

What do diathesis-stress models suggest about the onset of schizophrenia?

It involves a combination of genetic vulnerability and stressors. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential early warning sign of schizophrenia?

Social withdrawal Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs?

Atypical antipsychotic drugs do not cause tardive dyskinesia. Signup and view all the answers

What could be considered a sociocultural factor contributing to mental health disorders?

Learned beliefs about societal norms Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by tremors and involuntary movements associated with antipsychotic medication?

Tardive dyskinesia Signup and view all the answers

How do predisposing causes influence the manifestation of mental disorders like schizophrenia?

They may not lead to the disorder without additional stress. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of typical antipsychotic drugs?

They are less likely to cause side effects. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between stress and the manifestation of schizophrenia?

Stress can trigger the manifestation of an underlying vulnerability. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common emotional manifestation in individuals feeling threatened in a classroom setting?

Terrified of failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Morita Therapy?

Accepting unpleasant emotions as a natural part of life Signup and view all the answers

Which outcome is ideally aimed for in person-centered therapy?

Heightened self-acceptance Signup and view all the answers

What does the Third Wave of CBT primarily focus on?

Acceptance and commitment Signup and view all the answers

How can mindfulness training potentially benefit individuals experiencing stress?

By promoting greater awareness of thoughts and feelings Signup and view all the answers

What is a reason therapies from Western cultures may not be effective in other cultures?

Different cultures have unique emotional responses Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a symptom of extreme anxiety in a school setting?

Fear of exhibiting oneself Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant challenge related to special educational needs?

Inflexible curricula that do not consider individual differences Signup and view all the answers

What does group therapy primarily involve?

Interactions among multiple individuals receiving treatment together Signup and view all the answers

What behavior might signal an individual’s discomfort in class?

Avoidance of assignments and shutting down Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment - II

This is a course module on abnormal psychology.
It covers disorders and their treatment options.

Quiz 2 Details

Date: December 6, 2024 (Friday)
Time: 3:15 AM - 4:45 AM
Location: LI-3508
Format: 35% multiple choice questions and other questions
Content: Modules 12 (Stress & Health), 13 (Social Psychology), 14 (Personality), and 15 (Abnormal Psychology)

Term Paper Details

Due Date: December 13, 2024
Weight: 20%
Format: APA style
Length: 1,500 words (excluding references)
Content:
- Brief introduction to the chosen psychology theory/concept
- Critical appraisal of the theory/concept, including relevant empirical studies
- Explanation of relevant practice and implications
- Include examples of organizations
- Extensive use of sources and references

Practical Marks (10%)

Research Participation: 30-minute sessions (lab sessions = 1.5 marks)
Commentary Submissions (Articles): 250 words = 2 marks
Attendance Policy:
- 1 absence = -1 mark
- Late arrival (more than 5 minutes) = -1 mark
Submission Deadline: December 13, 2024

Module 15.4: Mood Disorders, Schizophrenia, and Autism

Describe symptoms, possible causes, and treatments for major depression.
Evaluate advantages and disadvantages of depression treatments.
Differentiate bipolar disorder from major depression.
Outline primary symptoms of schizophrenia.
Explain the genetic basis of schizophrenia, including the neurodevelopmental hypothesis.
Cite evidence supporting the neurodevelopmental hypothesis.
Describe schizophrenia therapies.
Describe and discuss autism spectrum disorder.

Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms: Excesses of behavior - hallucinations, delusions, distorted thinking.
- Delusions: False beliefs held despite conflicting evidence.
- Examples (illustrative, not exhaustive): John Nash (from A Beautiful Mind), The Professor & The Madman, Daniel Fisher, et al. at UMass Medical School
Delusional disorder: A psychotic disorder primarily characterized by delusions. (Hallucinations may or may not be present).
Negative symptoms: Absence of normal behavior - flat affect, poor speech, poor attention.
Flat affect: Lack of emotional responsiveness.
Types of schizophrenia:
- Disorganized: Bizarre, childish behavior; disordered thinking, speech, and actions.
- Catatonic: Periods of statue-like immobility alternating with bursts of erratic movement and talking.
- Paranoid: Delusions of persecution, grandeur, and jealousy; hallucinations.
Psychosocial factors: Influence the triggering of schizophrenia in genetically vulnerable individuals.
Family influences: Expressed emotion in a family can affect a person's relapse rate.
Brain abnormalities: Larger ventricles observed in individuals suffering from schizophrenia; Hypo-frontal ity and neurotransmitter differences (e.g., dopamine).
Genetic causes: Increased risk for schizophrenia in relatives.
- The degree of risk correlates with the relatedness to the person
Neurodevelopmental hypothesis: Schizophrenia's onset is related to neural system impairments occurring before or at the beginning of childhood (e.g., prenatal environment, genetics).
Risk factors:
- Maternal factors, including: Difficult pregnancies, exposure to toxins during pregnancy (e.g., lead), infections during pregnancy (e.g., influenza), and maternal stress in early pregnancy.
- Individual factors: exposure to toxins in early childhood (e.g., lead), or infections by parasites.

Schizophrenia (additional symptoms and considerations)

Symptoms: Prolonged deterioration of daily activities (especially in work, social relations, and self-care) accompanied by specific combinations of hallucinations, delusions, speech & thought disorganization, motor disturbances, and loss of normal emotional & social responses.
The diagnostic criteria involve the presence of one or more of the first three core symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech) and at least two of the five overall.
Prevalence: Most frequently diagnosed in young adults, it can be more severe in males, and it is more frequent in people who had been raised in large cities compared to rural areas.
Causes: Potential genetic predispositions or neurodevelopment issues.
Brain abnormalities: Observable and measurable brain abnormalities can be noticed, often involving mild ones.
Treatment: Antipsychotic drugs (typical and atypical) target the brain. A related potential side effect of treatment involves Tardive Dyskinesia
Psychological aspects of the disease: Diathesis-stress model emphasizes both genetics and stressors for triggering the disorder, and the relatedness.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Diagnosis criteria: Persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication & social interaction; restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities (present from early childhood); these symptoms limit or impair everyday functioning.
Symptoms:
- Impaired social relationships (e.g., minimal/no eye contact, limited/zero social interaction).
- Communication problems (e.g., repetitive speech, lack of sustained conversations).
- Stereotyped behaviors (e.g., repetitive movements such as flapping fingers).
- Other symptoms: fluctuations in temperature regulation, insensitivity to pain, a tendency to focus narrowly on one thing, decreased tendency to feel dizziness after spinning with lights on.
Causes: Primarily believed to be related to genetics and prenatal environments. Researchers have identified various brain abnormalities related to autism; however, none of these occur consistently.
Prevalence: 1% of children and adults are diagnosed with autism.
Development: It's not a degenerative condition; learning and compensation can continue lifelong.

Module 15.5: Treatment of Mental Illness

Differentiating types of psychotherapy
Understanding how experts evaluate the success of psychotherapy.
Examining methods of providing cost-effective psychotherapy.
Suggesting ways to prevent psychological disorders.
Assessing the insanity defense and broader societal challenges related to mental health.

Overview of Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy: Treatment methods for psychological disorders via personal relationships between trained therapists and clients.
Changes in Psychotherapy from the mid 20th century: Improved economic accessibility via heath insurance, empirically supported treatment methods, clearer diagnoses, and effective brief therapies.
Cultural contexts: Asian countries have adopted psychotherapeutic frameworks and techniques from Europe and North America but adapted these to their own cultures.

More on Psychotherapy

Effectiveness of Psychotherapy: The average therapy participant shows improvement greater than 80% of comparable people not undergoing therapy. Mainstream therapies mostly have a similar effectiveness, except cognitive or cognitive-behavioral therapy can be slightly more effective for aspects like anxiety.
Effective Therapists: Warmth, directness, and establishing positive client relationships; selecting patient related discussion points; matching treatments.
Types of therapies:
- Insight therapies (exploring unconscious material): Psychodynamic and humanistic approaches.
- Behavior therapies (changing observable behaviors): Classical and operant conditioning are used to understand behavior. Learning is the key concept.
- Cognitive therapies (changing maladaptive thoughts and feelings): Focus on people's interpretations of events; Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to set explicit behavioral goals and change people's interpretations to promote positive change.
Specific techniques: Free association, dream analysis, resistance, and transference in psychodynamic therapy. Cognitive restructuring focuses on changing maladaptive thoughts. Psychoanalytic, Person-centered, Family system, and group therapies.

Stages of Change in Behavior Change

Precontemplation: Unaware or not ready to change.
Contemplation: Acknowledging a problem but not ready to change.
Preparation/Determination: Preparing & planning for change.
Action/Willpower: Making the change.
Maintenance: Sustaining the change.

Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction

Several courses of mindfulness training
Courses related to Mindfulness training for kids and adults, brain, emotion, breathing, parenting, SEN. Also for Mindfulness for kids
Mindfulness techniques and courses for a more balanced life.
Many mindfulness courses from renowned experts on the topic are available.

Risk Factors for Schizophrenia

Maternal Factors: Difficult pregnancies, exposure to certain toxins during pregnancy (for instance, lead), and infections, including influenza, are some of the suggested factors.
Individual Factors: Some evidence suggests exposure to toxins, and/or viral or bacterial infections in early childhood might also play a part in the potential onset.

Five Stages of Grief

Denial & Isolation
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

Deinstitutionalization: Moving people from mental hospitals. While in principle good, it needs effective implementation, including alternative care options.
Duty to Protect: Therapists have a legal obligation to warn potential victims, as presented in Tarasoff cases.
Insanity Defense: Legal defenses can consider someone not responsible for actions due to mental disorder; M'Naghten rule clarifies this legal concept.

Community Psychology and Prevention

Community psychologists help people adjust their environments and also have tools to support mental wellness, in addition to being able to prevent disorders.
Prevention strategies aim to avoid disorders from the beginning.
Effective prevention programs: actively engage participants in behaviours; improve social skills (simple to complex); use appropriate timing for helping individuals; provide educational interventions (e.g., prenatal care, anti-smoking, or career advice).

Animal Therapy and Alternative Approaches

Some practitioners propose that dolphin contact therapy can assist in treatment, but research doesn't support that effectiveness as a general treatment method

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Description

Test your knowledge on various mental health disorders, their causes, symptoms, and misconceptions. This quiz covers critical factors in understanding mental health, including special educational needs and treatment approaches. Challenge yourself to identify key aspects of conditions like autism and major depression.