Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment - 2024 Quiz & Assignments

15 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment – I Quiz 2 Date: Dec.6, 2024 (Fri.) Time: 3:15-4:45 a.m. Venue: LI-3508 Format: MCs & Questions (35%) Contents: 12. Stress & Health, 13. Social Psychology, 14. Personality, & 15. Abnormal Psychology © 2020 Cengage. All...

15 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment – I Quiz 2 Date: Dec.6, 2024 (Fri.) Time: 3:15-4:45 a.m. Venue: LI-3508 Format: MCs & Questions (35%) Contents: 12. Stress & Health, 13. Social Psychology, 14. Personality, & 15. Abnormal Psychology © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Assessment Tasks Term Paper – Due on Dec. 13, 2024 (20%) A brief introduction of the theory or concept in psychology Critical appraisal of the chosen theory and concept, and relevant empirical Studies with reference to practice and implication Organizations Use of sources / References Writing and reference styles both in APA format Word limits: 1,500 excluding references © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Practical Marks (10%) Participation in Research Studies 30 minutes = + 1 mark, +1.5 marks (lab studies) Submission of Commentary on Articles 250 words = + 2 marks No Show & Lateness Penalty 1 absence = - 1 mark Late for > 5 minutes = - 1 mark Due date of research participation and commentary submission: Dec. 13, 2024 © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. module 15.1 An Overview of Abnormal Behavior After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe and evaluate a definition of mental illness. Define the biopsychosocial model of mental illness. Give examples of cultural influences on abnormal behavior. Describe DSM-5 and give examples of the categories it lists. Evaluate the assumptions behind DSM and the categorical approach to mental illness. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Defining Abnormal Behavior The American Psychiatric Association defines mental disorder as a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior. It is sometimes difficult to apply that definition, because of disagreements over what constitutes a significant disturbance. In the past, people have described abnormal behavior in many ways, including spirit possession. The Biopsychosocial Model Biopsychosocial model – concept that emphasizes biological, psychological, and sociological aspects of abnormal behavior Cultural Influences on Abnormality A culture provides examples not only of how to behave normally but also of how to behave abnormally. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Table 15.1 Categories of Psychological Disorders According to DSM-5 Neurodevelopmental Disorders Schizophrenia Spectrum Bipolar and Related Disorders Depressive Disorders Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Trauma-Related Disorders Dissociative Disorders Somatic Symptom Disorders Eating Disorders Elimination Disorders Sleep-Wake Disorders Sexual Dysfunctions Gender Dysphoria Impulse Control Disorders Substance Abuse and Addictions Neurocognitive Disorders Personality Disorders Paraphilias Others © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association, 2013, p.12 &16) 11 new indicators: shared neural substrates, family traits, genetic risk factors, specific environmental risk factors, biomarkers, temperamental antecedents, abnormalities of emotional or cognitive processings, symptom similarity, course of illness, high comorbidity, shared treatment response Developmental & lifepan considerations © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) Neurodevelopmental disorders Schizophrenia Intellectual disabilities Spectrum Communication disorders Biopolar & Related Autism spectrum disorders Disorders Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Depressive Disorders disorder Anxiety Disorders Specific learning disorder Obsessive- Motor disorders Compulsive & Related Disorders Trauma- & Stressor- Related Disorders © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) Dissociative Disorders Substance-Related Somatic Symptom & & Addictive Related Disorders Disorders – Feeding & Eating Disorders – Alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, – Elimination Disorders hallucinogen, – Sleep-Wake Disorders inhalant, opioid, Sexual Dysfunctions sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic, Gender Dysphoria stimulant, tobacco Disruptive, Impulse- – Non-substance- Control & Conduct related: gambling Disorders © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) Neurocognitive Disorders – Cluster C: Avoidant, – Alzheimer’s Disease, Dependent, Obsessive- traumatic brain injury, Compulsive HIV infection, Prion Paraphilic Disorders Disease, Parkinson’s –Voyeuristic, Exhibitionistic, Disease, Huntington’s Frotteuristic, Sexual Disease Masochism, Sexual Personality Disoders Sadism, Pedophilic, – Cluster A: Paranoid, Fetishistic, Transvestic Schizoid, Schizotypal Other conditions, e.g. – Cluster B: Antisocial, abuse & neglect Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  DSM and the Categorical Approach to Psychological Disorders (slide 1 of 2) To standardize their definitions and diagnoses, psychiatrists and psychologists developed the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). – Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) – a reference book that sets specific criteria for each psychological diagnosis © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  DSM and the Categorical Approach to Psychological Disorders (slide 2 of 2) Criticisms of the categorical approach: – Most troubled people partly fit two or more diagnoses (comorbidity) – The genetic and environmental causes of various disorders overlap. – The treatment designed for one disorder may help with another. – Too many conditions are labeled as “mental illnesses.” An alternative is to rate each person along several dimensions of distress. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Mental Illness and the Law Insanity defense requires people to either: – Not know what they were doing at time of crime, or – Not know what they were doing was wrong. Less than 1% of criminal cases use the defense successfully. CAP 136 MENTAL HEALTH ORDINANCE s 2 Interpretation © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Mental Illness and the Law Involuntary commitment is a procedure for protecting us from certain people with mental disorders and protecting them from themselves. Mental_Health_Review_Report_2017 Common_Mental_Health_Disorders © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Personality Disorders © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Personality Disorders Should only be diagnosed when: – Personality traits first appear by adolescence – Traits are inflexible, stable, and expressed in a wide variety of situations – Traits lead to distress or impairment Show substantial comorbidity with other psychological disorders, like mood and anxiety disorders © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Borderline Personality Disorder Mainly women; about 2% of population Marked by instability in mood, identity, and impulse control; self- destructive tendencies In sociobiological model, individuals with BPD overreact to stress and experience lifelong difficulties with regulating their emotions. BorderlinePersonalityDisorder © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Narcissistic Personality Disorder Condition marked by superficial charm, dishonesty, manipulativeness, self-centeredness, and risk taking Overlaps with antisocial personality disorder Primarily males; about 25% of the prison population qualifies © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Psychological Viewpoints of Psychopathology Psychoanalytic theorists - assume that abnormal behavior stems from repressed conflicts and urges that are fighting to become conscious. Behaviorists - see abnormal behavior as learned. Cognitive theorists - see abnormal behavior as coming from irrational beliefs and illogical patterns of thought. Facing Fear © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. module 15.2 Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. Explain why learned avoidance responses are so resistant to extinction. Describe theoretically how classical conditioning could explain the onset of a phobia. Evaluate the limits of the classical conditioning explanation of phobia, citing observations that it does not easily explain. Describe obsessive-compulsive disorder. Explain how therapists treat phobias and obsessive-compulsive disorder. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Prevalence Rate of Anxiety Disorders © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Prevalence rate of AD & Phobia AD in US – 7.1% (Ruscio et al., 2008) AD in China – 0.2% (Shen et al., 2006) AD in Japan – 0.8% (Kawakami et al., 2005) AD in Korea – 0.2% (Cho et al., 2007) AD in Taiwan – 0.4% (Hwu et al., 1989) GAD in HK – 2.99% in male, 5.36% in female (Lam et al., 2015) A phobia at some time in life – 11% (Magee et al.,1996) A phobia at a given time – 5-6% (Magee et al.,1996) © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Disorders with Excessive Anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) – disorder in which people have frequent and exaggerated worries Panic Disorder (PD) Panic disorder (PD) – condition marked by frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of panic—rapid breathing, increased heart rate, chest pains, sweating, faintness, and trembling Panic disorder is linked to having strong autonomic responses, such as rapid heartbeat and hyperventilation. – Hyperventilation – rapid deep breathing Many people with panic disorder develop agoraphobia or social phobia. – Agoraphobia – an excessive fear of open or public places – Social phobia – a severe avoidance of other people and a fear of doing anything in public © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Phobia Avoidance behaviors are highly resistant to extinction. Phobia – a fear that interferes with normal living Phobias are learned through observation as well as through experience. LittleAlbertExperiment © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Learning Fear by Observation – Study 1 (Mineka, 1987; Mineka et al., 1984) Hypothesis: monkeys develop a fear by watching other monkeys avoid a snake Method: a lab-born monkey was put in a place with a wild-born monkey that shivered and ran away after seeing a snake. Later the lab-born monkey was tested to see how it responded to a snake Results: the lab-born monkey s___ and r__ Interpretation: vicarious learning (fear or sight of the object) © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Learning Fear by Observation – Study 2 (Mineka, 1987; Mineka et al., 1984) Hypothesis: monkey learns a fear only if it sees what the other monkey fears Method: Results: the lab monkey showed ___ fear of the snake Interpretation: the observer monkey __________ Similarly, children learn fears by Observing _______ fears. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Some Phobias Are More Common than Others Common objects of phobias include: – Public places – Public speaking – Heights – Air travel – Water travel – Being observed by strangers – Snakes or other dangerous animals – Blood – Lightning storms People develop fears of some objects more readily than other objects. People may be born with a predisposition to learn fears of objects that have been dangerous throughout our evolutionary history. We more readily fear objects with which we have few safe experiences and objects that we cannot predict or control. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (slide 1 of 2) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) – a condition with repetitive thoughts and actions – Obsession – a repetitive, unwelcome stream of thought – Compulsion – a repetitive, almost irresistible action Common compulsions: – Cleaning – Checking – Counting – Hoarding © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (slide 2 of 2) Distrusting Memory Compulsive checkers constantly double-check themselves and invent elaborate rituals. Repeatedly checking something leads to decreased confidence in the memory of having checked it. Therapies The most effective treatment is exposure to the source of distress while preventing the ritualized response. – However, this treatment is often ineffective, partly because many patients refuse or quit the treatment. A valuable supplement is a cognitive intervention to help people reinterpret their thoughts and images. YouMakeMeWanttobeaBetterMan © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Explanations for Anxiety Disorders Learning models focus on acquiring fears via classical conditioning, then maintaining them through operant conditioning. Can also learn fears by observing others or by hearing misinformation from others. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Explanations for Anxiety Disorders Anxious people tend to think about the world in different ways from non- anxious people. – Catastrophic thinking - predicting terrible events despite low probability – Anxiety sensitivity – a fear of anxiety- related symptoms Many anxiety disorders are genetically influenced through level of neuroticism. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Treatment for Phobias The most successful type of therapy for phobia is exposure therapy, also known as systematic desensitization. – Exposure therapy (or systematic desensitization) – a method of reducing fear by gradually exposing people to the object of their fear – In systematic desensitization, the patient is prevented from fleeing the feared stimulus. He or she learns the danger is not as great as imagined. Although exposure therapy is highly effective, at least temporarily, phobias sometimes return. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Exposure Therapies Confronts clients with what they fear with the goal of reducing the fear Earliest was systematic desensitization, developed by Joseph Wolpe in 1958 SD gradually exposes clients to anxiety producing situations through the use of imagined scenes. Dog Whisperer: Gavin © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Systematic Desensitization Based on principle of reciprocal inhibition - we can't be anxious and relaxed at the same time Uses counterconditioning by repeatedly pairing an incompatible relaxation response with anxiety Can use imaginal and in vivo exposure to the fear situations listed on the created hierarchy © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. In vivo desensitization: clients gradually approach and handle any fears, as these clients are doing as they overcome their fear of height. Virtual Reality Therapy © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Systematic Desensitization Dismantling research showed that no single component was essential. Led to development of exposure with response prevention therapies like flooding Very effective for many anxiety disorders, like phobias, OCD, and PTSD © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Systematic Desensitization Systematic desensitization – for treating phobias 3 STEPS 1. Relaxation training 2. Fear hierarchy 3. Progressive exposure © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Desensitization Hierarchy © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. module 15.3 Substance-Related Disorders After studying this module, you should be able to: Define substance dependence or addiction. Explain why it is difficult to list what substances are or are not addictive. Discuss possible explanations for addiction. Describe a procedure to identify young people who may be at increased risk of alcohol abuse. Describe treatments for alcoholism and opiate abuse. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Substance Dependence (Addiction) Dependence (or addiction) – inability to quit a self-destructive habit Addictive substances stimulate dopamine synapses in the nucleus accumbens, a brain area that is associated with attention. After people develop a compulsive habit of gambling, video game playing, or other activities, those activities also elicit dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. It is hard to put limits on what can or cannot be an addictive substance. What Motivates Addictive Behavior? People with an addiction continue a habit even though they recognize that it does them more harm than good. Reasons for continued use include avoiding withdrawal symptoms and coping with distress. Also, addictive substances alter the brain’s synapses to increase response to substance-related experiences and decrease response to other activities. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Brain chemistry of addictive behaviors Figure 15.7 The nucleus accumbens is a small brain area critical for motivating responses to drugs, food, and sex. Most abused drugs increase the activity of TeenageBrain_alcohol RewardCircuit dopamine Brain_Marijuana here © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Is it a problem? YouTube - Notebook: Internet Addiction (CBS News) YouTube - Internet Danger- Everyone Knows Sarah © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Take your side – Is internet addiction a disorder? Yes Nay © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Take your side – Is internet addiction a disorder? Yes Nay Love to do more and more Depends on the levels Affect normal functions, cause emotion issues No just like other addictions, sex If out of control, become obsessive, and gambling doing harmful things An outcome of a cognitive Bring distraction disorder for not being able to Drain your energy and reduce concentration control oneself If skip social activities © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Take your side – Is internet addiction a disorder? (DSM-IV criteria) Yes Nay Tolerance – increased amount to achieve desired Internet – a social medium, an environment effect, diminished effect with continued use of Not everyone is influenced by it same amount Only a manifest of other psychological problems Withdrawal – substance-specific syndrome due Only obsessions (persistent thoughts) and to cessation compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Cause significant distress in social, occupational time consuming, take long hours functioning Large dosage and use of longer period Marked distress and significant impairment to social and occupational functioning Persistent desire to cut down and control Not due to substance abuse or medication A great deal of time spent in activities or recover from the effect Continued the use despite knowledge of persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problems Internet Addiction - YouTube © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Internet Gaming Disorder (APA, 2013, p.795-797) Proposed criteria: persistent and recurrent use of the internet to engage in games, often with other players leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as indicated by >=5 in 12 months: 1. Preoccupation with internet games 2. Withdrawal symptoms (e.g., irritability, anxiety, sadness…) 3. Tolerance – the need to spend increasing amounts of time 4. Unsuccessful attempts to control 5. Loss of interests in previous hobbies © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Internet Gaming Disorder (APA, 2013, p.795-797) Proposed criteria: 6. Continued excessive use of internet games despite knowledge of psychosocial problems 7. Has deceived family members, therapists, or others regarding the amount of internet gaming 8. Use of internet games to escape or relieve a negative mood (e.g., feeling of helplessness, guilt, anxiety, etc.) 9. Has jeopardized or lost a significant relationship, job, or educational or career opportunity *Only nongambling internet games are included. Recreational or social internet use and sexual internet sites are excluded. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Internet Gaming Disorder (APA, 2013, p.795-797) Typical behaviors: 8-10 hours/day and at least 30 hours/week go for long periods without food or sleep Become agitated and angry when being prevented from using a computer or returning to the game Neglect normal obligations in school or work or family Mild: exhibit fewer symptoms and less disruption of their lives Severe: more hours spent and more severe loss of relationships or career or school opportunities © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Internet Gaming Disorder (APA, 2013, p.795-797) Prevalence: highest in Asian countries (China & South Korea, 8.4% male and 4.5% female in adolescents (15- 19 years old) using a threshold of 5 criteria Risk factor: Environmental: computer availability Genetic and physiological: unclear Functional consequences: school failure, job loss, marriage failure, neglected family responsibilities Comorbidity: MDD, ADHD, OCD Differential diagnosis: excessive use of social media, e.g. Facebook, viewing pornography online – not considered as analogous, require future research © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Risk Factors Dysfunction family Poor parent child relationships Detached or authoritarian parenting styles Poor peer relationships Alienation within, or exclusion from school Social alienation Poor coping skills (behavioural and cognitive) Poor self concept Impulsiveness/poor self regulation Exposure to adverse life events Mental health problems e.g. depression, anxiety © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Protective Factors Positive parent - child relationships Democratic parenting style Self-efficiency in problem solving, coping skills and social skills A sense of social connectedness Belonging to a positive peer group Attending school Engaging in a range of activities Positive sense of self-worth and competency Internal locus of control  Treatments for IGD videogame addiction in china – YouTube InternetGamingAddiction_SouthKorea Adventure-based therapy Behavioral therapy Mindfulness-based stress reduction © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Alcoholism (slide 1 of 2) Alcoholism – the habitual overuse of alcohol Genetics and Family Background A genetic predisposition contributes most strongly to early-onset alcoholism. Although many genes contribute in small ways, only the gene that affects the liver’s ability to metabolize alcohol produces effects large enough to produce results that are easily replicated. Alcoholism depends on the environment also. – The prevalence of alcoholism and other kinds of substance abuse varies among cultures and subcultures. – The incidence of alcoholism is greater than average among people who grew up in families marked by conflict, hostility, and inadequate parental supervision. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Alcoholism (slide 2 of 2) Predisposition to Alcoholism People who have less than average intoxication from moderate drinking are more likely than average to become heavy drinkers. Treatments Only an estimated 10 to 20 percent of people who try to quit alcohol or other drugs on their own manage to succeed. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) – a self-help group of people who are trying to abstain from alcohol use and help others do the same Antabuse – trade name for a drug alcoholics use whereby they become sick if they have a drink Contingency management involves providing an immediate reinforcement for abstinence from alcohol. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Opiate Dependence Opiate dependence generally has a more rapid onset than alcohol or tobacco dependence. Treatments Some people who are trying to quit heroin and other opiates turn to self-help groups, contingency management, and other treatments. For those who cannot quit, researchers have sought to find a less dangerous substitute that would satisfy the craving for opiates. – Methadone – a drug sometimes offered as a substitute for opiates © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Table 15.3 Comparison of Methadone and Morphine Methadone Methadone Morphine by Injection Taken Orally Addictive? Yes Yes Weakly Onset Rapid Rapid Slow “Rush”? Yes Yes No Relieves craving? Yes Yes Yes Rapid withdrawal Yes Yes No symptoms? © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Alcoholics Anonymous Self-help groups like AA have become very popular and widespread. Composed of peers with similar problems; often no professional therapists Based on "12 Steps" method, but little research demonstrating its effectiveness P-55 - Twelve Steps Illustrated.pdf The Christian New Being Fellowship Ltd.-SelfHelpGroup- drug © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  AA Alternatives Controlled drinking programs encourage people to set limits and drink moderately. – Can be effective for many people Relapse prevention treatment assumes people will "slip up" and plans accordingly. – Lapse does not equal relapse. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. module 15.4 Mood Disorders, Schizophrenia, and Autism After studying this module, you should be able to: Describe the symptoms and possible causes of major depression. Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of several treatments for major depression. Distinguish bipolar disorder from major depression. List the primary symptoms of schizophrenia. Discuss evidence for a genetic basis of schizophrenia. State the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, and cite evidence that supports it. Describe therapies for schizophrenia. Describe and discuss autism spectrum disorder. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Symptoms of Depression Cognitive Loss of concentration and memory, Indecisiveness, sense of worthlessness & guilt, hopelessness, suicidal thoughts Physiological and Sleep disturbances, appetite and weight Behavioral loss or gain, psychomotor retardation or agitation, fatigue Emotional Depressed mood/sadness, anhedonia (loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities), irritability Motivational deficits?? © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Mood Disorders Depression symptoms can develop gradually or suddenly, but are often recurrent. Average episode lasts 6 months to 1 year; most people experience 5-6 episodes Can cause extreme functional impairment across all areas © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Sample MDD Symptoms Feeling blue or irritable Sleep difficulties Fatigue and loss of energy Weight changes Thoughts of death or suicide © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Depression Major depression – condition in which someone experiences little interest, pleasure, or motivation for weeks at a time Nearly all people experiencing depression have sleep abnormalities. – Reporting of symptoms differ across cultures, with Western sufferers reporting more psychological symptoms and Asian sufferers reporting more physiological symptoms. Depression occurs in episodes. – Although the first episode is usually triggered by a stressful event, later episodes occur more easily. Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) – condition in which a person repeatedly becomes depressed during a particular season of the year LittlePrinceisDepressed © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Prevalence Rate of Depression D in US – 17% (Kessler et al., 1994) D in China – 3% (Gu et al., 2013) D in Japan – 4.4% (Orui et al., 2011) D in Singapore – 5.8% (Chong et al., 2012) MADD in HK – 4.72% in male, 8.97% in female (Lam et al., 2015) © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa (anorexia) - a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Eating Disorders Bulimia nervosa (bulimia) - a condition in which a person develops a cycle of "binging," or overeating enormous amounts of food at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain. © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved. Top Of The World LenaFossen_ED © 2020 Cengage. All rights reserved.  Health Behavioral Risk in Hong Kong (Dept. of Health, 2008 & 2016) BehavioralRiskFactors Classification Male Female Overall (BMI) Number (%) Number (%) Number (%) Underweight 51 (5.3%) 149 (13.2%) 200 (9.5%) (BMI < 18.5) 99 (5.2%) 251 (11.6%) 350 (8.6%) Normal 578 (59.3%) 766 (68.1%) 1344 (64.0%) (BMI 18.5 -