Chapter 4: The Global North and Global South PDF

# Chapter 4: The Global North and Global South ## Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - define the term "global south" from the Third World - analyze how a new conception of global relations emerged from the experience of Latin America - analyze how...

# Chapter 4: The Global North and Global South ## Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - define the term "global south" from the Third World - analyze how a new conception of global relations emerged from the experience of Latin America - analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and regionalization. ## Latin America Latin America refers to countries that were colonized by the Spaniards in the American continent. ## West and East in 1494 The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal. Spain controlled the west (Crown of Castile) and Portugal controlled the east (Portuguese Empire). ## Cold War The Cold War between the US and the USSR led to a division between the Capitalist/Democratic states controlled by the US and the Communist states controlled by the USSR. ## World Division During the Cold War A world map depicting the cold war division shows the USA in blue and the USSR in red: * **Blue:** The US and its allies * **Red:** The USSR and its allies. ## First World and Second World * **First World:** Capitalist economists * **Second World:** Communist economists A world map depicting this distinction shows the first world in green, the second world in yellow, and the third world in red. ## Global North and Global South The First World encompassed all industrialized, democratic countries, which were assumed to be allied with the United States in its struggle against the Soviet Union. Finland and Switzerland maintained strict neutrality. The Second World was anchored on the industrialized, communist reign of the Soviet Union and its eastern European satellites, yet it often included poor communist states located elsewhere. The Third World refers to countries that did not belong to either type of formal economies. ## North and South Divide After the Cold War, many see the primary global division as being between North and South. ## The Global North The Global North refers to developed societies of Europe and North America, which are characterized by: * established wealth * technological advancement * political stability * zero population growth * dominance of world trade and politics. ## The Global South The Global South refers to the developing countries which represents mainly agrarian economies in Africa, India, Latin America and others that are not as economically sound and politically stable. It also tends to be characterized by: * war * conflict * poverty * tyranny ## Global North vs Global South The Global North is often considered as the high-income countries such as Norway, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, US, Belgium, Iceland, Japan, Sweden, Netherlands, and most of Western Europe. The Global South are countries that are less developed and characterized by low-level of economic development, large inequalities in living standards and low life expectancy such as Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia including the Middle East. ## Global North and Global South continued A world map with a Brandt line drawn over it shows the Global North in blue and the Global South in red. The Global North is characterized by: * first world and second world included * home to all the members of the G8 and P5 members of the United Nations Security Council * richer and developed region * 95% has enough food and shelter * economy: industries and major businesses, commerce and finance The Global South is characterized by: * third world included * poor and less developed region * 5% has enough food and shelter * source of raw materials of the north ## G8 Countries A world map shows the following countries as part of the G8: * **China:** (represented with a red flag) * **Canada:** (represented with a Canadian flag) * **USA:** (represented with a US flag) * **France:** (represented with a French flag) * **UK:** (represented with a UK flag) * **Germany:** (represented with a German flag) * **Italy:** (represented with an Italian flag) * **Russia:** (represented with a Russian flag) * **Japan:** (represented with a Japanese flag) ## P5 Countries A world map shows the following countries as part of the P5: * **China:** (represented with a red flag) * **UK:** (represented with a UK flag) * **France:** (represented with a French flag) * **Russia:** (represented with a Russian flag) * **USA:** (represented with a US flag) ## The North The North controls 4/5 of the income earned anywhere in the world. 90% of the manufacturing industries owned by and located in the North. ## The South The South has access to 1/5 of the world's income. As nations become economically developed, they may become part of the "North", regardless of geographical location. Any nations that do not qualify for "developed" status are in effect deemed to be part of the "South". ## Global North and Global South continued Global divides are not purely of a geographical division, but rather focused on socioeconomic and political affiliations and status. ## North/South Divide A world map depicting the North/South Divide shows the following: * **Brandt Line:** Separates the Global North from the Global South. * **Least Developed Countries:** Located in the South. * **Developing Countries:** Located primarily in the South with some in the North. * **Most Developed Countries:** Located in the North. ## Global North and Global South continued The Global North is marked by: * low poverty * low child mortality * high economic and educational development * advance technological advancement * stable governments * low fertility rates * low gender-related illiteracy The Global South is marked by: * high poverty * high child mortality * low economic and educational development * low self-consumption of natural resources * vulnerable to exploitation by large corporations and industrial nations * less technological advancement * economy are dependent on developed countries * unstable governments * high fertility rates * high gender-related illiteracy # Asian Regionalism ## What is Regionalism? Regionalism is: * A political ideology that favors a specific region over a greater area. * It usually results due to political separations, religion, geography, cultural boundaries, linguistic regions, and managerial divisions. ## Regionalization vs. Globalization * **Regionalization:** a process of dividing an area into smaller segments called regions. * **Globalization:** a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together. ## Regionalism and Regionalization * **Regionalism:** the theory or practice of regional rather than central systems of administration of economic, cultural, or political affiliation. * **Regionalization:** the division of a nation into states or provinces. ## Why Countries Form Regional Organizations? Countries form regional organizations as a way of coping with the challenges of globalization. ## Asian Regionalism Asian Regionalism is a product of economic interaction between Asian countries. It is characterized by the growth of Asian economies that are both richer and closer together. New technological trends have further strengthened ties among them, as have the rise of China and India and the region's growing weight in the global economy. The 1997/1998 financial crisis dealt a severe setback to much of the region, highlighting Asia's shared interests and common vulnerabilities and providing an impetus for regional cooperation. ## Asian Regionalism continued In the early stages of Asia's economic takeoff, regional integration proceeded slowly. East Asian economies focused on exporting to developed country markets. The Japanese economist Akamatsu (1962) famously compared this pattern of development to flying geese. In this model, economies moved in formation not because they were directly linked to each other, but because they followed similar paths. Now, Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined. Interdependence is deepening because Asia's economies have grown large and prosperous enough to become important to each other, and because their patterns of production increasingly depend on networks that span several Asian economies and involve wide-ranging exchanges of parts and components among them. ## Regionalization vs. Globalization continued * **As to nature**: globalization promotes the integration of economics across state borders all around the world, but regionalization is precisely the opposite because it is dividing an area into smaller segments. * **As to market**: globalization allows many companies to trade on international markets but in a regionalized system, monopolies are likely to develop. * **As to cultural and societal relations**: globalization accelerates multiculturalism by free and inexpensive movement of people but, regionalization does not support this. * **As to aid**: a globalized international community is more willing to come to the aid of a country stricken by a natural disaster, but a regionalized system does not get involved in the affairs of other areas. * **As to technological advances**: globalization has driven great advances in technology, but advanced technology is rarely available in one country or region. ## Factors Leading to the Greater Integration of the Asian Regions * Regional integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and rules. * The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to environmental, although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative. * Regional integration has been organized either via supranational institutional structures or through intergovernmental decision-making, or a combination of both. * Regional integration has often focused on removing barriers to free trade in the region, increasing the free movement of people, labor, goods, and capital across national borders, reducing the possibility of regional armed conflict, and adopting cohesive regional stances on policy issues, such as the environment, climate change and migration. * Intra-regional trade refers to trade which focuses on economic exchange primarily between countries of the same region or economic zone. * In recent years, countries within economic-trade regimes such as ASEAN in Southeast Asia for example have increased the level of trade and commodity exchange between themselves which reduces the inflation and tariff barriers associated with foreign markets resulting in growing prosperity.