Worlds Within the World Document PDF

Worlds Within the World 1. First World 2. Second World 3. Third World \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Asia - Earth\'s largest and most populous continent, loc...

Worlds Within the World 1. First World 2. Second World 3. Third World \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Asia - Earth\'s largest and most populous continent, located in Eastern and Northern hemispheres. - 30% of Earth\'s total area; shared by 50 countries. - Bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the East, Indian Ocean on the South, Arctic Ocean on the north and Europe on the west. - Site of the cradle of civilization (Mesopotamia, Iraq). Region of Asia - The Nations geoscheme for Asia; subdivided by United Nations Division into five regions: - Central Asia - Eastern Asia - Southern Asia - Southeast Asia - Western Asia Central Asia - Situated west of China, south of Russia and north of Afghanistan. - Western border runs along the Caspian Sea. - Politically divided into 5: Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan. Referred to as \"The \'stans.\" Play important role in transportation of goods between China and Europe during Silk Road trading era. East/Eastern Asia - Eastern border running along the East China Sea. - Politically divided into eight: China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau. - Residents are concentrated in major metropolitan areas such as **Beijing** and **Tokyo**. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) - Form regional blocs to protect independence from the pressure of superpower politics. - Created by Presidents of Egypt, Ghana, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia in 1961 - It is called out because the association refused to side with First World IMF (International Monetary Fund) - Tried to reverse the Global economic crisis in **1946**. - It was only after the ASEAN countries along with China, Japan and South Korea agreed to establish joint emergency fund to anticipate ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) - Global economic crisis in 1997 made the ASEAN more unified and coordinated. - formed as a coalition of countries which were pro-American and The Global North and Global South - Global North - Represents the economically developed societies of Europe - North America, Australia, Israel, and South Africa - Wealthy, technologically advanced, politically stable and aging as their societies tend toward zero population growth. - Home to all G8 (Group of Eight) highly industrial nations: Global South - Represents the economically backward countries of Africa, developing - Agrarian-based, dependent economically and politically -United Nation International Criminal Court (ICC) - Located in Hague, Netherlands - Independent judicial body with jurisdiction over person charged with genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes -United Nation International Tribunal for Law of the Sea (ITLOS) - Based in Hamburg Germany - Intergovernmental organization created by the mandate of the Third United Nation Conference on the Law of the Sea -North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) - Founded on April 4, 1949 in Washington D.C., USA - Created after World War 2. Defensive treaty, or a military alliance between USA, Canada, and 25 European countries. -World Trade Organization (WTO) - Made up of 162 countries. Created with the goal of increasing free trade. Countries can buy and sell goods from one another without paying taxes or import tariffs. - Tariff - used to protect businesses and companies inside their country \--North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) - Economic treaty between United States, Canada, and Mexico in which can trade without taxing each other and created Trade block in North America. - Trade bloc - Is an intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization - Barriers to trade are reduced or eliminated among the participating states. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Regionalism - 6 - Government, associations, societies, and groups from regional organizations or network as a way of coping with the challenges of globalization. - treated as an emergent, socially constructed phenomenon meaning regions are not natural or given, they are constructed and defined by policymakers, economic actors or even social movement. Regions - refers to the group of countries located in the same geographically specified area organized to regulate and oversee flows of policy choice. Regionalization - Regional concentration of economic flows. Regionalism - A political project characterized by economic policy coordination and political coordination among countries. How countries respond economically and politically. - Regional Association - - - - - - Established 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela, to regulate the production and sale of oil. - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Relevance of the state amid Globalization - strengthens inter-state relationship and dependence on one another - led to increasingly similar jurisdictions across states and to power being seen as economic rather than political progress. Four Elements of States: 1. People (Permanent Population) - This permanent presence in one location is strengthened by territory. 2. Territory - Has clear boundaries effectively controlled by the government 3. Government - Regulates relations among its own people and with other states. 4. Sovereignty - Political concept refers to dominant power or supreme authority - In modern democracies: sovereign vest with people through representative bodies such as Congress and Parliament Institutions that Govern International Relations: - International organization that government countries around the world. United Nations - Also known as Security Council - Led by former US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942began on Oct. 24, 1945 with 50 representatives. Located in NYC, USA. United Nation Children\'s Emergency fund (UNICEF) - help children around the world. Collect funds to distribute emergency relief from famine, poverty and disease. provide education programs in areas where there are no schools. United Nation Environmental Programme (UNEP) - Addresses on environmental issues such as hazardous wastes. United Nation Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - Take effort that can mitigate climate change like assessment of climate science, giving assistance to countries to reduce emissions. United Nation International Court of Justice (ICJ) - Also known as World Court, located in Hague, Netherlands - It\'s where war criminal and rulers who have done horrible thing to their people. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ International Fund for Agricultural Development - Establish in 1974, aims to eliminate rural poverty in developing countries by providing aid for agricultural development. - Support rural programs that empower women and the rural poor. Global Governance in the 21st Century -Factors behind the emergence of global governance. - Declining power of nation-states - If states involve highly, confinement and in flux, it would open the possibility of the emergence of some form of global governance to fill the void. - Borders of nation-states - Vast flow of all sorts of things that run internal and often right nation state involves the flow of digital information through the Internet. - Migration of people - If the state cannot control the mass migration of people, then there is need for some sort of global governance to help deal with the problem. - Homogenous events within nation-state - Events that the nation-state themselves either cannot and carry out or are unable to control. - Global problem that a single nation-state cannot handle on its own. - Global financial crisis which nations are often unable to deal with on their own. Effect of Globalization to Governments 1. Traditional Governance Challenges - External intervention as invasion by other countries and internal political challenge can also happen. 2. Challenges from National Identity movements - It is important to know that a nation has cultural identity that people attached to. Different people with different identities can live in different states. 3. Global Economics - Demands the states to conform to the rule of pre-marketed capitalism. 4. Global Social (Transnational) Movement - Refers to people that are spontaneous or that emerge through enormous grass roots organization. - Occurs across countries and across borders - states have less control over them. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Disadvantages of Economic Integration 1. Creation of Trading Blocs - Increase trade barriers against non-member countries. 2. Trade Diversion - Because of trade barriers, trade is diverted toward a non-member country despite their inefficiency in cost. 3. National Sovereignty - Requires members countries to give up some degree of control over policies like trade, monetary and fiscal. The Global Interstate System - Commonly called as international system - Refers to the whole system of human interaction structured politically as a system of competing and allying states. It focuses on the field of international relations. International Financial Institution (IFI) - Play a major role in the social and economic development programs of nations. - Reduce global poverty and improve people\'s living conditions and standards. - Provide technical and advisory assistance to borrowing nations and conduct extensive research on development issues. LIST OF IFIs 1.European Investment Bank (EIB) - Started 1958 by the Treaty of Rome - Raise funds from external markets and finances capital projects within the EU. - Integration, balanced development, economic and social cohesion of EU countries. -European Union (EU) - Founded on Nov. 1, 1993 in Maastricht, Netherlands. - It consists of 27 countries located in Brussels, Belgium. 2\. Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) - Regional Development Bank established 1959 - USA provided \$350 million of the bank\'s initial capital of \$1 billion. - Finances projects in Latin America and the Caribbean. 3.Asian Development Bank (ADB) - Multilateral development financial institution set up in 1966, located in Manila, Philippines. - 48 out of 67 countries are developing countries. - It aims to alleviate poverty and improvement in quality of life in developing member countries. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Economic Globalization - Refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services. Driving Forces of Economic Globalization - rapid growing significance of information in all types of productive activities - make marketization are the two major driving forces for economic globalization Globalization of world defining economy largely based on the rapid development of science and technologies Facilitators of Economic Globalization 1. World Trade Organization (WTO) - Founded: Jan. 1, 1995 - Functioned to ensure trade flow. Organization deals with global rules of trade between nations. - located in Geneva, Switzerland. 2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) - Founded on Dec. 27, 1945 in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States. - Provides short-term credits to its 184 country members. - specialized agency of UN; but it practice in Japan, UK, USA, Germany, France and Saudi Arabia. - Fund was established to encourage international cooperation in the monetary field and removal of foreign exchange restrictions. 3. World Bank (WB) - Also known as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. - Created in 1944 at Bretton Woods Conference along with IMF; began operating 1946. - Provide long term loans to assist economic development. - Headquarters is located in Washington D.C., United States same to IMF. 4. Debate Transnational Organization - Business organization/corporation/enterprise that has its headquarters in one country but has branches/franchises in many countries. Example: Coke and Shell, McDonald\'s \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Silk Road - Silk initially traded (specifically in the area that now is Middle East as well as in the West (later Europe)) - Drastically began in the 15th century and lasted till 17th century - Brought new technology, wealth and knowledge - Waves of Globalization 1. First Wave - Began 1492 - Introduction of can manufacturing, trains and early form of transportation - Ended 1914 2. Second Wave - Began 1945 and Ended 1989 - The second Industrial Revolution - Introduction of telephone, live television, digital 3. Third Wave - Started 1992, Ended 2010 - After the fall of Iron curtain (a barrier that divided the nation) - Till 2010, the fall of Berlin Wall (to prevent people from escaping to the West from East Berlin) 4. Globalization 4.0 - Started 2011 to present - True World Wide Web Economy \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Western Asia - located in the area between central Asia and Africa, south eastern Europe - Referred \'Middle east\' Politically divided into 18: - Georgia - Turkey - Syria - Israel - Jordan - Bahrain - UAE - Yemen - Armenia - Cyprus - Lebanon - Palestine - Iraq - Qatar - Oman - Kuwait - Saudi Arabia - largest area covered by arid desert. Regional Association: - NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) - OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) - NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) - IMF (International Monetary Fund) - ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) Global North Countries (G8) - France - United State - Germany - Japan - Italy - Canada - United Kingdome - Russia Worlds within the world: - First to third world First World country - North America - Western europe - Japan - Australia - Russia - Poland (Eastern) - Laos - Vietnam - North Korea - Kazakhstan (Turk state) Global South Countrie - Asia - Latin America Region of Asia - Central Asia - Eastern Asia - Southern Asia - Southeast Asia - Western Asia Central Asia - Tajikistan - Uzbekistan - Kazakhstan - Turkmenistan - Kyrgyzstan Eastern Asia - China - Hongkong - Mongolia - Taiwan - North Korea - Macau - South Korea - Japan Southern Asia - Sri Langka - Bangladesh - Nepal - Bhutan - Nepal - India - Iran - Maldives - Pakistan - Afghanistan Southeast Asia - Brunei Darussalam - Cambodia, - Indonesia - Lao People's Democratic - Republic - Malaysia - Myanmar - Philippines - Singapore - Vietnam - Timor - leste - Thailand Western Asia - Georgia - Armenia - Azerbaijan - Turkey - Cyprus - Syria - Lebanon - Israel - Palestine - Jordan - Iraq - Kuwait - Bahrain - Qatar - Saudi Arabia - United Arab - Emirates - Oman - Yemen \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Globalization - A historical process the result of human innovation and technological progress refers to the movement of people and knowledge across international borders. Origins of Globalization: - (Before) Paleolithic Era - First River Valley Civilization - Silk Road - The Age of Exploration and Discovery Paleolithic Era - Early human first left Africa about 100,000 years ago - Africa - birthplace of humankind Early Hominids - early human had four major groups appeared in Africa between 5 million and about 200,000 years ago Four Major Groups of hominids -Australopithecus afarensis (Auntie Lucy) - Name means \'southern ape\' - stood upright and walked on two legs. Brain was one-third the size of modern human. Appeared in Africa about 4-5 million years ago. -Homo habilis (handy man) - Used early stone tools for chipping and scraping scraping. Brain is half the size of modern human. Appears 2.4 million years ago. -Homo erectus (upright man) - Used early stone tools like the hand ax and learned to control fire. Migrated out of Africa to Asian land Europe. Appeared 2-1.5 M years ago. -Homo sapiens (wise man) - Migrated around the world. Same species as modern human beings learned to create fire use a wide variety of tools developed language. First River Valley Civilization a\. Sumerian - Tigris and Euphrates Mesopotamia (Now Iraq) create up civilization b\. Egyptian - Nile River the longer and largest international river c\. Harappan and Mohenjo Daro - Indus river - Ancient cities with strong administrative urban and religious centers. d\. Ancient China - Huang Ho (Yellow) River- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ -Inter continental area experiences a temperate climate. Mongolia covered by the and Gobi desert. -China the largest country in the region. Japan characterized by thousands of island and coastline. -Believe to have (the) some of the most advanced technologies in the world. - South/Southern Asia -Has a peninsula like shape. Region bordered by three bodies of water: Indian Ocean (south), Bay of Bengal (east), Arabian Sea (west). -Divided into nine: India, Bhutan, Maldives, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Iran -Distinction of being the most densely populated in the world. - Southeast Asia -located north of Australia, south of East Asia west of pacific ocean and east of Bay of Bengal. -Only Asian Region located on both sides of the equator. -Politically divided into fifteen (15): Malaysia, Philippines, Timor, Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Myanmar, Singapore, Laos, Cambodia, Lao People\'s Democratic Republic, Thailand, Vietnam -Characterized by large number of archipelagos. -Indonesian Archipelago - biggest in the world and is home to the largest number of active volcanoes in the world. - Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) -created on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand -ASEAN Secretariat: Jakarta, Indonesia -Economic union that promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic, political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration among its member and other countries Asia. - Motto of ASEAN: One Vision, One Identity, One Community -Islamic?: Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei Darussalam -Buddhism - Thailand and never been colonized by foreign power. -Predominantly Christian?: The Philippine -Defeated USA in war?: Vietnam \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ World system theory today -Argues that present-day interconnectedness of the world has generated a global culture, wherein the trend of complementarity and specialization are being manifested at an international level. -Modern world system is the product of European imperialism and colonialism. - Imperialism - Refers to a policy of extending rule of a nation or empire over foreign nations and of taking and holding foreign colonies. - Colonialism - Refers to political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a power for an extended period of time. Economic integration - Refers to the process whereby countries cooperate with one another to reduce or eliminate barriers to international flow of products, people or capital. -Approaches to International Trade Liberation and Economic Integration 1. International Approach 2. Regional - preferential treatment of member countries in the group. 3. Bilateral - Preferential treatment between two countries. 2. Employment Opportunities - tend to improve because trade liberalization to market expansion, technology sharing, and cross-border investment. 4. Political Cooperative - Regional countries can improve because of stronger economic ties. Provide an incentive to resolve the conflicts leads to greater stability. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Modern world system - Emergence of the World system theory -results of the increasing interdependence of cultures and ecosystems. -Significance to the development of the world system was European Age of Discovery. -European Age of Discovery - the European sphere of influence began beyond its physical boundaries by means of conquest and trade. - Wallerstein\'s World system theory -World system theory is macro-sociological perspective that seeks to explain the dynamic of the capitalist world economy as a total social system -It is a social system, one that has boundaries, structures, member groups, rules of legitimation and coherence. -Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein -American sociologist developed world system analysis for macro-historical approach to understand the principles of capitalism -world economy (which is social system) based on wealth and power differentials extends beyond individual states. -A single world system committed to production for sale or exchange with the object of minimizing profits than supplying domestic needs. - Wallerstein\'s world system theory according to influence -Core (most dominant) -Semi-periphery (least dominant) -Periphery -Core - strongest and powerful nations, wealthy and industrialized, technologically advanced - USA, Canada, EU, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand -Semi-periphery - industrialized third world nations, lack power and economic dominance over core nations. Buffer between core and peripheral nations - South America, Middle East, South Africa, and India -Periphery - nations whose economic activities are less mechanized. - primarily concerned with exporting raw materials and agricultural goods to core and semi-periphery nations. - Most Asian and African countries