Respiratory System Chapters 25 - A PDF

HHP:1100 HUMAN ANATOMY The Respiratory System: Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts (through Trachea)  HHP:1100 Lecture Overview Human Anatomy 1. Organization of the Respiratory System 2. Upper Respiratory Tract 3. Lower Respiratory Tract (th...

HHP:1100 HUMAN ANATOMY The Respiratory System: Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts (through Trachea)  HHP:1100 Lecture Overview Human Anatomy 1. Organization of the Respiratory System 2. Upper Respiratory Tract 3. Lower Respiratory Tract (through the trachea) 2  HHP:1100 1. Organization of the Respiratory System Human Anatomy Anatomically divided into upper and lower respiratory tracts Functionally divided into: – Conducting portion – Respiratory portion 3  1. Organization of the Respiratory System HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Respiratory System Functions 1. Pulmonary ventilation – Inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration) 2. Gas exchange between atmosphere and blood 3. Gas conditioning: warming, humidifying, and cleaning 4. Sound production – Larynx crucial for speech and singing 5. Olfaction 6. Defense 4 – Protection against airborne pathogens  HHP:1100 2. Upper Respiratory Tract Human Anatomy Within conducting portion of respiratory system Upper respiratory tract includes: 1. Nose and nasal cavities 2. Paranasal sinuses 3. Pharynx 5  2. Upper Respiratory Tract HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Nose and Nasal Cavity Nose is main conducting airway for inhaled air Paired nasal bones form bridge of nose Nares – Nasal cavity – – Nasal septum – Vestibule The superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae form lateral walls for each cavity 6  2. Upper Respiratory Tract HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Paranasal Sinuses Sinuses are air spaces that make the bones lighter in weight and are named after the bones in which they reside: – Frontal – Ethmoidal – Sphenoidal – Maxillary 7  2. Upper Respiratory Tract HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Pharynx Commonly called the throat, much of the pharynx is shared by the respiratory and digestive tracts Divided into three regions: 1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx Lined with a mucosa Has skeletal muscle for control of swallowing 8  2. Upper Respiratory Tract HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Pharynx: Nasopharynx Nasopharynx is posterior to nasal cavity and superior to soft palate Opening of auditory tubes found in lateral walls Posterior nasopharynx houses a single pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) 9  2. Upper Respiratory Tract HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Pharynx: Oropharynx Oropharynx is bounded superiorly by soft palate, inferiorly by hyoid bone – Shared passage between respiratory and digestive systems Palatine tonsils are embedded in lateral walls between the arches – Tonsils most often removed in a tosilectomy Lingual tonsils are at the base of 10 the tongue  2. Upper Respiratory Tract HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Pharynx: Laryngopharynx Laryngopharynx starts inferior to hyoid bone and extends to top of esophagus Shared passage between respiratory and digestive systems 11  2. Upper Respiratory Tract HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Summary 12  HHP:1100 3. Lower Respiratory Tract Human Anatomy Lower respiratory tract contains conducting portions and respiratory portions – Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles  No gas exchange – Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli  Site of respiration 13  3. Lower Respiratory Tract HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Larynx Larynx is commonly called the voice box – Connects pharynx to trachea Epiglottis is a spoon- shaped cartilage projecting superiorly into pharynx – Swallowing causes epiglottis to close larynx opening 14  3. Lower Respiratory Tract HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Larynx Functions: 1. Passageway for air 2. Prevents ingested materials form entering the respiratory tract 3. Produces sound for speech 4. Participates in sneeze, cough reflexes 15  3. Lower Respiratory Tract HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Larynx Thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage – laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple) Cricoid cartilage 16  3. Lower Respiratory Tract HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Larynx: Vocal Folds Rima glottidis: Glottis consists of vocal folds (true vocal cords) plus rima glottidis 17  3. Lower Respiratory Tract HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Larynx: Vocal Folds Air through the rima glottidis  vibration of vocal folds  sound – Vocal range: – Pitch: – Loudness: 18  3. Lower Respiratory Tract HHP:1100 Human Anatomy Trachea Commonly referred to as the “windpipe” Anterior to esophagus, inferior to larynx, superior to main bronchi Supported by C-shaped cartilaginous rings 19  Summary: Upper, Lower Respiratory Tracts HHP:1100 Human Anatomy (through Trachea) 20  HHP:1100 Learning Outcomes Human Anatomy You Should Be Able To … 1. list and describe the major functions of the respiratory system 2. compare and contrast the general locations and functions of the conducting portion and the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract 3. identify the structures of the upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, and the structure that divides them (vocal folds) 4. describe the major functions and gross anatomical features of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx 5. describe the major functions of the larynx 21  HHP:1100 Learning Outcomes Human Anatomy You Should Be Able To … 6. describe the laryngeal cartilages and true vocal cords 7. briefly explain how vocal range, pitch, and loudness are determined 8. describe the gross anatomical features of the trachea, including its positioning with respect to the esophagus 9. explain the significance of the C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings of the trachea 22