chapter 25 A

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Questions and Answers

What are the two main anatomical divisions of the respiratory system?

Conducting and respiratory portions

Lungs and diaphragm

Upper and lower respiratory tracts (correct)

Nasal cavity and pharynx

Which function of the respiratory system involves the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and blood?

Pulmonary ventilation

Gas conditioning

Olfaction

Gas exchange (correct)

Which structure is NOT part of the upper respiratory tract?

Nose

Pharynx

Larynx (correct)

Nasal cavities

What purpose do the paranasal sinuses serve?

Make bones lighter in weight Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct sequence of the divisions within the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx Signup and view all the answers

Which component is crucial for sound production in the respiratory system?

Larynx Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the larynx?

To produce sound for speech Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the conducting portion of the respiratory system?

Air passage and conditioning Signup and view all the answers

Which nasal structure is involved in forming the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

Nasal conchae Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilage is the largest in the larynx?

Thyroid cartilage Signup and view all the answers

What structure forms a crucial part of the larynx that is involved in sound production?

Rima glottidis Signup and view all the answers

How does air movement through the rima glottidis affect vocal folds?

It causes vibration of the vocal folds, creating sound Signup and view all the answers

What is the common name for the trachea?

Windpipe Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT associated with the true vocal cords?

They prevent entry of materials into the trachea Signup and view all the answers

Which feature does NOT describe the positioning of the trachea in relation to other structures?

Lateral to the diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which function is primarily associated with the throat and vocal cords?

Sound modulation and production Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the laryngopharynx?

Control of swallowing Signup and view all the answers

Which components are part of the lower respiratory tract?

Trachea and bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

Where is the nasopharynx located in relation to the oral cavity?

Superior to the soft palate Signup and view all the answers

What structure helps prevent food from entering the larynx during swallowing?

Epiglottis Signup and view all the answers

What defines the oropharynx?

It is bounded by the soft palate and hyoid bone. Signup and view all the answers

Which tonsils are most commonly removed during a tonsillectomy?

Palatine tonsils Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary site of gas exchange in the lower respiratory tract?

Alveoli Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the pharynx is correct?

It includes the laryngopharynx and nasopharynx. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Respiratory System: Upper and Lower Tracts (through Trachea)

The respiratory system is anatomically divided into upper and lower respiratory tracts.
It is functionally divided into conducting and respiratory portions.
The upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx.
The lower respiratory tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. These structures are involved in gas exchange.
The trachea is anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the larynx, it is also superior to the main bronchi. It has C-shaped cartilaginous rings that support its structure.
The larynx is commonly called the voice box.
- It connects the pharynx to the trachea.
- The epiglottis is a spoon-shaped cartilage that projects superiorly into the pharynx. It plays a role in swallowing, closing the larynx opening during this process.
- The larynx's functions include being a passageway for air, preventing ingested materials from entering the respiratory tract, producing sound for speech, and participating in sneeze and cough reflexes.
- The thyroid cartilage is the largest cartilage in the larynx, also known as the Adam's apple.
- The cricoid cartilage is another important cartilage in the larynx.
- The rima glottidis is the glottis opening, air passing through this opening causes the vocal cords to vibrate and create sound that is then modified into speech.
The functions of the respiratory system include pulmonary ventilation (breathing), gas exchange (between the atmosphere and blood), conditioning inspired air (warming, humidifying, cleaning), sound production, and defense against pathogens.
The pharynx is a shared passageway for both respiratory and digestive systems. It is divided into three regions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
The nasopharynx is posterior to the nasal cavity and superior to the soft palate. It contains openings for the auditory tubes. The posterior nasopharynx contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids).
The oropharynx is bounded superiorly by the soft palate and inferiorly by the hyoid bone. This region is a shared passageway for both respiratory and digestive systems, contains the palatine tonsils, and the lingual tonsils.
The laryngopharynx is inferior to the hyoid bone. It is also a shared passageway for respiratory and digestive systems.

Respiratory System Functions

Pulmonary ventilation: Inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration)
Gas exchange: Between atmosphere and blood
Gas conditioning: Warming, humidifying, and cleaning inspired air.
Sound production: Primarily from vibration of the vocal folds in the larynx.
Olfaction: Smell
Defense: Protection against airborne pathogens

Learning Outcomes

Describe the major functions of the respiratory system
Discuss locations and functions of the conducting and respiratory portions.
Identify the structures of both upper and lower respiratory tracts, and vocal folds.
Describe functions and features of nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx.
Explain the major functions of the larynx, including laryngeal cartilages and vocal cords.
Explain how vocal range, pitch, and loudness are determined.
Explain the gross anatomical features, positioning, and significance of the trachea's C-shaped cartilages.