Respiratory System Anatomy Notes PDF

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY & FUNCTIONS OF THE NOSE On the undersurface of the external nose are two openings called the nostrils or external nares The hard palate of the mouth forms the floor of the nasal cavity, separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavit...

THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ANATOMY & FUNCTIONS OF THE NOSE On the undersurface of the external nose are two openings called the nostrils or external nares The hard palate of the mouth forms the floor of the nasal cavity, separating the nasal cavity from the oral cavity The inside of both the internal and external nose is divided into right and left nasal cavities by a vertical partition known as the nasal septum PARTS OF THE NASAL SEPTUM Superiorly: Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Inferiorly: Vomer Lateral Nasal Cartilage Note: Olfactory nerve passes through the cribriform plate & spreads into the medial nasal wall (nasal septum) Floor of Internal Nose: DISCUSSION: TRANSES Made of hard palate (wedge bone) inserted to a cleft (maxilla) – nasal septum NASAL SEPTUM (MEDIAL NASAL WALL) – divides the internal nose into 2 CONCHA / TURBINATES o Clinically covered by mucus Covered by mucous membrane NASAL BONE It is a scroll-like structure that arises from the lateral wall of Framework of external nose: nasal bone & cartilage the internal nose LAMELLA – two thin plates WHAT ARE THE CONCHAS: o Between nasal bone is internasal suture that o Inferior Nasal Concha – individual bone (does not communicates with the frontal bone (frontonasal suture) belong to the group because the middle & Lateral part of nasal bone is a suture called the nasomaxillary superior are part of the ethmoid bone) suture o Middle Nasal Concha NASION - The junction or point between 2 frontonasal & o Superior Nasal Concha internasal suture (it is the tangent or cross – in structure) ▪ In between of them: meatuses (a o Very important in radiography in cephalometric tracing to passageway) determine the growth pattern of the cranial base / upper ▪ E.g., Inferior nasal meatus, middle nasal face and the lower face meatus, superior nasal meatus The growth of maxilla is dictated by the growth of cranial bone ▪ Supreme meatus (sphenoethmoidal The growth of mandible is dictated by the growth of maxilla recess) – above the superior nasal concha o E.g., when the mandible is too ahead from the maxilla RECAP: therefore, there is a problem; when the maxilla is ahead to Nasal Septum – medial wall cranium there is also a problem Conchas/Turbinates – lateral wall ▪ Can do surgery when mandible is ahead ▪ When patient is growing then you can retard ANATOMY & FUNCTIONS OF THE NOSE the movement of mandible (chin cap or a facemask) As the incoming air enters the nostril, it first passes through the vestibule Vestibule is lined with coarse hairs, it filters out large dust particles. The cavity is subdivided into a series of narrow passageways called the superior meatus, middle meatus, & inferior meatus DISCUSSION: TRANSES PARTS OF THE ETHMOID BONE Crista galli Cribriform plate Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Notes: Palatine Bone – located at the back (L-shaped bone) o Communicates or reticulates with the maxilla Hard Palate – comprises of palatine process of maxilla & horizontal plate of palatine bone ▪ Horizontal plate Nasopharynx (back of internal nose) ▪ Perpendicular plate Crista Galli – serves as the attachment of falx cerebri ▪ Pyramidal process of the palatine bone Falx cerebri – a dura mater that covers the lateral hemispheres The opening of the nasolacrimal duct is located in the Cribriform plate – the olfactory nerve passes here; sense of smell inferior nasal concha Vomer – wedged-bone; lower part of nasal septum; divides right & o That’s why when you cry you have an excess tear that left nasal passages flows into your nose Auditory tube (Eustachian Tube) – communicates with external o If there are no tears it means the nasolacrimal duct is ear & equalizes the air pressure in the middle ear not patted / open; it leads to infection or inflammation o Bounded by a bone called Torus Tubarius Medial Nasal Concha – the presence of holes is related to ▪ Guards the entrance of auditory tube paranasal sinuses o Rosenmuller Fossa – a depression / canal at the auditory o WHAT ARE THE PARANASAL SINUSES: canal ▪ Maxillary Sinus (Antrum of Highmore) – biggest ▪ Located in the nasopharynx behind torus tubarius Note: Antrum is a cave CERILO, MARIKARL PAULYN | DMD2B ’24 | 1 ST SEMESTER  Located in the body of maxilla THE STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF THE PHARYNX Sometimes, it approximates the roots of The second portion is called the oropharynx the molars – results to sinus lift for molar It has only 1 opening, the fauces which connects with the extraction mouth Opening of MS: Ostium Maxillare The lowermost portion is called the laryngopharynx (maxillary hiatus) THE PHARYNX SERVES AS: o It opens at the Medial Nasal o Connection between the mouth & digestive tract Concha o Connection between the nose & respiratory system ▪ Sphenoidal Sinus Opens at the Supreme Meatus o E.g, when there is an accidental fracture of the apical root of molars; surgery will be performed (suction) o In dentists, Caldwell-Lock Technique; creation of a window ▪ Frontal Sinus Glabella (at middle of the brows) – beneath it is the frontal sinus Opening of FS: Infundibulum o It also opens in the Medial Nasal Meatus ▪ Ethmoidal Sinus – looks like a labyrinth Anterior ES - opens in the Medial Nasal Meatus Middle ES - opens in the Medial Nasal Meatus Posterior ES – opens in the Superior Nasal Meatus o These 3 are located in the lateral mass MUSCLES OF THE PHARYNX o Outside the lateral mass are the 2 Pharynx is covered by constrictor muscles is divided into: conchas/turbinates o Superior RECAP: o Middle What are the sinuses that communicate at the Medial Nasal Meatus? o Posterior Maxillary Sinus Movement: Peristalsis Frontal Sinus Anterior ES & Middle ES THE PHARYNX After the internal nose, the air will flow here THREE PARTS OF PHARYNX: o Nasopharynx ▪ STRUCTURES: Auditory canal Torus Tobarius Rosenmuller Fossa Palatine Tonsils Adenoids o Oropharynx – between the tip of the vellum & tip of epiglottis ▪ Uvula – when you swallow this moves upward to close the nasopharynx Incomplete closure causes the entrapment of food to the internal nose Located in the midpart VELLUM – muscle that serves to control the uvula HICCUP – deviation of uvula away from the midline ▪ Epiglottis – will move downward to close laryngopharynx ▪ CHOKING: when food enters epiglottis ▪ Talking while eating: the food goes to the THE LARYNX / VOICE BOX nasal cavity / internal nares A very short passageway that connects the pharynx with o Laryngopharynx the trachea 3 single pieces are the thyroid cartilage, the epiglottis & the cricoid cartilage DISCUSSION: TRANSES The Larynx is made up of single & double structure Made up of: epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid What are the structures that forms the larynx: UNPAIRED & PAIRED CARTILAGES UNPAIRED Thyroid Cartilage – biggest Epiglottis – leaf-like Cricoid Cartilage – signet-ring PAIRED Arytenoid Cuneiform – located in the opening Corniculate Located at the Middle: VESTIBULE: Vestibular folds = vocal folds (there are attached vocal cords); true & false vocal cords Note: Adam’s apple is found in the thyroid cartilage CERILO, MARIKARL PAULYN | DMD2B ’24 | 1 ST SEMESTER VOCAL FOLDS – the one that vibrates to produce sounds; the movement of cords is possible; because of breathing The intensity is because of the thickness of vocal cords o BIG VOICE: thick o SMALL VOICE: thin TRUE VOCAL CORDS: at the vocal folds; lower folds FALSE VOCAL CORDS; upper folds Note: the shape of our word is because of the structures of oral cavity Language formation starts from the anterior to the posterior: that’s why babies start to learn mama, papa etc. (z sounds are last) THE BRONCHI & THE BRONCHIAL TREE The trachea terminates in the chest by dividing into: o Right primary bronchus ▪ More vertical, ▪ Shorter ▪ Wider than the left o Left primary bronchus ▪ Transverse ▪ Longer ▪ Diameter is more On entering the lungs, the primary bronchi divide to form smaller bronchi called the secondary / lobar bronchi Right lung has 3 lobes Left lung has 2 lobes Rima Vestibuli – between the false vocal cords (opening) TERTIARY / SEGMENTAL BRONCHI Rima Glottidis – between the true vocal cords o Smaller division of secondary bronchi o Divide into smaller branches called bronchioles o Bronchioles finally branch into even smaller tubes called terminal (end) bronchioles THE LUNGS Confined in the thoracic cavity Highest / apex part: CUPOLA PLEURAL SAC – sac that encapsulates the lungs o Somatic wall - outside o Ventral wall – inside ▪ Has space ▪ In the event that escape of fluid occurs, it goes to the pleural sac = HEMATHORAX (drainage of water in the pleural cavity); it is dangerous THYMUS GLAND – present only in children o In adults it shrinks o Function: produces B & T lymphocytes – the one being copied by the HIV virus ▪ The primary anti-antigen ▪ Extra notes: antigens in blood Neutrophil – first line of defense Basophil THE TRACHEA / WINDPIPE & BRONCHI Lymphocyte – cleans once the bacteria is already killed It is a tubular passageway for air o Note: most of the cancer cells copy the structure of 4.5 inches in length & about 1 inch in diameter B & T lymphocytes therefore our body thinks that it It divides into the right & left primary bronchi is a good friend so they won’t distinguish it; it Smooth muscle & elastic connective tissue becomes bigger. Encircled by a series of 16-20 horizontal incomplete rings PLEURAL HILUM of hyaline cartilage o medial wall of the lungs A TRACHEOSTOMY is an incision into the trachea creating a o where the veins, arteries are seen new opening for air to enter. It is usually between the 2nd and DIAPHRAGM 3rd tracheal cartilages. o Sitting beneath heart & lungs DISCUSSION: TRANSES RECAP: B & T Lymphocytes are produced by the Thymus Gland and TRACHEA: will move to the bone marrow they stay there & they are o C-shaped cartilage (Incomplete C) structure needed to fight the disease. o At the back it is covered by a TRACHEALIS MUSCLE PARANASAL SINUSES – in contact with the esophagus o Blue (colored) = sphenoid o Trachealis muscle – separates the muscles of the o Middle = ethmoid esophagus & trachea o Maxilla = below the ethmoid ▪ That’s why when you eat hot food/beverages o Glabella / Frontal Sinus = above the ethmoid it easily radiates to your sternum o CARINA – lowermost portion of the trachea (triangular- CRISTA GALLI – An extension of the perpendicular plate of shaped) the ethmoid bone located in the anterior cranial fossa, serving Left Primary Bronchus – transverse, longer, narrow as an attachment point for the falx cerebri Right Primary Bronchus – oblique, stout o Because of the position of the heart Secondary Bronchus o Associated with the number of lobes of the lungs o Left side: upper & lower (2) o Right side: upper, middle, inferior (3) CERILO, MARIKARL PAULYN | DMD2B ’24 | 1 ST SEMESTER