CHAPTER 2- Readings in Philippine History.pdf

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY CHAPTER 2: Content and Contextual Analysis By: Rey Daniel Saboya, LPT College Instructor  LESSON 1: THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD Account of Antonio Pigafetta 01 INTRODUCTION 03 PRE-COLONIAL IMPORTANT 04 IMPORTAN...

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY CHAPTER 2: Content and Contextual Analysis By: Rey Daniel Saboya, LPT College Instructor  LESSON 1: THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD Account of Antonio Pigafetta 01 INTRODUCTION 03 PRE-COLONIAL IMPORTANT 04 IMPORTANCE OF 02 DATES THE ACCOUNT  01 INTRODUCTION  ANTONIO PIGAFETTA Official chronicler of Magellan’s expedition. Born sometime in 1491. Studied astronomy, geography and cartography Joined Magellan expedition in September 1519. Returned to Spain on September 6, 1522, aboard the Victoria with Juan Sebastian Elc a no a nd mor e tha n a d o z e n m o r e survivors Presented himself to Charles V (now Holy Roman Emperor)  ANTONIO PIGAFETTA Mage llan's Voyage. A Narrative Account of the First Circumnavigation , a detailed tale of exploration and exotica. Pigafetta received no honor beyond his wages On his way home he passed by Portugal and France and shared to the people the things he knew about Magellan’s expedition In Italy, the Pope was impressed enough to give him residence while he prepared his manuscript for publication Died sometime in 1531  ABOUT THE BOOK Antonio Pigafetta was one of the survivors who kept a journal that became the main source about the first encounter of the Spaniards and the Filipinos. The original journal of Pigafetta did not survive in history and what was handed down to us are copies of the manuscript that never came out of the press during his lifetime. Three of them were in French and two are kept in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. The third one was originally owned by the British Collector Sir Thomas Phillip Later, Beinecke Rare Book bought it, and it is now kept in the Manuscript Library of Yale University in New Haven. The fourth copy was written in mixed Italian, Spanish and Venetian language and could be found in Ambrosian Library in Milan In 1800, Carlo Amoretti published an Italian version of it and the following year a French version came out in Paris  ABOUT THE BOOK Pinkerton of his part translated it to English and published it in 1819. James A. Richardson made his own English version of the Ambrosian copy, and it appeared in The Philippine Islands This is the copy that is widely circulated in the Philippines Pigafetta’s travelogue contributed immensely to the enrichment of Philippine historiography His writing described vividly the physical appearance, social life, religious beliefs and cultural practices of the people they encountered in the islands of Samar, Leyte and Cebu. His account also contains information about the economic activities of the local folks and the goods they offered for trade. He got all this information through the help of Enrique de Malaccca, Magellan’s slave/interpreter. Lastly, Pigafetta gave us an eyewitness account of the Battle of Mactan which resulted to the death of Magellan and him getting wounded.  FERDINAND MAGELLAN Ferdinand Mage lla n wa s a Portugue se explorer born in 1480 in Sabrosa, Portugal. He i s b e s t k n o w n f o r l e a d i n g t h e f i r s t expedition to circumnavigate the globe. In the early 16th century, Magellan served in the Portuguese fleet and gained experience in navigation and exploration. In 1519, he secured funding from the Spanish crown and set out on his famous voyage, aiming to find a westward route to the Spice Islands (Moluccas) in Southeast Asia.  FERDINAND MAGELLAN He reached the coast of South America in 1520, where he discovered the strait that now bears his name, the Strait of Magellan, allowing him to pass from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. After crossing the Pacific Ocean, Magellan and his c re w fa c e d ma ny ha rdships , i n c l u d i n g starvation and mutiny. Magellan himself was killed in a battle with indigenous people in the Philippines in 1521. FERDINAND MAGELLAN Despite Magellan's death, one of his ships, the Victoria, continued the journey under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano and successfully completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth in 1522. Magellan's voyage significantly expanded European knowledge of the world's geography and demonstrated the vastness of the Earth. His expedition also played a crucial role in establishing Spain's claim to the Philippines and other territories in the Pacific. GOD GOLD GLORY IMPORTANT PEOPLE ⊳ Ferdinand Magellan (Portugese ) – Captain- General (leader) of the expedition ⊳ Antonio Pigafetta (Italian) – Official chronicler of the expedition ⊳ Raja Kulambu – King of Mazaua (Limasawa) ⊳ Raja Siagu – King of Butuan ⊳ Raja Humabon – King of Zubu (Cebu) ⊳ Lapu-lapu and Raja Zula - Chiefs (Kings of Mactan) ⊳ Juan Sebastián Elcano- successfully continued the navigation of Magellan which ended in 1522 ⊳ Enrique de Malacca- Magellan’s slave/interpreter.  Magellan’s Expedition has 250-270 men Five ships: 1. Trinidad - mainship 2. San Antonio 3. Concepcion 4. Santiago- the smallest 5. Victoria- only one to return to Spain 16  02 IMPORTANT DATES  IMPORTANT DATES March 16, 1521 (dawn of Saturday) – The Spanish colonizers arrived at Zamal (Samar). March 17, 1521 – Their Captain General desired to land at Humunu (Homonhon) and which he named, Acquada da li buoni Segnialli (“the Watering-place of Good Signs) and later named the entire group of island as Archipelago of St. Lazaro. March 18, 1521 – They met and exchanged goods with our ancestor from the island of Zuluan. March 25, 1521 – They anchored and changed course toward west southwest. March 28, 1521- They anchored near the island of Mazaua (Limasawa) and they met the king who came in balangha  IMPORTANT DATES March 29, 1521 (Holy Friday) – They finally met the king who entered their ship. March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday) – They went ashore to say mass and set up cross on the summit of the mountain. The first mass was held and officiated by Fr. Pedro de Valderrama. April 7, 1521 (Sunday) – They entered the port of Zubu (Cebu). Monday – Their notary together with their interpreter went ashore to met with the king of Zubu. Tuesday – The King of Mazaua and later the Prince of Zubu went aboard their ship. Wednesday – They consecrated the place and buried their two dead crews  IMPORTANT DATES Friday – They showed our ancestors with different merchandise. April 14, 1521 (Sunday) – They baptized our ancestors from Zubu and few from neighboring islands. April 26, 1521 (Friday) – Raja Zula came to seek help to fight the other Chief of Mactan, Lapulapu. April 27, 1521 (Saturday) – The Spaniards wave ashore in the island of Mactan, and fighting commenced between them and men of Lapu-lapu and led to the death of Magallanes May 1, 1521 (Wednesday) – 21 Spaniards were massacred by the Zubuanos thus forcing the remaining Spaniards to depart Zubu immediately. Magellan’s Expedition Results of the Expedition o Magellan was killed in Mactan (April 27, 1521) o Discovery of the Philippines o The Christianity was introduced to the Philippines o named the Philippines as Las Islas de San Lazaro o proved that the world is oblate spheroid o surfaced a need for international date line o proved the existence of Pacific Ocean o the first circumnavigation of the world 21  Expedition to the Philippines after Magellan Garcia Jofre Loaisa (1525) Sebastian Cabot (1526) Alvaro de Saavera (1527) Rudy Lopez de Villalobos (1542)- (Named the country LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS) Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564)  03 PRE-COLONIAL PEOPLE & CULTURE  Seignior (king/chief) Matured (old man in some encounters) Some are bit larger than his men and the finest looking man Some are painted (tattooed) Wore gold earrings Some have black hair and hung to shoulders Head covered with silk (kerchiefs) Wore cotton cloth all embroidered with silk which covered him from the waist to the knees Some have spots of gold on every tooth Some are perfumed with storax and benzoin Wore armlets and other rings for the feet Wore necklace of great value Thanksgiving/Gratitude Raised clasped hands and face towards the sky and then turned to others Friendship (casi-casi) A ritual of friendship wherein one has to shed a drop of his blood from his right arm and the other will do the same and partake each others’ blood Marriage One can have many wives as they wish but one of them is the principal wife Trade Our ancestor have a custom that all ships that will enter their port should pay tribute Festivities Our ancestor are heavy drinkers Before the king drinks, he raised his clasped hands towards the sky and then towards the person he is drinking with and the former extends his fist of the left hand towards the latter Sometimes they have a meal that would last for six Entertainment Our ancestor played musical instruments like drums, metallic discs, gongs and bells Also, our ancestors can dance Religion Our ancestors don’t have formal religion but they have God which they call “Abba” Although, no religion they have idols made of wood, hollow and lack of back parts Food Our ancestors eat umay (rice), coconut, meat and fish, and drink uraca (arrack) – a wine taken from palm (coconut) Animals and Other Products Dogs, cats, swine, fowls, goats, rice, ginger, coconuts, figs (banana), oranges, lemons, millet, panicum, sorgo, wax and gold Dwellings Built up from the ground on huge posts of wood and thatched with fig and palm leaves PRE-COLONIAL TERMINOLOGIES q uraca (arrack) – palm wine, this resembles tuba at present q umay – rice q caphri – heathen q anime – a gum of a tree wrapped in palm or fig (banana) leaves for lights q baloto – small boat q balanghai – big boat (resembles fusta in Spanish) q aghon – gongs (resembles bells in Spanish) q laghan – a large sea snails which kills whales by eating whale’s heart  THE CHRISTIAN NAMES Conversion of our Ancestors q Raja Humabon – Don Carlos q Son of Ra j a Humabon (Prince ) – Fernando q Raja Culambo – Johanni q A Muslim - Christoforo q Queen (Amihan) – Johanna q her daughter (wife of the Prince) – Catherina q Queen of Mazaua - Lisabeta  02 IMPORTANCE OF PIGAFETTA’S ACCOUNT  GEOGRAPHY The Pigafetta document gave a detailed chronicle of the significant events of the exploration of Ferdinand Magellan. It provided a description, location and distances of the places visited thereby enhancing the knowledge of cartography at that time The chronicle contributed immensely to European historiography because it preserved and popularized the achievements of the Magellan-Elcano expedition  TRADE There was an evidence of agricultural activities based on their products. They engaged in trade with neighboring countries such as China  ARTS, RELIGION AND CULTURE As described, Filipinos have their unique musical instruments; They have arts as seen in their bodies being tattooed (in some villages); Performed rituals during dining and some gatherings; They have a lot of burial practices; Worship of anitos (wooden idols) and ritual for healing of ill person Textbook writers use his book as their source of historical information every time they discuss the beginning of Christianity in the Philippines. Their accounts about the first mass in the Philippines, the conversion of Raja Humabon and his wife and the story of the image of the Sto. Nino were mostly taken from Pigafetta’s book.  “The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscape, but in having new eyes.” —MARCEL PROUST  Author of DOCTRINA CHRISTIANA en lengua espanola y tagala. was printed xylographically for the first time in the Philippines in 1593 Missionary Orders in the Philippines Augustinians Franciscans Orden Jesuits Friars Dominicans Recollects Benedictines  THE AMERICAN COLONIZATION IN THE PHILIPPINES 1898-1946  signed on December 10, 1898, was a peace agreement between Spain and the United States that ended the Spanish-American War. Under the treaty, the United States gained possession of the Philippines. TREATY Marking the end of Spanish imperialism, the treaty OF PARIS established the United States’ position as a world power. Representatives of Spain and the United States signed a peace treaty in Paris on December 10, 1898, which established the independence of Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States, and allowed the victorious power to purchase the Philippines Islands from Spain for $20 million.  Philippine Independence from Spain In accordance with the Philippine Independence Act (more popularly known as the "Tydings–McDuffie Act”), President Harry S. Truman issued Proclamation 2695 of July 4, 1946, officially recognizing the independence of the Philippines. In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal issued Proclamation No. 28, s. 1962, effectively moving the date of Philippine independence from July 4 to June 12—the date independence from Spain was proclaimed in Emilio Aguinaldo’s home in Kawit, Cavite. June 12, 1898- Philippine Independence Day July 4, 19-946 - Philippine–American Friendship Day POLITICAL CARICATURE a drawing (often including caricature) made for the purpose of conveying editorial commentary on politics, politicians, and current events. Such cartoons play a role in the political discourse of a society that provides for freedom of speech and of the press. They are a primarily opinion-oriented medium and can generally be found on the editorial pages of newspapers and other journalistic outlets, whether in print or electronic form.