Coming Of The Spaniards PDF

COMING OF THE SPANIARDS  WHY DID THE SPANIARDS CAME? GOD – the first aim of Spain was to spread Roman Catholic religion GOLD – the second aim is to get rich GLORY – and get political glory The primary aim of the Spanish colonization is to spread Christianity. This was sup...

COMING OF THE SPANIARDS  WHY DID THE SPANIARDS CAME? GOD – the first aim of Spain was to spread Roman Catholic religion GOLD – the second aim is to get rich GLORY – and get political glory The primary aim of the Spanish colonization is to spread Christianity. This was supports by the last will and testament of queen Isabella,-GOD The second aim of colonization of the Spaniards was economic wealth. To generate income that would support their government.- GOLD The third aim is to acquire territories(makakuha o sakop) and get political glory. Spain emerged as a mighty together with Portugal.-GLOLY Lastly is the acquisition of spices. Which was expensive during this period and used in preserving their food.   He was a Portuguese maritime explorer who, while in the service of the Spanish crown, tried to find westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia.  He was the son of Rui de Magalhaes and Alda de Mesquita  He was married to FERDINAND MAGELLAN Beatriz Barbosa  He was the father of Rodrigo de Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who is credited with masterminding the first expedition to circumnavigate the world.  Magellan’s voyage(travel) is not an accident, he really planned and wanted to find the Philippines because he heard that is was very rich land, so he asked Portuguese King, King Manuel, to finance a project to sail(paglalayag o pagpunta, pagtravel)) to the Philippines but King rejected him. He travelled to the next country Spain, and talked the king and queen into supporting his expedition and they agreed. September 20, 1517 – the expedition begun. He fleet consisted of 5 ships and 265 men.(Trinidad,Santiago,Victoria ,conception and san Antonio.) VICTORIA successful expedition. Captain is Juan Sebastian elcano. TRINIDAD kung saan nakasakay si Magellan. Captain Gomez de Espinosa They sailed(naglayag) westward across Atlantic ocean down the tip of South America. Here crossed the secret passage that was known only to Magellan “Strait of Magellan”. Then they crossed the Pacific ocean and hopped from island until they reach the Philippines. Why did Spain advertised its landing in the Philippines as a discovery? In order to keep away other rival European power from grabbing its new colony. THE BIG POWERS: Spain Portugal England France Netherland  RIVALRY BETWEEN PORTUGAL AND SPAIN In the 16th century they were the most bitter rivals for colonies in the world. They quarreled over the ownership of the land. (pagmamay-ari ng lupa) In 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued 4 papal bulls that divided the world between Portugal and Spain. (papal bulls is a type of public decree issued by the pope of the catholic church) TREATY OF TORDESILLAS (1494)agreement of Spain and fortugal aim para maayos ung conflict nila sa lupa. Shifting the demarcation line made by the Pope.  TREATY OF ZARAGOZA (1529) was a treaty of peace(to resolve the moluccas issue) They quarreled again over the ownership of Moluccas(Spice Island) so they made a new agreement to fix a new demarcation line. The Spanish King sold his right to Moluccas to the Portugal King, but this was a big mistake for Portugal. WHY? Because they only bought what it really owned.  FIRST BLOOD COMPACT AND MASS AT BUTUAN March 6, 1521 - –first they landed in marianas and guam and also they call guam as the island of sail. Because they saw a lot of sail boat. March 16, 1521 – Magellan and his men reached the Island of Homonhon in the Philippines. Magellan named the country as “ARCHIPELAGO DE SAN LAZARO” and it was 1542 that the Island was renamed as “PHILIPPINES” by a voyage named Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in honor for the Spanish Crown Prince  During that time Magellan was able to communicate to the Philippines because of his malay interpreter name Enrique. (in that time diba ung third wave of malay meron na dating mga raja. In time meron nang na form na government that is the (BARANGAY)nong pumunta si Magellan sa pilipinas malay ang mga tao kaya nga meron cyang interpreter named Enrique. Kaya nameet niya ang different rajas.  Raja Humabon was the main Raja of Cebu island at the time of Ferdinand Magellan arrival in the Philippines in 1521.(IN CEBU RAJA HUMABON WELCOMED MAGELLAN)  Raja Humabon was the son of Sri Bantug Lamay a direct noble man. Decendant of kingdom of Srivijaya.  The first mass was held on Limasawa Island in the Province of Leyte on Eastern morning, March 31, 1521. it was said by father Pedro de Valderama. (According to account of Antonio Pigafetta.) Then in sunset Magellan planted a huge wooden cross on the top of a hill over looking the sea.(top of the hill in limasawa leyte.)tanda na nagkaroon ng first mass,  THE SPANIARDS GO TO CEBU April 7, 1521 – Spaniards arrived at Cebu, they were guided by raja Kulambu. (Magellan and Spaniard go to cebu with raja kulambo(the raja of leyte) Raja Humabon refused to meet Magellan or let him land but raja Kulambu(his friend) persuaded him.(so raja kulambu cya ang nagpakilala kay haja humabon kay Magellan.) The Spaniard was impressed in wealth and culture of Cebuanos.(cebuanos mayaman sa kultura. ) April 14, 1521 – they made a blood compact and another cross was planted.(sign of accepting Christianity in cebu) More than 800 cebuanos including Humabon his wife and son agreed to be baptized, they are the 1st Filipino Catholic.  Raja Humabon is the one who requested Magellan to kill his rival Lapu-Lapu.(lapu lapu is the DATU OF MACTAN) (as a sign of friendship raja humabon request to Magellan to kill lapu-lapu as a sign of friendship.)  Lapu-lapu defeated Magellan – Magellan wanted all Filipino Kings in Cebu and nearby islands to surrender to Spain but King Lapu-lapu defiled him.(ang gusto ni Magellan lahat kings or lahat ng Pilipino na magsurrender sa Spaniards ngunit si lapu-lapu di cya pumayag)  Antonio Pigafetta was a Italian cartographer who wrote and kept the record off all the expedition of Magellan.( he was one of the eighteen survivor who returned to Spain. Na nakasakay sa Victoria. And consider as an eyewitness of the significant events happened on the first mass.) si Antonio pigafetta ang nakakaalam ng lahat mula ng nagexpedition si Magellan. April 27, 1521 – Magellan invaded Mactan. He boasted to cebuanos that he did not need their help in fighting Lapu- lapu, only 60 men attacked Mactan. (dito na naganap ung battle of mactan. The cebuanos wanted to help Magellan kasi the cebuanos kalaban nila si lapu-lapu. So inander stimate ni Magellan si lapu-lapu kaya 60 men lang kasama niya. Including Antonio pegafetta and enreiqui. Nong malapit ng mamatay o malagutan ng hininga si Magellan, nakita pa niyang tumakas si Antonio pegafitta at kasama si sibastian delcano na captain ng Victoria. So nong bumalik ung Victoria na barko sa spain hindi na kasama si Magellan kasi patay na cya at Enrique hindi nadin kasama kasi nadakip cya ng mga tauhan ni lapu-lapu pero hindi cya pinatay kasi nga malay cya.  THE SPANIARDS WENT HOME The survivors returned to Cebu but they lost face. The Cebuanos did not respect them anymore. The Spaniards also became abusive. Duarte Barbosa, one of the new commander, maltreated Enrique, a malay slave of Magellan. So Enrique plotted King Humabon to kill the Spaniard.(may traidoran na naganap. So si Enrique the malay slave of Magellan sinulsulan niya si raja humabon na patayin ung mhga spanirads. Nilasing nila ung mga Spaniards at pinatay ng mga cebuanos.) May 1, 1521 – the Spaniard were attacked by cebuanos. The survivors quickly left for South; Trinidad sailed Mexico but they were caught by the Purtugese. (diba nalasing sila at pinatay some of them nakatakas sakay ng Trinidad na barko, Trinidad id one of the magellans ship nong nag expedition cya.pero na dakip sila ng mga portugese.  Victoria sailed for Spain via Indian ocean and Africa Cape. It reaches Spain on September 6 1521 with only 18 survivor.(sabi ko nga last meeting ang nakabalik lang sa spain is the Victoria na barko. Which is 18 survivors kabilang na sila Sebastian delcano na capitan ng barko. At Antonio pegafitta. RESULT OF MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE 1. It was the first voyage around the world 2. It added knowledge about geography 3. It made Spain interested in colonizing the Philippines  OTHER SPANISH EXPEDITION 1. Laoisa Expedition(1525)- under the command of Garcia Jofre de Laoisa (goal of Laoisa expedition is to seek Trinidad and to colonized the Spice Islands(failed ito dahil nagkasakit si Garcia jofre de laoisa) 2. Cabot Expedition(1526) – under the command of Sebastian Cabot (goal of this expedition is to find shorter route to Asia, and to find what happen to Laoisa expedition.(nakabalik sa spain pero failure ung kanyang expedition) 3. Saavedra Expedition(1542) – under the command of Alonso de Saavedra (goal of this expedition is to find new lands in South Sea and to bring back spice plants.(Saavedra reach the Philippines specifically in Mindanao. Pupunta sana sila sa cebu kaso nakasalubong ng bagyo. Failed then na makabalik sa spain. 4. Villalobos Expedition (1542) – under the command of Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (goal of this expedition is to established permanent settlements in the Islas de Poniente or the Philippines)para magkaroon ng Spanish settelement. Magkaroon ng connection or direct governance ang spain sa pilipinas. para mapahalaan ng spain ang pilipinas. Failure (hindi cya nagkapag settle ng maayos ) 5. Legazpi Expedition(1564) – under the command Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (goal of this expedition is to establish direct contact between Asian trading centers and New Spain.(wenelcome ng mga pilipinos si legazpi, at blood compact between legazpi at lakandula. Lakundula is the chieftain of tondo manila.) si legazpi ay naging friend ng mga Pilipino.) so legazpi became the first Spanish general in the Philippines. Only Legazpi was successful the other ended in failure.  LEGAZPI EXPEDITION This voyage was shorter and easier. The commander is noble and wise, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. His expedition had 5 ships and 380 men, they sailed from Navidad, Mexico on Nov. 21, 1564 and reached the Philippines on Feb. 3, 1565.(the expedition of legazpe kasama na rin jan ung mga messionaries. Mga pari.) February 13, 1565-legazpi reach the visayan water. (dadaong sana sila sa cebu pero,they  He decide to visit other island. Samar and leyte. Were he had blood compact to Filipino chieftain. From leyte legazpi went to limasawa, were the young chief bankaw welcomed legazpi and give plenty of provision. Legazpi went to bohol and camiguin. In bohol he meet king sikatuna and his brother sigala.( nong dumating si legazpi sa bohol hindi pa siya totally wenelcome ni sikatuna dahil ang alam niya si legazpi ay Portuguese. Legazpi explained that he is not a potuguese cya ay Spaniard. Sikatun offered legazpi hid friendship and a blood compact. Para sa totally na friendship.  THE PHILIPPINES REVOLT  Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt (1574) The Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt, also known as the Tagalog Revolt, was an uprising in 1574 by Lakandula and Rajah Sulayman in Tondo, Manila. The revolt occurred in the same year as the Chinese pirate Limahong attacked the palisaded yet poorly defended enclosure of Intramuros.(cause of this revolt is losing(pagkawala) soliman and lakandulas kingdom when they were defeated by Miguel lopez de legazpi to accept the Spanish sovereignty.)  Pampanga Revolt (1585) The Pampanga Revolt was an uprising in 1585 by some native Kapampangan leaders who resented the Spanish landowners, or encomenderos, who had deprived them of their historical land inheritances as tribal chiefs or Datus. The revolt included a plot to storm Intramuros, but the conspiracy(secret plan o sabwatan) was foiled before it could begin after a Filipino woman married to a Spanish soldier reported the plot to the Spanish authorities. Spanish and Filipino colonial troops were sent by Governor-General Santiago de Vera, and the leaders of the revolt were arrested and summarily executed by Christian Cruz-Herrera.  Nagalit ang mga kapangpangan sa mga pagmamay ari ng lupa ng mga kastila. Na nagaalis sa kanilang lupang pamanang mga pinuno o mga datu. Conspiracy o pagsasabwatan ng Pampanga at intramuros. Pero isiniwalat nito ng isang babaeng kasal sa isang espanol. This revolt is failed.  Tondo Conspiracy (1587– 1588) The Tondo Conspiracy, or the Conspiracy of the Maginoos, of 1587–1588, was a plot by the kin-related noblemen, or datus, of Manila and some towns of Bulacan and Pampanga. It was led by Agustin de Legazpi, nephew of Lakandula, and his first cousin, Martin Pangan. The datus swore to revolt. The uprising failed when they were denounced to the Spanish authorities by Antonio Surabao (Susabau) of Calamianes, in Palawan.  Revolts Against the Tribute (1589) The Cagayan and Dingras Revolts Against the Tribute occurred on Luzon in the present-day provinces of Cagayan and Ilocos Norte in 1589. Ilocanos, Ibanags, and other Filipinos revolted against alleged abuses by the tax collectors, including the collection of high taxes. It began when six tax collectors who had arrived from Vigan were killed by the natives. Governor- General Santiago de Vera sent Spanish and Filipino colonial troops to pacify the rebels. The rebels were eventually pardoned and the Philippine tax system reformed.  Magalat Revolt (1596) The Magalat Revolt was an uprising in 1596, led by Magalat, a rebel from Cagayan. He had been arrested in Manila for inciting rebellion against the Spanish. He was later released after some urging by some Dominican priests, and returned to Cagayan. Together with his brother, he urged the entire country to revolt. He was said to have committed atrocities against his fellow natives for refusing to rise up against the Spaniards. He soon controlled the countryside, and the Spanish eventually found themselves besieged. The Spanish Governor-General Francisco de Tello de Guzmán sent Pedro de Chaves from Manila with Spanish and Filipino colonial troops. They fought successfully against the rebels, and captured and executed several leaders under Magalat. Magalat himself was assassinated within his fortified headquarters by his own men.  Igorot Revolt (1601) Igorot Revolt By order of the Governor-General Francisco de Tello de Guzmán an expedition was sent to the Cordillera region for religious conversion purposes with the aid of Padre Esteban Marin. Marin, the curate of Ilocos at that time, tried initially to convince the Igorots to convert peacefully to Catholicism. Marin allegedly even tried to create his own dictionary in the Igorot language to advance this cause. The Igorots, however, killed Marin and the Governor-General sent Lt. Mateo de Aranda with Spanish and Filipino foot soldiers. The combined force would be defeated although the Spanish would continue using harsher tactics (including slavery) to force the Igorots to submit. Nonetheless, the Igorots would continue to defy and defeat Spanish expeditions in the years 1608, 1635, and 1663.  Tamblot uprising (1621– 1622) The Tamblot uprising, was a religious uprising in the island of Bohol, led by Tamblot in 1621. The Jesuits first came to Bohol in 1596 and eventually governed the island and converted the Boholanos to the Catholic faith. Tamblot, a babaylan or native priest, urged his fellow Boholanos to return to the old belief of their forefathers. The revolt began on the day when the Jesuits were in Cebu, celebrating the feast day of St. Francis Xavier. It was finally crushed on New Year's Day, in 1622. Tamblot was executed and his head was set on a pike and displayed to  Bankaw (Bancao) Revolt (1621–1622) The Bankaw Revolt was a religious uprising against Spanish colonial rule led by Bancao, the datu of Carigara, in the present-day Carigara in Leyte. Bankaw had warmly received Miguel López de Legazpi as his guest, when he first arrived in the Philippines in 1565. Although baptized as a Catholic in his youth, he abandoned this faith in later years. With a babaylan, or religious leader named Pagali, he built a temple for a diwata or local goddess, and pressed six towns to rise up in revolt. Similar to the Tamblot Uprising, Pagali used magic to attract followers, and claimed that they could turn the Spaniards into clay by hurling bits of earth at them. Governor-General Alonso Fajardo de Entenza sent the alcalde mayor of Cebu, Juan de Alcarazo, with Spanish and foot soldier colonial troops, to suppress the rebellion. Bankaw's severed head was impaled on a bamboo stake and displayed to the public as a stern warning. One of his sons was also beheaded, and one of the babaylans was burned at the stake. Three other followers were executed by firing squad. Other historical sources/accounts reports The Bankaw Revolt as the first recorded uprising against foreign colonization. The (1621–1622) dates may be inaccurate. Carigara was known only a decade after Magellan landed in "Mazaua" (believed to be Limasawa) in 1521. The uprising may well have taken place towards the end of the 16th century.  Itneg Revolt (1625–1627) The Itneg Revolt, or the Mandaya Revolt, was a religious uprising led by Miguel Lanab and Alababan. The two were previously baptized as Catholics against their will and were from the Itneg or Mandaya tribe of Capinatan, in northwestern Cagayan, in the Philippines. The region is now part of the landlocked province of Apayao. Miguel Lanab and Alababan killed, beheaded, and mutilated two Dominican missionaries, Father Alonzo Garcia and Brother Onofre Palao, who were sent by the Spanish colonial government to convert the Itneg people to Christianity. After cutting Father Garcia's body into pieces, they fed his flesh to a herd of pigs. Afterwards, they compelled their fellow Itnegs to loot, desecrate Catholic images, set fire to the local churches, and escape with them to the mountains. In 1626, Governor-General Fernándo de Silva sent Spanish and foot soldier colonial troops to suppress the rebellion. They destroyed farms and other sources of food to starve the Itnegs, and forced them to surrender in 1627.  Ladia Revolt (1643) Pedro Ladia was a Moro Bornean and a self-claimed descendant of Lakandula who came to Malolos in 1643. At that time, his land was confiscated by the Spanish and he thought that it was about time that they stage an uprising and put himself as King of the Tagalogs. This was despite the fact that a parish priest tried to convince him not to pursue his plans. Upon his capture, he was brought to Manila where he was executed.  Sumuroy Revolt (1649– 1650) In the town of Palapag, today in Northern Samar, Agustin Sumuroy, a Waray, and some of his followers rose in arms on June 1, 1649, over the polo y servicio or forced labor system being undertaken in Samar. This is known as the Sumuroy Revolt, named after Agustin Sumuroy. The government in Manila directed that all natives subject to the polo are not to be sent to places distant from their hometowns to do their forced labor. However, under orders of the various town alcaldes, or mayors, the Waray were being sent to the shipyards of Cavite to do their polo, which sparked the revolt. The local parish priest of Palapag was murdered and the revolt eventually spread to Mindanao, Bicol, and the rest of the Visayas, especially in places such as Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin, Zamboanga, Albay, Camarines, and parts of northern Mindanao, such as Surigao. A rebel government was successfully established in the mountains of Samar. The defeat, capture, and execution of Sumuroy in June 1650 delivered a big setback to the revolt. His trusted co-conspirator David Dula sustained the quest for freedom with greater vigor but in a fierce battle several years later, he was wounded, captured, and later executed in Palapag, Northern Samar by the Spaniards together with his seven key lieutenants.  Maniago/Pampanga Revolt (1660–1661) The Maniago Revolt was an uprising in Pampanga during the 1660s named after its leader, Francisco Maniago. During that time, Pampanga drew most of the attention from the Spanish religious orders because of its relative wealth. They also bore the burden of more tribute, forced labor, and rice exploitation. They were made to work for eight months under unfair conditions and were not paid for their labor and for the rice purchased from them. Their patience was put to the limit and they signified their intention to revolt by setting their campsite on fire. The fight soon began and because the Spaniards were busy fighting against the Dutch, they were badly depleted by the Kapampangans. The Maniago revolt was the start of a much bigger and even bloodier revolt in Pangasinan. This battle was led by a man named Andres Malong who had heeded the call of Maniago to revolt against the Spaniards. After hearing news of a Kapampangan chief siding with the Spaniards, Maniago and his forces arranged for a meeting with Governor-General Sabiniano Manrique de Lara in which they gave their conditions to end their rebellion. Appeased and satisfied with the conditions of the agreement, the Governor-General accepted the demands after which Maniago and his forces gave up the rebellion.  Malong Revolt (1660– 1661) Andres Malong was the maestro de campo of Binalatongan - now San Carlos City - in Pangasinan in the 1660s. He assisted many Spaniards in governing different towns in Pangasinan, and as such, had learned and was trained to use force and cruelty. He hoped of being the King of the province,however, set this plan aside when a war, led by Francisco Maniago, broke out in Pampanga. Malong started his campaign in a small barangay called Malunguey, but failed. Having the same condition as in Pampanga, he led the people in Pangasinan to take up arms against the Spaniards. It spread like wild fire in Pangasinan. Because of his success, he proclaimed himself King of Pangasinan.  Almazan Revolt (January 1661) A part of the chain to the Malong Revolt was the Ilocos Revolt led by Don Pedro Almazan, illustrious and wealthy leader from San Nicolas, Laoag, Ilocos Norte. The letters sent by Don Andres Malong ("King of Pangasinan") narrating the defeat of the Spaniards in his area and urging other provinces to rise in arms failed to obtain any support among the natives. During the revolt, Don Pedro Almazan proclaimed himself "King of Ilocos", but was later captured and executed. He also had a son which the Ilocanos proclaimed their prince.  Panay Revolt (1663) The Panay Revolt was a religious uprising in 1663 that involved Tapar, a native of the island of Panay, who wanted to establish a religious cult in the town of Oton. He attracted some followers with his stories about his frequent conversations with a demon. Tapar and his men were killed in a bloody skirmish against Spanish and colonial foot soldier troops and their corpses were impaled on stakes.  Zambal Revolt (1681– 1683) A group of chieftains from Zambales had refused to accept the authority of the Crown over their realm and staged a revolt. The Spanish were very swift to respond and sent a colonial force of 6,000 foot soldiers to suppress the uprising. After 2 years of conflict, the Spanish had pacified the entire area of Zambales and all of the chieftains who participated in the revolt were executed.  Dagohoy Rebellion (1744– 1829) In 1744 in what is now the province of Bohol, what is known today as the Dagohoy Revolt was undertaken by Francisco Dagohoy and his followers. This revolt is unique since it is the only revolt completely related to matters of religious customs, unlike the Tamblot Uprising before it, which was not a complete religious rebellion. After a duel in which Dagohoy's brother died, the local parish priest refused to give his brother a proper Catholic burial, since dueling is excommunicable by the Church. The refusal of the priest eventually led to the longest revolt ever held in Philippine history: 85 years. It also led to the establishment of a free Boholano government. Twenty governors-general, from Juan Arrechederra to Mariano Ricafort Palacin y Abarca, failed to stop the revolt. Ricafort himself sent a force of 2,200 foot soldiers to Bohol, which was defeated by Dagohoy's followers. Another attack, also sent by Ricafort in 1828 and 1829, failed as well. Dagohoy died two years before the revolt ended, though, which led to the end of the revolt in 1829. Some 19,000 survivors were granted pardon and were eventually allowed to live in new Boholano villages: namely, the present-day towns of Balilihan, Batuan, Bilar (Vilar), Catigbian, and Sevilla (Cabulao).  Silang Revolt (1762–1763) Arguably one of the most famous revolts in Philippine history is the Silang Revolt from 1762 to 1763, led by the couple Diego Silang and Gabriela Silang. Unlike the other revolts, this revolt took place during the British occupation of Manila. On December 14, 1762, Diego Silang declared the independence of Ilocandia, naming the state "Free Ilocos" and proclaimed Vigan the capital of this newly independent state. The British heard about this revolt in Manila and even asked the help of Silang in fighting the Spanish. However, Silang was killed on May 28, 1763, by Miguel Vicos, a friend of Silang. The Spanish authorities paid for his murder, leading to his death in the arms of his wife, Gabriela. She continued her husband's struggle, earning the title "Joan of Arc of the Ilocos" because of her many victories in battle. The battles of the Silang revolt are a prime example of the use of divide et impera, since Spanish troops largely used Kapampangan soldiers to fight the Ilocanos. Eventually, the revolt ended with the defeat of the Ilocanos. Gabriela Silang was executed by Spanish authorities in Vigan on September 10, 1763.  Palaris Revolt (1762–1764) During the British invasion of Manila during the Seven Years' War, the Spanish colonial government, including Villacorta, had relocated to Bacolor in the province of Pampanga, which was then adjacent to Pangasinan. It was at this time that the principalia of Binalatongan protested the abuses committed by the provincial governor. The town leaders demanded that the governor be removed and that the colonial government stop collecting taxes since the islands were already under British control at that time. But Governor-General Simon de Anda dismissed the demands and the revolt broke out in November 1762. The name of de la Cruz, who began to be known as Palaris, emerged as one of the leaders of the revolt, along with his brother Colet, Andrés López, and Juan de Vera Oncantin. By December, all Spanish officials, except the Dominican friars who were in charge of the Catholic mission, had left Pangasinan. The Spanish colonial government had to deal with the British and the simultaneous Silang Revolt, led by Diego Silang, in the neighboring province of Ilocos in the north. (The present-day province of La Union was still part of Pangasinan and Ilocos.) At the battle of Agno, he faced on March 1, 1763, the Spanish forces under the command of Alfonso de Arayat, who led a composite troop of Spanish soldiers and Indios loyal to Spain. Arayat withdrew after losing much of his Indio loyalists. Pangasinenses took over all official functions and controlled the province up to the Agno River, the natural boundary between Pangasinan and neighboring Pampanga in the south. (The present-day province of Tarlac was still part of Pampanga.) At the height of the uprising, Palaris commanded 10,000 men. He was also in communication with Silang, with whom he was coordinating a bigger offensive against the Spanish. However, the Seven Years' War ended on February 10, 1763, with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. Also, Silang was assassinated on May 28, 1763, by an Indio under the employ of the friars. The Spanish were then able to focus on the uprising and mustered forces to surround Palaris. The Spanish friars, who were allowed to stay in the province, also started a campaign to persuade Pangasinan residents of the futility of the Palaris Revolt. By March 1764, most of the province had already fallen, leaving Palaris no escape route except through Lingayen Gulf and the South China Sea in the west. He chose to stay in Pangasinan and hid among his supporters. But his presence terrified his protectors and his own sister Simeona, who was apparently threatened by the Spanish clergy, betrayed him to Agustín Matias, the gobernadorcillo (mayor) of the razed Binalatongan. Palaris was arrested on January 16, 1765, and brought to the provincial capital of Lingayen for trial. While in detention, he confessed to being the principal leader of the revolt. He was convicted and hanged on February 26, 1765.  Basi Revolt (1807) The Basi Revolt, also known as the Ambaristo Revolt, was a revolt undertaken from September 16 to 28, 1807. It was led by Pedro Mateo and Salarogo Ambaristo (though some sources refer to a single person named Pedro Ambaristo), with its events occurring in the present-day town of Piddig in Ilocos Norte. This revolt is unique as it revolves around the Ilocanos' love for basi, or sugarcane wine. In 1786, the Spanish colonial government expropriated the manufacture and sale of basi, effectively banning private manufacture of the wine, which was done before expropriation. Ilocanos were forced to buy from government stores. However, wine-loving Ilocanos in Piddig rose in revolt on September 16, 1807, with the revolt spreading to nearby towns and with fighting lasting for weeks. Spanish-led troops eventually quelled the revolt on September 28, 1807, albeit with much force and loss of life on the losing side. A series of 14 paintings on the Basi Revolt by Esteban Pichay Villanueva currently hangs at the Ilocos Sur National Museum in Vigan City. The event is immortalized and commemorated in the Basi Revolt Monument located along the highway of Piddig.  Pule Revolt (1840–1841) One of the most famous religious revolts is the Pule Revolt, more formally known as the Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule (Spanish: Revuelta religiosa del Hermano Pule). Undertaken between June 1840 and November 1841, this revolt was led by Apolinario de la Cruz, otherwise known as "Hermano Pule". De la Cruz started his own religious order, the Confraternity of Saint Joseph (Spanish: Confradia de San José) in Lucban, located in the present-day province of Quezon (then called Tayabas), in June 1840. However, there were two types of priests in the Philippines then: secular priests, or parish priests, which were usually Indio, and religious priests, or convent priests, which were usually Spanish. Due to the concentration of Spanish religious power and authority in the already-established religious orders (the Augustinians, Jesuits, and Franciscans to name a few) and the concept that Filipino priests should only stay in the church and not the convent and vice versa (although this was not always followed), the Spanish government banned the new order, especially due to its deviation from original Catholic rituals and teachings, such as prayers and rituals which inculcated paganic practices. However, thousands of people in Tayabas, Batangas, Laguna and even Manila already joined. Because of this, the Spanish government sent in troops to forcibly break up the order, forcing De la Cruz and his followers to rise in armed revolt in self-defense. Many bloody battles were fought with the order's last stand in Mount San Cristobal, near Mount Banahaw, in October 1841. The Spaniards eventually won, and Apolinario de la Cruz was executed on November 4, 1841, in the then-provincial capital, Tayabas.  Cavite Mutiny (1872) The Cavite Mutiny (Motín de Cavite) of 1872 was an uprising of military personnel of Fuerte San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines on January 20, 1872. Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government soldiers executed many of the participants and began to crack down on a burgeoning nationalist movement.