Module 3: The Age of Discoveries and Explorations with Colonial Integration PDF

UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION The Age of Discoveries and Explorations with Colonial Integration C-GEC2: Readings in Philippine History...

UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION The Age of Discoveries and Explorations with Colonial Integration C-GEC2: Readings in Philippine History Module 3 Abdon Alfred D. Ticsay, LPT, CSSWB UA Transforms You! Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. OBJECTIVE Understand the Causes and Consequences of the Commercial Revolution; Analyze the Motivations and Impacts of the Age of Exploration; and Synthesize the Historical Legacy of the Age of Discoveries and Colonial Integration UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. POINTS TO PONDER Commercial Revolution and Age of Exploration Battle of Mactan Magellan Expedition Spanish Colonization Role of literature in utilizing colonial interests UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Overview The Age of Discoveries, spanning the 15th to the 17th centuries, was a pivotal period marked by European explorations that led to the discovery of new lands, the establishment of trade routes, and the integration of these discoveries into European colonial empires. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Overview This era significantly shaped global history, leading to the Commercial Revolution and laying the foundations for modern globalization. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Commercial Revolution and Age of Exploration The Commercial Revolution refers to European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from the 11th century to the 18th century. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Commercial Revolution and Age of Exploration KEY FACTORS IMPACT Growth of banking and Increased wealth and financial institutions. power of European nations. Rise of powerful trading Formation of a global trade companies (e.g., the network. Dutch East India Accumulation of capital Company). that fueled further Introduction of new exploration and commodities and trade colonization. routes. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Age of Exploration A period during which European powers explored the world, seeking new trading routes, wealth, and knowledge. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Age of Exploration (Explorers) Christopher Columbus He opens the Americas to European colonization. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Age of Exploration (Explorers) Vasco de Gama He established a sea route to India. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Age of Exploration (Explorers) Ferdinand Magellan He led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe. He was a Portuguese explorer leading the Spanish expedition. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. What lead the expedition? Economic: Desire for new trade routes and resources. Religious: Spread of Christianity. Political: Expansion of empires. Navigation: Improved maps, compass, and astrolabe. Shipbuilding: Development of caravels and galleons. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition in the Philippines Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese in the service of the Spanish crown, was looking for a westward route to the Spice Islands of Indonesia. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition in the Philippines On March 16, 1521, Magellan's expedition landed on Homonhon island in the Philippines. He was the first European to reach the islands. Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly with Magellan and embraced Christianity, but their enemy, Lapu-Lapu was not. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition in the Philippines Humabon wanted Magellan to kill Lapu- Lapu while Magellan wanted to convert Lapu-Lapu to Christianity. On April 17, 1521, Magellan sailed to Mactan, and the ensuing battle killed Magellan by the natives led by Lapu- Lapu. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition in the Philippines What do you think is the motif of Rajah Homabon as to why he wanted Lapu-Lapu to be killed? UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. The Battle of Mactan (Significance) It became a symbol of resistance against colonial rule in the Philippines and delayed the Spanish colonization of the Philippines for several decades. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. The Magellan Expedition The expedition set out in 1519, funded by Spain, to find a westward route to the Spice Islands (Maluku Islands). It consisted of five ships and approximately 270 men. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. The Magellan Expedition (Highlights) Crossing the Atlantic: Reached South America and discovered the Strait of Magellan. Pacific Crossing: First European expedition to cross the Pacific Ocean, naming it the "peaceful sea.“ Challenges: Scurvy, starvation, and mutinies. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition in the Philippines Out of the five ships and more than 300 men who left on the Magellan expedition in 1519, only one ship (the Victoria) and 18 men returned to Seville, Spain on September 6, 1522. Nevertheless, the said expedition was considered historic because it marked the first circumnavigation of the globe and proved that the world was round. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition in the Philippines Juan Sebastian de Elcano, the master of the ship "Concepcion" took over the expedition's command after Magellan's death and captained the ship "Victoria" back to Spain. He and his men earned the distinction of being the first to circumnavigate the world in one full journey. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Ferdinand Magellan’s Expedition in the Philippines After Magellan died in Cebu, Elcano took 16 more months to return to Spain. The Magellan expedition started through the westward route and returned to Spain by going east; Magellan and Elcano's entire voyage took almost three years to complete. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Spain Sends Other Expedition After Spain had celebrated Elcano’s return, King Charles I decided that Spain should conquer the Philippines. Five subsequent expeditions were then sent to the Islands. These were led by Garcia Jofre Loaisa (1525), Sebastian Cabot (1526), Alvaro de Saavedra (1527), Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1542), and Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564). Only the last two reached the Philippines, and only Legazpi succeeded in colonizing the Islands. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Villalobo’s Expedition in the Philippines Ruy Lopez de Villalobos set sail for the Philippines from Navidad, Mexico on November 1, 1542. He followed the route taken by Magellan and reached Mindanao on February 2, 1543. He established a colony in Sarangani but could not stay long because of insufficient food supply. His fleet left the island and landed on Tidore in the Moluccas, where they were captured by the Portuguese. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Spain Sends Other Expedition Villalobos is remembered for naming our country “Islas Filipinas,” in honor of King Charles’ son, Prince Philip, who later became king of Spain. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Legaspi’s Expedition in the Philippines Since none of the expeditions after Magellan from Loaisa to Villalobos had succeeded in taking over the Philippines, King Charles I stopped sending colonizers to the Islands. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Legaspi’s Expedition in the Philippines However, when Philip II succeeded his father to the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy of Mexico, to prepare a new expedition – to be headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who would be accompanied by Andres de Urdaneta, a priest who had survived the Loaisa mission. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Legaspi’s Expedition in the Philippines On February 13, 1565, Legaspi's expedition landed on Cebu island. After a short struggle with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin, and Bohol. Legaspi made a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a sign of friendship. Legaspi was able to obtain spices and gold in Bohol due to his friendship with Sikatuna. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Legaspi’s Expedition in the Philippines On April 27, 1565, Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Raja Tupas, and established a settlement. On orders of King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. They built the port of Fuerza de San Pedro which became the Spanish trading outpost and stronghold for the region. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Legaspi’s Expedition in the Philippines Hearing of the riches of Manila, an expedition of 300 men headed by Martin de Goiti left Cebu for Manila. They found the islands of Panay and Mindoro. Goiti arrived in Manila on May 8, 1570. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Legaspi’s Expedition in the Philippines At first, they were welcomed by the natives and allied with Rajah Suliman, their Muslim king but as the locals sensed the true objectives of the Spaniards, a battle between the troops of Suliman and the Spaniards erupted. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Legaspi’s Expedition in the Philippines Because the Spaniards were more heavily armed, the Spaniards were able to conquer Manila. Soon after Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to join Goiti in Manila. Legaspi built alliances and made peace with Rajahs Suliman, Lakandula, and Matanda. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Legaspi’s Expedition in the Philippines In 1571, Legaspi ordered the construction of the walled city of Intramuros and proclaimed it as the seat of government of the colony and the capital of the islands. In 1572, Legaspi died and was buried at the San Agustin Church in Intramuros. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Legaspi’s Expedition in the Philippines In 1574, Manila was bestowed the title "Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de España" (Distinguished and ever- loyal city of Spain) by King Philip II of Spain. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Spanish Colonization Following the Age of Exploration, Spain established vast colonies in the Americas, Asia, and the Pacific. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Spanish Colonization (Impact to Indigenous) Cultural Assimilation: Spread of Spanish language, religion (Catholicism), and customs. Economic Exploitation: Extraction of resources (gold, silver) and establishment of plantations. Social Hierarchies: Introduction of a caste system that marginalized indigenous peoples. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Spanish Colonization Despite colonization efforts, indigenous groups resisted through rebellions and maintaining cultural practices. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Role of Literature in Utilizing Colonial Interests PROPAGANDA AND JUSTIFICATION Literature was used to justify colonial expansion, often portraying colonized peoples as "savages" in need of civilization. Works like "Requerimiento" (1513) were read to natives, asserting Spanish rights to conquest. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Role of Literature in Utilizing Colonial Interests EL REQUERIMIENTO El Requerimiento, or the Spanish Requirement of 1513, was written to document the legal reasoning behind and the process through which Spanish colonizers could assume authority in the Americas and thus require or demand recognition of that authority by indigenous Americans. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Role of Literature in Utilizing Colonial Interests Religious Literature Missionaries wrote extensively about their efforts to convert indigenous peoples, framing colonization as a divine mission. Bartolomé de las Casas: Criticized the mistreatment of natives but still promoted Christianization. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Role of Literature in Utilizing Colonial Interests TRAVEL ACCOUNTS AND CHRONICLES Explorers and conquistadors documented their journeys, emphasizing the wealth and resources of new lands to encourage further expeditions. Example: Antonio Pigafetta’s account of the Magellan Expedition. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Role of Literature in Utilizing Colonial Interests Antonio Pigafetta’s account of Magellan’s expedition, titled "Relazione del primo viaggio intorno al mondo" (Account of the First Voyage Around the World), is one of the most detailed and valuable records of the first circumnavigation of the Earth. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Role of Literature in Utilizing Colonial Interests Pigafetta's writings are especially significant because they offer the most comprehensive firsthand account of the expedition, which lasted from 1519 to 1522. He meticulously recorded geographical information, descriptions of the lands visited, as well as the flora, fauna, and people encountered. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Role of Literature in Utilizing Colonial Interests Notably, his writings are one of the earliest European accounts of the Philippines, including the first recorded interaction between Europeans and Filipinos in 1521. Pigafetta also described the Battle of Mactan, where Magellan was killed by local chieftain Lapu- Lapu. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Role of Literature in Utilizing Colonial Interests Despite the hardships faced, Pigafetta survived the journey and returned to Europe, making his account a crucial document for understanding early global exploration. His observations have helped historians gain insights into the era of discovery and the impact of European exploration on the world. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Role of Literature in Utilizing Colonial Interests CULTURAL INFLUENCES Colonial literature influenced European perceptions of the New World, shaping policies and attitudes towards colonization. Romanticization of exploration fostered a sense of adventure and entitlement among Europeans. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved. Summary The Age of Discoveries and the subsequent colonial integration were transformative periods that reshaped global interactions. The motivations behind exploration, the resistance faced, and the role of literature all played crucial roles in shaping the era’s legacy. The impacts of this period continue to influence global dynamics, including cultural exchanges, economic systems, and the ongoing consequences of colonialism. UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Copyright © 2024 University of the Assumption School of Arts and Sciences. All rights reserved.