Chapter 16 Notes - Therapies PDF

12/5/24, 5:23 PM OneNote Chapter 16 Notes – Therapies Tuesday, December 03, 2024 3:57 PM 16.1 Treating Psychological Disorders Clinical psychologists: have obtained PhDs (typically 5...

12/5/24, 5:23 PM OneNote Chapter 16 Notes – Therapies Tuesday, December 03, 2024 3:57 PM 16.1 Treating Psychological Disorders Clinical psychologists: have obtained PhDs (typically 5 years of graduate school plus a one-year internship in a clinical setting) and are able to formally diagnose and treat mental health issues ranging from every day and mild to chronic and severe Counselling psychologists: mental health professionals who typically work with people who need help with more common problems such as stress and coping; issues concerning identity, sexuality, and relationships; anxiety and depression; and developmental issues such as childhood trauma Psychiatrists: medical doctors who specialize in mental health and who are allowed to diagnose and treat mental disorders through prescribing medications Deinstitutionalization: the movement of large numbers of psychiatric inpatients from their care facilities back into regular society Residential treatment centers: housing facilities in which residents receive psychological therapy and life skills training, with the explicit goal of helping residents become re-integrated into society Community psychology: focuses on identifying how individuals' mental health is influenced by the community in which they live, and emphasizes community-level variables such as social programs, support networks, and community resource centers to help those with mental illnesses adjust to challenges of everyday life Empirically supported treatments: aka evidence based therapies, are treatments that have been tested and evaluated using scientific methods Therapeutic alliance: the relationship that emerges in therapy between the therapist and the patient Bibliotherapy: the use of self-help books and other reading materials Understand the major barriers to seeking help for psychological disorders These barriers include expense, availability (which is related to one's geographical location), gender, and attitudes towards therapy, which are often influenced by the stigma against therapy that may be held by a particular group (ex. Males and some cultural groups) Understand the arguments for and against involuntary treatment Proponents argue that such treatment improved mental health and ensures that people with sever disorders receive appropriate treatment. In severe cases, involuntary treatment may also help to protect innocent people from individuals who are potentially violent. Opponents argue that the benefits of involuntary treatment are limited and may result in the patient feeling coerced or resentful 16.2 Psychological Therapies Insight therapies: a general term for referring to therapy that involved dialogue between patient and therapist for the purposes of gaining awareness and understanding of psychological problems and conflicts Psychodynamic therapies: forms of insight therapy that emphasize the need to discover and resolve unconscious conflicts Free association: patients are encouraged to talk or write without censoring their thoughts in any way Dream analysis: a method of examining then details of a dream (the manifest content) in order to gain insight into the true meaning of the dream, the emotional, unconscious material that is being communicated symbolically (the latent content) Resistance: the patient engages in strategies that keep unconscious thoughts or motivations that they wish to avoid from fully entering conscious awareness Transference: patients direct certain patterns or emotional experiences towards the analyst, rather than the original person involved in the experience (ex. Their parents) Object relations therapy: a variation of psychodynamic therapy that focuses on how early childhood experiences and emotional attachments influence later psychological functioning Phenomenological approach: the therapist addresses the client's feelings and thoughts as they unfold in the present moment, rather than looking for unconscious motives or dwelling on the past Client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy: focuses on individuals' abilities to solve their own problems and reach their full potential with the encouragement of the therapist Behavioral therapies: attempt to directly address problem behaviors and the environmental factors that trigger them Systematic desensitization: gradual exposure to a feared stimulus or situation is coupled with relaxation training Virtual reality exposure (VRE): a treatment that uses graphical displays to create an experience in which the patient seems to be immersed in an actual environment Aversive conditioning: a behavioral technique that involves replacing a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response, typically by using punishment Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): a form of therapy that consists of procedures such as cognitive reconstructing, stress inoculation training, and exposing people to experiences they may have a tendency to avoid Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT): a technique that combines mindfulness meditation with standard cognitive-behavioral therapy tools Decentering: occurs when a person is able to "step back" from their normal consciousness and examine themselves more objectively, as an observer Systems approach: encourages therapists to seen an individual's symptoms as being influenced by many interacting systems Understand the general approaches to conducting major types of psychological therapy Psychoanalysis works by uncovering hidden conflicts, whereas humanistic therapy focuses on removing conditions of worth that can hinder a person's growth. Behavior and cognitive therapies target dysfunctional thought and behavior patterns, seeking to replace undesirable patterns with more functional ones that patients then practice regularly. Group and family therapies have also been developed and work with social systems that are larger than one individual 16.3 Biomedical Therapies Psychopharmacotherapy: the use of drugs to manage or reduce patient's symptoms Psychotropic drugs: medications designed to alter psychological functioning Blood-brain barrier: a network of tightly packed cells that allow only specific types of substances to move from the bloodstream to the brain in order to protect delicate brain cells against harmful infections and other substances https://uoguelphca-my.sharepoint.com/personal/earsen03_uoguelph_ca/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={01d70ce3-af9d-4277-a520-1927b6af8230}… 1/2 12/5/24, 5:23 PM OneNote Antidepressant drugs: medications designed to reduce symptoms of depression Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): work by deactivating monoamine oxidase (MAO), an enzyme that breaks down serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine at synaptic clefts of nerve cells Tricyclic antidepressants: drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI): a class of antidepressant drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin Mood stabilizers: drugs used to prevent or reduce the severity of mood swings experienced by people with bipolar disorder Lithium: was one of the first mood stabilizers to be prescribed regularly in psychiatry, and from the 1950's to the 1980's was the standard drug treatment for depression and bipolar disorder Antianxiety drugs: affect the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neural activity Antipsychotic drugs: generally used to treat symptoms of psychosis, including delusions, hallucinations, and severely disturbed or disorganized thought Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a common psychological illness involving recurring thoughts, images, and nightmares associated with a traumatic event; it includes symptoms of tension and anxiety and can seriously interfere with many aspects of a person's life Tardive dyskinesia: a movement disorder involving involuntary movements and facial tics Atypical antipsychotics: less likely to produce side effects, including movement disorders (like tardive dyskinesia), that commonly occur with first-generation antipsychotics Frontal lobotomy: surgically severing the connections between different regions of the brain Leucotomy: the surgical destruction of brain tissues in the prefrontal cortex Focal lesions: small areas of brain tissue that are surgically destroyed Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): involves passing an electrical current through the brain in order to induce a temporary seizure Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): a therapeutic technique in which a focal area of the brain is exposed to a powerful magnetic field across several treatment sessions Deep brain stimulation (DBS): a technique that involves electrically stimulating specific regions of the brain Understand how the drugs described in this module affect the brain Antidepressant drugs typically target monoamine neurotransmitter activity, with differing mechanisms of actions. Many of the antipsychotic drugs on the market reduce dopamine activity in the brain. Antianxiety drugs tend to target GABA receptors and increase activity of this inhibitory neurotransmitter Understand the other major medical approaches to therapy Other procedures available for treating mental illness include electroconvulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and focal lesions. In some cases, particularly ECT, researchers are still unsure what aspect of treatment produces the therapeutic results. Stimulation techniques increase the brain activity in targeted areas, whereas lesions prevent brain activity. By targeting the areas responsible for specific behaviors, thoughts, or emotions, treatments can have dramatic effects on the experience of someone with a psychological disorder. https://uoguelphca-my.sharepoint.com/personal/earsen03_uoguelph_ca/_layouts/15/Doc.aspx?sourcedoc={01d70ce3-af9d-4277-a520-1927b6af8230}… 2/2